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International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), pp. 022-033, 2015
Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsras
ISSN: 2345-6795; ©2015; Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsras-2015-p0022-0033
22
Full Length Research Paper
Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils
of South Eastern Nigeria using Sorption Isotherms
Florence Umoh1, Dennis Edem2*, Edna Akpan3
1Department of Soil Science and Meteorology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7257, Umuahia,
Nigeria 2Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Mgt, University of Uyo, Nigeria 3Department of Soil Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Received 22 November 2014; Accepted 23 January 2015
Abstract. The phosphorus requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in soils derived from Ikom, basalt (BS), Akamkpa,
basement complex (BC) and Umudike, Coastal Plain sands (CPS) in South-Eastern Nigeria were estimated using the P-
Sorption Isotherms. Soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth and the processed method used involved equilibrating 3 g of
soil in 30 ml of 0.01m CaCl2 containing 0,5,10,20 and 25 μgg-1 P at room temperature for 5 days. From the P sorption curves,
the standard P requirement for the three soils was calibrated and phosphorus requirement of the soils for optimum growth and
yield of Mungbean were found to be very low. Different phosphorus levels were calibrated from the sorption isotherm curves
and used in fertilizing mungbean in a split-plot potted experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three
replications. The soil types occupied the main plots while the P levels were assigned to the subplots. A significant response of
the mungbean to the applied phosphorus in terms of modulation and grain yield at 5% probability level was observed. Solution
concentration of 0.4 μgg-1 in Ikom gave the best nodulation, while Umudike gave the optimum grain yield. The mungbean
performed best in Ikom with yield of 9.16 g per plant and least in Akamkpa with a yield of 0.53 g per plant. The use of P–
isotherm technique for P fertilizer determination is therefore recommended for efficient P fertilization practice in soils of
Southern Eastern Nigeria.
Keywords: fertilizer, grain yield, mungbean, phosphorus, soil types, sorption
1. INTRODUCTION
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element for
plant growth (Abdullahi and Uyovbisere, 2011). It
plays a major role in energy transfer, stimulation of
early growth and development, fruiting and seed
formation (Osodeke 2005; Agbede, 2009).
Phosphorus has been identified as one of the most
limiting nutrient elements in crop production in
tropical soils (Osodeke, 2000). The problem with P
fertilization in these soils is its high fixation, thereby
making applied P unavailable to crops. High P
fixation has been reported in these soils (Henry and
Smith, 2002). Sorption Isotherm is used to describe
the relationship between the amount of P sorbed and P
remaining in solution (Osodeke, 2005). It also
predicts the amount of fertilizer P required by crops.
According to Warren (1992), immediate source of P
taken up by plants is that in the soil solution which is
itself supplied from the soil, rather than by direct
transfer of P from the solid phase of the soils to the
roots.
A simple empirical approach was suggested by
Beckwith (1965) that enough fertilizer P should be
added to raise the concentration of phosphate in
solution to an initial value adequate for maximum
yield in a field experiment. Thus the fertilizer P
requirement is the amount of fertilizer needed to give
a standard and adequate concentration of P in solution
(Warren, 1992). This will cater for the differences
between soils in their capacity to adsorb phosphate
and is referred to as standard P requirement of soil.
Mungbean is grown widely in Southeast Asia,
Africa, South America and Australia (Agugo, 2003).
It belongs to the legume family of plants and is
closely related to cowpea. It is a warm-season crop,
requiring about 80-150 days to maturity. Mungbean is
widely used as human food, green manure and forage
for livestock. It also serves for medicinal purpose
(Hujjie et al., 2003; Agugo, 2003). Legumes require
relatively high Information on phosphorus
Umoh et al.
Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils of South Eastern Nigeria using
Sorption Isotherms
23
requirements of Mungbean in the soils of South
Eastern Nigeria is limited. This study was therefore
carried out to provide information on phosphorus
requirements of Mungbean in selected soils of
Southeaster, Nigeria using Sorption Isotherm studies
Map 1: Showing the areas of study in Southeastern Nigeria
International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), pp. 022-033, 2015
24
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Location of the Study Area
Southeastern Nigeria lies between latitude 40 201 and
70 251 N and longitudes 50 251 and 90 511 E
(Odurukwe et al, 1995). The climate is essentially
humid tropical rainforest with an average annual
precipitation of 2163 mm. There are two distinct
seasons, the rainy season (April-October) and dry
season (November-March) (Okorie, 1987).
Temperatures are high, maximum temperature range
from 33 to 350C while minimum temperature ranges
from 28 to 290C. The vegetation is essentially
secondary forest tending towards derived savanna
because of population pressure and repeated annual
bush burning (Okorie and Okpala, 2000). The soils
formed from volcanic ash (basalt) are in a restricted
area around Ikom in Cross River State. The soils are
highly weathered, fertile and are strongly acidic, and a
good number are low in available P. Exchangeable K
is relatively high making the soils sufficient in K
(FPDD, 1990). Whereas, soils formed from the
basement complex found in Akamkpa has low activity
clay (Okunami, 1981). Study area is shown in Map 1.
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis
The soil samples for the study were collected from the
three contrasting parent materials of Akamkpa
(Basement Complex), Ikom (Basalt) and Umudike
(Coastal Plain Sands) at 0-15cm depth to represent
each of the parent materials at the different locations.
Bulk soil samples were also collected for pot
experiments. Soil samples were collected from ten
sampling units and bulked, from which sub samples
were obtained. The samples were air-dried and sieved
through 2mm mesh. The physical and chemical
properties of the soils were determined using standard
methods. Particle size analysis was done by the
hydrometer method as described by Klute (1986), pH
was determined in 1:2.5 soil to water ratio and CaCl2
using a glass electrode pH meter. Soil organic carbon
was determined by wet oxidation method as described
by Nelson and Sommers (1996). Total nitrogen in the
soil was determined by macro Kjeldahl Method.
Available P in the soils was extracted by the Bray
No.1 method. Exchangeable acidity was measured by
the IM KCL extraction procedure as described by Udo
et al. (2009). The exchangeable cations in the soils
were extracted using IM NH4OAC. K and Na in the
extracts were measured using flame photometry while
Mg and Ca were determined by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. Effective cation exchange
capacity (ECEC) was taken as the sum of the
exchangeable cations.
2.3. Sorption Study
The sorption isotherms were determined by
equilibrating 3g of each of the soils in 30ml 0.01M,
CaCl2, containing 0.5.10.15, 20, and 25 μgg-1 P in
50ml centrifuge tubes for five days at room
temperature as described by Fox and Kampralt,
(1970). Three drops of toluene were added to each of
the samples to suppress microbial growth. The
samples were shaken twice daily for 30minutes. At
the end of five days, the suspension was centrifuged at
1600 rpm for 15 minutes and P in the supernatant
solution determined by the Method of Murphy and
Riley (1962). Standard P requirements were then
obtained. The amounts of P adsorbed by the soil were
determined by the change of concentration in the
solution. The isotherm data were interpreted in terms
of Freundlich sorption equation (Log x/m = log a +
nlog c.), where the slopes were obtained by plotting
x/m against log c. (Bache ans William, 1971).
Maximum adsorption and maximum buffering
capacity were calculated and affinity coefficient
obtained.
2.4. Pot Experiment
The pot experiment was sited at Umudike (50 291 N1,
70 331 E). The treatments were arranged in a split plot
experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD)
with three replications. The soil type occupied the
main plot while the P rates were assigned to the sub-
plots.
Mungbean (Vigna radiata) was used as the test
crop in the experiment. Six kilograms of each of the
soil samples were weighed into a 12-litre plastic pot
and moistened to field capacity. Mungbean at the seed
rate of 3 seeds per pot were sown and later thinned
down to one seedling per pot 2 weeks after planting.
The soils were kept moist for 2 weeks within which
the crop was fully established.
Umoh et al.
Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils of South Eastern Nigeria using
Sorption Isotherms
25
Table 1: Phosphorus Rate (μgg-1) Calibrated from Isotherm Curves and its Equivalent Rates (Kgha-1) in Different Locations Solution P (μgg
-1) Akamkpa Ikom Umudike
(Equivalent P rate)
0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.1 35.1 40.7 26.6
0.2 44.8 45.2 40.6
0.3 54.2 49.6 53.9
0.4 63.2 54.0 66.6
Table 2: The Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Soil Location
Soil Parameters Ikom (BA) Akamkpa (BC) Umudike (CPS)
Sand
Silt g kg-1
Clay
73.4
15.2
11.4
75.4
13.8
10.8
72.8
12.4
14.8
Texture Loamy sand Loamy sand Loamy sand
pH (H20) 5.01 4.53 4.38
pH (Cacl2) 4.40 3.52 3.21
Organic matter (g/kg) 26.0 10.3 18.9
Total N (g/kg) 6.00 1.20 1.70
Available P (mg kg-1) 1.15 4.40 13.0
Mg 2.81 1.60 2.00
Ca cmol kg-1 5.20 6.20 2.80
K 0.37 0.15 0.09
Na 0.06 0.08 0.10
Ex Acidity (cmolkg-1) 0.72 2.08 1.36
ECEC (cmol kg-1) 9.15 10.1 6.35
Base saturation (%) 90.1 79.5 77.6
C/N ratio 15.4 10.7 9.82
BA – Basalt, BC – Basement Complex, , CPS – Coastal Blain Sands
Table 3: Sorption parameters of the Freundlich model for the different soil Freundlich Model
Locations
P sorption
capacity (a) (mg
kg-1
)
P sorption energy (a) (mg
kg-1
)
Maximum buffering
capacity (axn) (mg kg-1
)
Co-efficient of
determination R2 values
Ikom
113
2.11
237
0.94
Akamkpa 65.7 7.05 463 0.93
Umudike 86.6 9.38 812 0.94
The phosphorus rates calibrated from the isotherm
curves at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ppm equivalent to
values shown in Table 1 were applied to the pots at 2
weeks after germination at different levels. The pots
were irrigated on daily basis. Plant height was
measured with a mater rule, as the height from the
base of the crop to the tip of the inflorescence. Leaf
number was measured as all the fully opened leaves
per plant and numbers of seeds per pod were assessed
by counting, while stem diameter was measured with
a vernier caliper. Pod weights per plant and grain
yield per plant were determined with a sensitive
electronic balance (Ikojo et al., 2005, Udoh, et al.,
2009). Nodule number was determined by carefully
uprooting the plants and washing soil from the roots
of the plants and the nodule number counted
(Solomon, 1991).
Data on yield and growth parameters were
analyzed statistically using the method outlined by
Wahua (1999). Regression analysis was also done
using the GenStat (2000) Statistical Programme.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), pp. 022-033, 2015
26
Fig. 2: Phosphate sorption isotherms for soils of Akamkpa and Ikom (0-15cm)
Fig. 3: Phosphate Sorption isotherms for soils of Umudike (0-15cm)
Table 4: Effect of Soil Types on Growth and Yield Parameters Location
Soil Types Plant
height
(cm)
Number
of
leaves/p
lant
Stem
diameter
(cm)
Pod
length
(cm)
Number of
pod/pant
Pod
weight
g/plant
Number of
seeds/
plant
Grain
yield
g/plant
Number of
modules/
plant
Akamkpa 9.44 9.00 0.15 1.92 0.53 0.27 2.59 0.19 13.5
Ikom 36.2 27.7 0.62 7.08 19.2 12.1 8.99 8.85 62.4
Umudike 19.6 13.4 0.31 5.37 3.20 1.15 6.56 0.79 2.6.6
Umoh et al.
Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils of South Eastern Nigeria using
Sorption Isotherms
27
Table 5: Summary of the Effect of Phosphorus Levels on Growth and Yield Parameters P.
solution
Con.
(μgg-1)
Plant
height
(cm)
Number
of
leaves/p
lant
Stem
diameter
(cm)
Pod
length
(cm)
Number of
pod/pant
Pod
weight
g/plant
Number of
seeds/
plant
Grain
yield
g/plant
Number of
modules/
plant
0 21.3 14.1 0.37 4.49 5.87 3.21 5.68 2.15 30.5
0.1 24.6 16.5 0.42 5.23 8.07 4.58 7.16 3.31 20.2
0.2 24.6 16.9 0.39 6.20 10.1 5.25 7.95 3.72 39.0
0.3 27.2 18.0 0.42 5.79 10.0 5.54 7.83 4.02 24.2
0.4 25.5 16.5 0.39 5.63 8.00 4.55 7.25 3.29 44.5
LSD0.05 2.75 2.49 0.06 0.93 2.20 1.05 1.42 0.75 23.5
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1.000.500.00-0.50-1.00-1.50
Log P in equilibrium conc. ( gg)µ
P-S
orb
ed
(g
g)
-1µ
Fig. 4: Freundlich Sorption for Ikom and Akamkpa (0-15cm)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Soil Properties
The physico-chemical properties of the soils are
shown in Table 2. The soils were acidic in nature
generally light textured (loamy-sand). Texture plays a
dominant role in soil behaviours as its affects water
and nutrient retention as well as suitability of soils as
a rooting medium (Isirimah, 1987).
Soil pH values in CaCl2 were very acidic (3.21-
4.40) and lower than pH measured in water (4.38-
5.01). The soils of Ikom had the highest pH value of
5.01, indicating moderately acid condition which is
tolerable for most arable crops, Umudike was 4.38,
while Akamkpa had pH value of 4.53, indicating
strong acid conditions. These low pH values could
result in poor plant growth, significant yield reduction
and in very severe cases, crop failure (Brady and
Weil, 1999). The available P in the soils varied from
1.15 in Ikom to 13.0 mg kg-1 in Umudike. Ikom and
Akamkpa had P levels lower than the critical level 12-
15mg kg-1 for most crops (Enwezor et al., 1988) while
Umudike had P values above the critical level for crop
production in the southern eastern Nigeria.
The high P values in soil agree with findings of
Udo and Ogunwale (1977) that soils of the coastal
plain are high in available phosphorus and therefore
do not require phosphorus fertilizers, except for starter
effect. Total nitrogen was 6.0 mg kg-1 in Ikom, 1.2 mg
kg-1 in Akamkpa and 1.7 mg kg-1 in Umudike. With
the exception of Ikom the other soils had values lower
than the critical level (2g kg-1) set for crop production
in most soils of south eastern Nigerian (Adeoye and
Agboola, 1984).
Organic matter contents of the soils ranged from
18.9 g kg-1 in Umudike to 26.0g kg-1 in Ikom with a
mean of 18.4 g kg-1. This value falls within the critical
levels (Low: < 20 High: >30 g kg-1) proposed by
Aduayi et al. (2002) for the soils of South Eastern
Nigeria. The order of abundance of exchangeable
bases for the soils is Ca> Mg> K> Na. The
exchangeable Ca2+ ranged from 2.18 to 6.20 cmol kg-
1. All the soils had calcium levels above the critical
International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), pp. 022-033, 2015
28
level of 2 cmol kg-1 (Agboola and Corey, 1982).
Magnesium (Mg2+) is low ranging from 1.60 to 2.81
cmol kg-1 soils. Exchangeable potassium (K) were
0.37 cmol kg-1 in Ikom, 0.15 cmol kg-1 in Akamkpa
and 0.09 cmol kg-1 in Umudike.
Log P in equilibrium conc. ( gg)µ
P-S
orb
ed
(g
g)
-1µ
50
0.70
100
150
200
250
300
0.500.300.10-0.10
0
-0.30-0.50-0.70
Fig. 5: Freundlich Phosphate Sorption for soils of Umudike (0-15cm)
A
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.13 0.17 0.21 0.24
P rate (g ha-1)
Akamkpa
Yie
ld (
g/p
lan
t)
Fig. 6a: Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils of Akamkpa
The level in all the soils except Ikom falls below
the critical K level (0.2 cmol kg-1) for most crops in
these zones (Adeoye and Agboola 1984). This result
agrees with the findings of Enwezor et al. (1990) who
observed that the soils of South Eastern Nigeria are
low in exchangeable Mg, Ca and K. The exchangeable
acidity of the soils ranged between 0.72 to 2.08 cmol
kg-1. The ECEC were low (6.35-10.01 cmol kg-1) in all
the soils with values remaining below 12 cmol kg-1.
The low ECEC values of the soil were indication of
the dominance of low activity clays as indicated by
Udo and Ogunwale (1977).
The base saturation was however high in all the
soils with values ranging from 77.6 to 90.1%. This
Umoh et al.
Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils of South Eastern Nigeria using
Sorption Isotherms
29
result agrees with the findings of Sare and Udo
(1988). The release of nutrients by soils is influenced
by the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio; when the C/N
ratio is below 25, application of low rate of N will
accelerate mineralization (Aduayi et al., 2002;
Breman and Reuler, 2002). The C/N ratio obtained for
these soils ranged from 9.82 to 15.4, indicating net
mineralization.
Fig. 6b: Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils of Ikom
Fig. 6c: Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils of Umudike
3.2. Sorption Characteristics
The phosphate sorption curves are presented in
Figures 2 and 3. These curves relate the amount of P
sorbed by the soils to the concentration of P in
equilibrium solution. The curves indicated that with
continuous addition of P and higher P concentration in
equilibrium solution, each of the curves tends to
flatten and approach a maximum indicating that the
soil is saturated. These showed that the soils with
respect to their P sorption behaviour differed greatly
(Osodeke, 2005). The Freundlich phosphate sorption
isotherms for the soils are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
In all the soils, more P was adsorbed. The sorption
capacity calculated from the Freundlich plots (Table
3) was 113 µg g-1 in Ikom, 65.7 µg g-1 in Akamkpa
and 86.6 µg g-1 in Umudike. These values disagreed
with the work of Mehdi et al. (2010).
The high P sorption capacity in Ikom soils
indicated the presence of more active sites for P
sorption, which in turn, may be attributed to the type
and amount of clay present. But K, which is related to
the bonding energy of the soil, was high. The values
were 2.11 µg g-1 in Ikom, 7.05 µg g-1 in Akamkpa and
9.38 µg g-1 in Umudike. This indicates that the soil not
only has higher capacity to retain P but also grater
energy of adsorption of P. Udo (1981) and Osodeke
(1992) reported similar results for the zone. The
buffering capacities of the soils are generally high
following the decreasing order: Ikom 237 µgg-1,
Akamkpa 463 µg g-1 and Umudike 812 µg g-1.
The lowest value in Ikom may be attributed to the
high content of organic matter in that soil which
blocks the adsorption sites. Uzoho and Oti (2005)
reported that relatively large organic molecules or
competition of the organic anions with the phosphate
International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), pp. 022-033, 2015
30
ions blocks the adsorption sites. The observation is in
agreement with their findings. The buffering
capacities are affected by soil texture, particularly clay
content, as well as the exchangeable aluminum
content and clay mineralogy (Siemens et al., 2004).
3.3. Effects of Soil Types on Growth and Yield
Parameters
Generally (Table 4), Ikom had the highest plant height
with mean of 36.2cm. The value was falls within the
range reported by (AVRDC, 1994), while Akamkpa
had the least mean of 9.44cm. The values were rather
low when compared with the report of (AVRDC,
1994). The growth and yield parameter for the soil
types were in this order. Ikom>Umudike>Akamkpa.
The variation may be attributed to the inherent fertility
of the parent materials and the degree of soil acidity
(Singh et al., 2000). There was a significant
relationship between the soil types and growth/soil
parameters.
IkomUmudikeAkamkpa
LSD0.05 Location x P Level
LSD0.05 LocationLSD0.05 Location
Fig. 7: Effect of Soil Types and Phosphorus levels on Grain yield (g/plant)
3.4. Effect of Phosphorus Levels on Growth and
Yield Parameter
Table 5 shows the effects of phosphorus levels on
growth and yield parameters. The highest plant height,
number of leaves, stem diameter and number of seeds
per plant were recorded at solution P concentration of
0.3ppm, while the maximum numbers of pods per
plant and pod weight were at the equilibrium solution
concentration of 0.2ppm. The highest number of
nodules was recorded at solution P concentration of
0.4ppm with a mean of 44.5ppm. This indicates that
phosphorus is needed in large quantity for the process
of biological nitrogen fixation as reported by
Sanginga (2000). There was a significant yield
response of mungbean to phosphorus fertilizers.
Similar trend had been reported by other researchers
such as Bala et al. (2003), Osodeke (2005), and Ugese
and Avav, (2005).
3.5. Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils
Figure 6, shows the phosphorus use efficiency (PUE)
for the three soils studied. The higher the rate of P
application, the lower the PUE for most of the soils.
Similar observations have been reported by several
researchers ( Kogbe and Adediran, 2003; and Uzoho
and Oti, 2005). This shows that the efficiency of P
utilization of mungbean decreased as the P fertilizer
rate increased. The highest P use efficiency occurred
in Umudike (53.9 kg ha-1) and Akamkpa (44.8 kg ha-
1), Ikom (49.6 kg ha-1). Additional application of P
fertilizer beyond this rate reduced the yield. The
relative yield increases were as follows: 2480 kg ha-1
(Ikom) > 328 kg ha-1 (Umudike)> and 133 kg ha-1 in
(Akamkpa). The relatively high grain yields in Ikom
and Akamkpa correspond to phosphorus concentration
of 0.2ppm in equilibrium solution, while the optimum
yields in Umudike (328 kg ha-1) were at 0.3ppm
solution concentration of phosphorus.
3.6. Effect of Soil Types and Phosphorus levels on
Grain yield (g/plant)
Figure 7 shows the effects of soils types and
phosphorus level on grain yield g/pot. Grain yield per
plant varied with all the soil types. The yield was not
significantly different in other location at (P>0.05)
level as shown on figure 5. Generally, grain yields
increased in the order of Ikom>Umudike>Akamkpa.
Yields at zero P rates were however significantly
lower than yield at other P rates, indicating response
of the crop to P application. The optimum mungbean
yield in the soils could be achieved at a P fertilizer
rate of 49.2 kg ha-1 in Ikom, 53.9 kg ha-1 in Umudike
and 44.8 kg ha-1 in Akamkpa. This is equilibrium
solution concentration between 0.2ppm and 0.3ppm.
These rates are in agreement with report of Uzoho and
Umoh et al.
Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils of South Eastern Nigeria using
Sorption Isotherms
31
Oti (2005) and are comparable to the maximum rate
of 40 kg ha-1 P proposed for soils of South-eastern
Nigeria by Enwezor (1990) but are lower than the rate
proposed by Aduayi et al (2002), for the same soils.
Osodeke (2005) reported P rate of 125 kg ha-1 in
Umudike to be adequate for cowpea production. The
greater seed weight in Ikom could be as a result of
high organic matter content in the soil (Table 1).
Organic matter tends to suppress phosphate fixation
by adsorbing ions. The lower yield in Akamkpa may
be attributed to the low fertility status of that soil
(FPDD, 1990).
4. CONCLUSION
The study showed that the soils were acidic and light
textured. Most of the soils were low in nutrients. The
standard P requirements for the soils were low. This
study also showed that solution P concentration of 0.3
ppm gave the best grain yield across the locations.
This is equivalent to P rates of 49.6, 53.9 and 54.2 kg
ha-1 P for Ikom, Umudike and Akamkpa respectively
and is therefore recommended for these soils for
mungbean production.
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33
F.O. Umoh is a PhD student at Michael Okpara University of agriculture Umudike. Holds B.Agric.
MSc (Soil Science) from the University of Uyo and MOUAU, Nigeria. Was born 4th Sept., 1975 and
married to Mr Otobong O. Umoh with 2 kids.
I.D. EDEM: B.Agric. MSc (Soil Science) and PhD (in-view) Soil Physics and Conservation,
University of Ibadan. First Appointed Graduate Assistant in Department of Soil Science and Land
Resources Management, University of Uyo, in Nov., 2004 and now Lecturer Grade 1. Has over 20
peer- reviewed articles in Local and International Journals, member of 7 professional bodies,
Consultant on Soil and Environmental based studies. Reviewer for Soil & Tillage Research, WebPub
Journal of Agricultural Research, Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research and also Editorial board
member, Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, Pakistan. Married with kids.
Dr Mrs E.A. AKPAN: Formally appointed the station manager, IITA. Holds PhD in Crop Science,
Immediate Past Acting Head of Department (Soil Science) now University Guardian Counselor and
Senior lecturer, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University,
Obio Akpa, was born on 30th Oct., 1967. Married to Mr Augustine Akpan and is blessed with 5 lovely
children.