Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis: Where would we be without Where would we be without

it?it?

Where’d we leave off?Where’d we leave off?• In cellular respiration, cells use the energy stored

in _______ (and other biomolecules) to make ______, the universal energy molecule in living things!

• The big question is, where did all the energy in glucose come from in the first place?– Answer: _____________

• New problem: How to capture the energy of ________ and convert it to the energy needed to make glucose….

glucoseATP

the sun!

the sun

So how did energy get stored in the formSo how did energy get stored in the form

of glucose anyway? of glucose anyway?

Photosynthesis!Photosynthesis!The reaction:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2

(Look familiar? It should! Turn it around and replace light energy with ATP and what do you have?)

What organisms perform What organisms perform photosynthesis?photosynthesis?

• Plants• Some protists

– Algae, Euglena

• Some bacteria– Cyanobacteria, Purple sulfur

bacteria

• Because they make their own “food” they are called autotrophs

Where it all happens…Where it all happens…

Where it all happens…LEAF ANATOMYWhere it all happens…LEAF ANATOMY

(fluid between grana)

(a membrane-bound compartment)

Details of Chloroplast Details of Chloroplast StructureStructure

Another player in the Another player in the electron-carrier game…electron-carrier game…

In cell respiration, NAD+ and FAD were our “electron taxis”

In photosynthesis, a different molecule will play this role…

NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

a coenzyme derived from niacin, carries electrons in photosynthesis

NADP+ + H+ + 2e- NADPH

There are two sets of There are two sets of reactions in photosynthesisreactions in photosynthesis

The light The light spectrumspectrum

• Light = electromagnetic radiation

• Travels in waves• Distance between crests is the

wavelength ()• The entire range of radiation

is the electromagnetic spectrum

• Wavelength of visible light is between 380 nm and 750 nm

• Light can also be thought of in terms of energy particles called photons

• The energy of a photon is inversely related to its wavelength

Light’s energy Light’s energy is captured by is captured by

pigments in the pigments in the chloroplastschloroplasts

• The primary pigment, chlorophyll a, absorbs primarily blue and red light – and reflects green

• Accessory pigments, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids, widen the spectrum of light effectively absorbed by plants

Violet / Blue / Green / Yellow / Orange / Red

Action Spectrum (measured by O2 release)

Absorption Spectrum

Evidence that chloroplast pigments participate in photosynthesis: Evidence that chloroplast pigments participate in photosynthesis: absorption and action spectra for photosynthesis in an algaabsorption and action spectra for photosynthesis in an alga

The pigments are located in The pigments are located in photosystemsphotosystems

• Photosystems are collections of light-absorbing pigments (primarily chlorophyll) in the thylakoid membranes

• There are two photosystems in chloroplasts (and beware -- #2 comes before #1)

• A photon of red or blue light zaps a chlorophyll molecule and one of the electrons in the chlorophyll is elevated to an excited state – it now has more potential energy than it had before!

What happens next to this

excited electron???

Moving electrons means moving energy! Moving electrons means moving energy! From Light energy to ATP and NADPH…From Light energy to ATP and NADPH…

There are two Electron Transport Chains in the Light Reactions Goal of E.T.C. following Photosystem II: ________________ Goal of E.T.C. following Photosystem I: ________________

make ATPmake NADPH

1.2. Splitting of water releases oxygen

3.

4.

5.

6.

Cytochrome Complex

NADP+ reductase

Cyclic electron flowCyclic electron flow

Light reactions: Light reactions: Making ATP and Making ATP and NADPHNADPH

The light reactions & chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membraneThe light reactions & chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane

Light reactions Light reactions summarysummary

• light energy absorbed by pigments (like cholorphyll) in photosystems in thykaloid membranes

• this energy used to raise electrons in cholorphyll to higher “excited” energy state

• excited electrons get passed along electron transport chains in series of redox rxns

• at end of ETC following Photosystem I, an electron pair and an H+ are picked up by ________ to form _________ .

• during ETC that follows Photosystem II, H+ are actively pumped across thykaloid membrane into thykaloid space

• build up of H+ creates an electric potential across membrane which is used to make ATP at the site of ATP Synthase (like chemiosmosis!)

• Problem: Chlorophyll has lost electrons…how will ETC start again?

• ______ molecules give up electrons to replace the ones eventually “lost” to NADPH, producing _________. (how useful for us!)NADP+ NADPH

H2O

oxygen

Now, how do we use that energy Now, how do we use that energy (ATP and NADPH) to make glucose?(ATP and NADPH) to make glucose?

Answer: Answer: The Calvin CycleThe Calvin Cycle!!

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) is a sugar molecule produced by the Calvin Cycle that is subsequently used to make Glucose and other compounds

Calvin cycle cliff notesCalvin cycle cliff notes• Carbon enters the cycle in the form of CO2 and is

reduced to glucose. This is called carbon fixation.• CO2 is reduced when it gains electrons from NADPH.• This cycle uses energy from ATP to transfer these

high-energy electrons from NADPH to glucose.• This first step, in which CO2 is added to a 5-carbon

sugar, is catalyzed by an enzyme called rubisco – probably the single most abundant protein on the planet!

• To make one glucose molecule from six CO2, it costs 18 ATP and 12 NADPH

The Calvin cycleThe Calvin cycle

The two reactions, summarizedThe two reactions, summarized

Now what happens to the Now what happens to the glucose?glucose?

• It can be stored as starch for energy later

• It can be used as cellulose for plant structure

• It can head off to the plant mitochondria to fuel cellular respiration!

CC4 4 leaf anatomy and the C leaf anatomy and the C4 4 pathway pathway

CC4 4 and CAM photosynthesis comparedand CAM photosynthesis compared