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Swiss Federal Office of Energy
Photovoltaics in Switzerland - the cycle of research, technology, industry and markets
Stefan Nowak, NET Nowak Energy & Technology Ltd.
Programme Manager Photovoltaics SFOE
zhaw – 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry, Solar Energy - Chemical Solutions
Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
2
Content
• Introduction: PV development, context & issues
• The PV RTD Programme and activities
• International Cooperation
• Swiss PV industry activities
• PV market development
• The future of PV
• Conclusions
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
3
The role of PV
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
Source: A. Wokaun
4
Why PV research & innovation
• Long track record of scientific & technological development
• Innovation and industrial implementation
• Proven and reliable products
• Rapid industrial expansion (as energy technology)
• New materials, technologies, processes, applications
• Competitive advantage through technological progress
• New challenges: grid integration and storage
• Leading PV countries with strong RTD base
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
5
The context
Unprecedented cost reduction and growth:
• PV module prices: - 80 % in only 4 years
• PV system prices: - 67 % in only 4 years
• Grid parity about to be achieved
• PV market in 2011: + 30 GW / + 75 %
• PV in Europe in 2011: largest increase of all additional capacity
• Increasing role of PV in recent energy scenarios
• Energy policy (Fukushima, climate change, etc.)
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
6
The issues
• Fierce competition
• Overcapacity and consolidation
• Transition to sustainable markets
• Economic crisis in many countries
• Policy and regulatory framework
• Perceptions: failure or success, challenge or opportunity
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
7
Swiss (PV) energy research
• CORE – Swiss Energy Research Commission
• CORE Energy research master plan 2008 – 2011 Confirmation of PV RTD
• PV RTD master plan 2008 – 2011
• Key partners SFOE, CTI, ETH-domain, Universities
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
8
PV in Switzerland: history & future
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Period of the pioneers
Build-up R&D Innovations
Technology Industrialisation
Acceleration Multiplication
• Dye sensitised solar cell
• µ - morph silicon
• Flexible solar cells
• Inverters
• Building integration
• Technology development
• Transfer
• New Start-ups
• Industry
• Export
• Broadening the industrial basis
• PV as key technology
• Competitiveness
• New R&D approaches
• Grid integration
• TISO (1982)
• IMT (1985)
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Goals 2008 – 2011
• Cost goal 2011: Module 3 CHF/Wp, System 5 CHF/Wp
• Increase of efficiency of solar cells (technology specific)
• Reduction of material and energy use
• Simplification and standardisation of system technology
• Increasing the availabiliy and variety of industrial products
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
10
• Total 70 projects - 28 SFOE projects - 10 CTI projects - 23 EU projects - 9 various projects
• 57 R+D-, 13 P+D- Projects
• Funding volume ~ 15 Mio. CHF, of which SFOE ~ 10%
Factsheet Swiss PV RTD 2011
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Swiss PV RTD Programme
• Solar cells
• PV modules and building integration
• System technology
• Projects and studies
• International Cooperation
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
12
Characteristics and criteria
• Innovation potential
• System orientation
• Industry relevance
• Market potential
• Critical mass
• Continuity
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
13
Swiss PV RTD map
Solar cells
System technology
Modules & building integration
Berner Fachhochschule Technik und Informatik
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Programme limits and interfaces
„Upstream“ • Materials research • Technology enablers
„Downstream“ • Building technology • Grid integration • Energy storage • Measurement technology
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
15
Solar cell research in Switzerland
Source: Ch. Ballif, EPFL 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Solar cell research in Switzerland
Technology where R & D Transfer Industry
Crystalline silicon EPFL (IMT) EMPA X X XXX
Thin film silicon EPFL (IMT) XXX XXX XXX
CIGS, CdTe EMPA XX X X
Dye sensitised cells EPFL (LPI) XX X
Organic solar cells EMPA, ZHAW, CSEM XX
ETA solar cellls EMPA X
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
17
Solar cells: Swiss specialties
• Micromorphous silicon thin film solar cell
• Dye sensitised solar cell
• Flexible solar cells (amorphous silicon, CIGS)
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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High-efficiency p-i-n micromorph solar cells
Device area : ~1.2 cm2 Light
LPCVD back ZnO
LPCVD front ZnO
SOIR[1]
Glass
p-i-n a-Si:H top cell
Dielectric back reflector
p-i-n µc-Si:H bottom cell
D.Dominé, P. Buehlmann et al,
Source: Ch. Ballif, EPFL 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
2011: 14.1 % initial efficiency
19
World record flexible CIGS solar cells
Source: S. Buecheler, EMPA 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
20
Organic solar cells (EMPA)
Source: F. Nüesch, EMPA 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
21
Printed organic solar cells (zhaw)
Source: B. Ruhstaller, zhaw 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
22
ETA solar cells by electrochemistry
hν
Au
β-CuSCN Nanowires or nanotubes of ZnO
CdSe
TCO substrate (SnO2: F) Buffer layer of ZnO
Potentiostat
Source: J. Elias, L. Philippe, J. Michler, EMPA 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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• Optimized approaches and structures
• Window and intermediate layers
• Multiple junctions
• New materials
• Contacts
• New technologies and processes
• Radically different approaches
Solar cells: options for the future
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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• Understanding of complex processes
• Better optical absorption
• Better spectral absorption
• Reduction of charge recombination
• Photon management
• Nanostructures (e.g. quantum dots and wells)
Scientific aspects
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Example: luminescent concentrators
Source: Optical Additives 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Quality assurance of PV modules
ISAAC – SUPSI Module testing - Long term - Third parties - Energy rating
Module certification - IEC standards
Building integrated PV - www.bipv.ch
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Quality assurance of PV inverters HTI Burgdorf Inverter testing - Long term - Third parties - Up 100 kW simulator
System analysis - High voltage - Lightning - Arc detector
PV plant analysis www.pvtest.ch 4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry
Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
28
Complex system, many variables!
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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2008 2020 2030 Effic
ienc
y ra
tes
of in
dust
rially
man
ufac
ture
d m
odul
e / p
rodu
ct
10%
20%
30%
40%
Technological development
30
System oriented topics
• Grid integration and storage
• Photovoltaics and smart grids
• High grid penetration of photovoltaics
31
International Cooperation
• EU-Projects (FP 6, FP 7)
• IEA PVPS
• EU PV Technology Platform
• Solar Europe Industry Initiative
• Solar ERA NET
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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The IEA PVPS Programme
• One of more than 40 technology cooperation programmes of the IEA
• 26 members: 22 countries, EC, EPIA, SEPA, SEIA
• Good coverage of the worldwide PV sector
• Technical and non-technical issues
• Presently 7 projects ongoing
• ~ 120 experts worldwide
www.iea-pvps.org
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Inst
alle
d PV
pow
er (M
W)
Grid-connected Off-grid
Task 1: Information exchange
Contact: Pius Hüsser, Novaenergie
34
Task 9: Energy services
Contact: Alex Arter, Entec
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Task 12: Environmental aspects
EPBT @ 1700 kWh/m2 yr
Contact: Rolf Frischknecht, ESU-Services
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Task 13: Performance, Quality, Reliability
Contact: Thomas Nordmann, TNC Thomas Friesen, ISAAC
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Task 14: High PV Penetration in electricity grids
Contact: Pierre Renaud, Planair
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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PV RTD instruments
Basic research Applied Research Product Development
ETH-Domain, Universities
ETH-Domain, Universities, Univ. Applied Sciences
Bundesamt für Berufsbildung und Technologie BBT Förderagentur für Innovation KTI
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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Swiss PV industry: rapid implementation along the entire photovoltaic value chain
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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The Swiss PV market
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
MW
p
Total [MWp]
grid-connected [MWp]
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
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The future of PV RTD in Switzerland
• The relevance of photovoltaic research is confirmed (CORE energy research master plan 2013 – 2016, Action plan coordinated energy research)
• However: financial means so far unchanged (reduced)
• Additional financial means for P+D-projects (2013)
• Master plan PV 2020
• Photovoltaic research 2013 – 2016
• Photovoltaic Technology Center (2013)
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
42 Photovoltaik Stefan Nowak
Challenges
• R&D excellence Technology competence
• Continuity World class R&D
• Industrial cooperation Innovation / implementation
• Quality of Products Reliability and energy yield
• Education of staff Transfer of knowledge
• Acceleration Growth
43
Conclusions
• Swiss PV R&D, technology and industrial base excellent • Potential and possible role of photovoltaics are
widely recognized • RTD becomes more industry and system relevant • The next decade is decisive for PV –
worldwide and in Switzerland • Long term options should not be forgotten • Sustainability becomes key (technologies and markets) • Competition has become fierce • Constant innovation is a must • Strong PV needs a strong technological base !
4th Wädenswil Day of Chemistry Stefan Nowak Wädenswil, 21 June 2012
44 Swiss Photovoltaic RTD and Industry Stefan Nowak 8 March 2010
Swiss Photovoltaic RTD and Industry Stefan Nowak 26 January 2009
Thank you for
your attention !
Your contacts:
Dr. Stefan Nowak, Programme Manager PV RTD
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Stefan Oberholzer, SFOE Domain Manager PV
Email: [email protected]
http://www.bfe.admin.ch
http://www.photovoltaic.ch
http://www.eupvplatform.org
htto://www.pv-era.net
http://www.iea-pvps.org