Phyllanthus emblica Linn Euphorbiaceaeshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/77789/11/11...it has a natural balance of tastes (sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent) all

Joshi H.R. Review of literature

13

L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya

Amla (Amalaki)

Botanical Name: Phyllanthus emblica Linn

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Chemical Constituents:

The fruit contains two hydrolysable tannins Emblicanin A and B, which have antioxidant

properties; one on hydrolysis gives gallic acid, ellagic acid, and glucose, whereas the other gives

ellagic acid and glucose.

Traditional Uses

Because of its cooling (Veerya )nature, amla is a common ingredient in treatments for a burning

sensation anywhere in the body and for many types of inflammation and fever; Amla has been

considered the best of the Ayurvedic rejuvenative herbs, because it is tridosa ghana. Uniquely,

it has a natural balance of tastes (sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent) all in one fruit, it

stimulates the brain to rebalance the three main components of all physiological functions, the

water, fire, and air elements within the body.

Amla is used to revitalizing potency and the digestive system, treat constipation , reduce fever,

purify the blood, reduce cough, alleviate asthma, strengthen the heart, benefit the eyes,

stimulate hair growth, enliven the body, and enhance intellect. The fruits are consumed as fruit

or in the form of food products. This fruit also forms an important constituent of many

Ayurvedic preparations such as chyavanprash and triphala and is regarded as ‘one of the best

rejuvenating herbs’.


14


Gallic Acid: C7H6O5

IUPAC name : 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid,

Structure:

Gallic acid

Analytical Methods:

Methods Crude drugs/

Formulations

Method description Ref

UV method Triphala churna Wave length: 273 nm 18

UV method Polyherbal formulation Wave length: 273 nm 19

HPTLC Polyherbal formulation

(Terminalia chebula and

Terminalia arjuna)

Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: Toluene: Methanol: Ethyl

acetate: Formic acid ( 30 : 5 : 55 : 10)

Scanning wavelength: 280 nm

20

HPTLC Phyllanthus emblica Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: toluene: ethyl acetate:

formic acid: methanol (3:3:0.8:0.2)


21

HPTLC Amla fruit extract and its

polyherbal formulation


Toluene: ethyl acetate: acetic acid: formic

acid (20:45:20:05)


22

HPTLC stem bark of Myrica Stationary phase: silica gel G F254 23

http://www.chemspider.com/Molecular-Formula/C7H6O5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_acid


15


esculenta Mobile Phase: toluene-ethyl acetate-

formic acid-methanol (3 :3 : 0.6 :0.4)


HPLC Amla Column: a reverse phase C18 (250 4.6

mm, 5 lm)

Mobile phase: 0.1% orthophosphoric acid

and acetonitrile in gradient elution.

Detector: UV detector

Wave length: 254 nm.

24

HPLC Phyllanthus emblica Column: C18 column

Mobile Phase: gradient elution of

methanol and 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid in

water

Detector: diode array detector


25

HPLC Polyherbal Tablet

Formulation

Column: Phenomenex Luna C18 (4.6 x

250mm, 5μ),

Mobile Phase: Water: Acetonitrile (80:

20%v/v)


Wavelength: 272nm

26

HPLC Amla Column: C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm

I.D., 5 μm)

Mobile Phase: gradient elution

acetonitrile and water containing 0.01 %

v/v ortho phosphoric acid ( 80: 20)


Wavelength: 272 nm

27


16


Gokharu (Gokshur or puncture vine)

Botanical Name: Tribulus terrestris Linn

Family: Zygophyllaceae

Chemical Constituents: A potential active component is steroidal saponins such as Diosgenin; it

is obtained by hydrolysis of crude saponins isolated from gokharu. It also contains a variety of

chemical constituents which are medicinally important, such as flavonoids, flavonol glycosides,

steroidal saponins, and alkaloids.

Traditional uses:

Gokharu is used in folk medicines as a tonic, aphrodisiac, astringent, stomachic,

antihypertensive, diuretic, lithotriptic, and urinary disinfectant. The dried fruit of the herb is

very effective in most of the genitourinary tract disorders. It is a vital constituent of Gokshuradi

Guggul, a potent Ayurvedic medicine used to support proper functioning of the genitourinary

tract and to remove the urinary stones. It has been used for centuries in Ayurveda to treat

impotence, venereal diseases, and sexual debility.

In addition to all these applications, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India attributes cardio

tonic properties to the root and fruit. In Unani medicine, gokharu is used as diuretic, mild

laxative, and general tonic.28 It has diuretic, aphrodisiac, antiurolithic, immunomodulatory,

antidiabetic, absorption enhancing, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, central nervous system,

hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, anticancer, antibacterial,

anthelmintic and ant carcinogenic activities 29.


17


Diosgenin: C27H42O3

IUPAC name :( 3β, 25R)-spirost-5-en-3-ol

Structure:

Diosgenin

Analytical methods:


Formulations


UV method Trigonella fornum – graecum

L Callus culture

Wave length: 430 nm

Colour Development: With anisaldehyde

sulfuric acid and ethyl acetate

30

UV method Dioscorea opposite Thunb.

tubers and bulbils

Wave length:547 nm

Color Development: With 5% vanillin-

glacial acetic acid-perchloric acid

31

HPTLC Fenugreek stem, leaves,

seed extracts and a

polyherbal antidiabetic

formulation containing

fenugreek powder as one of

the ingredients.



methanol (7:3:1 v/v/v)

Derivatization: anisaldehyde sulfuric acid

reagent.


32

http://www.chemspider.com/Molecular-Formula/C27H42O3


18


T. terrestris Stationary phase: silica gel G F254


methanol (7:3:1 v/v/v)


reagent.


33

HPTLC Fenugreek Seeds Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: Toluene-ethyl acetate-

formic acid (5 : 4 : 1)


reagent.

Scanning wavelength: 450nm

34

HPTLC Market formulation Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate:

Formic acid: GAA (2:1:1: 0.75)


reagent.


35

HPTLC fenugreek seeds Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate:

Methanol (15:2:2 )


36

HPLC T. terrestris Column: phenomenex RPC18 column (250

x4.6mm, 5µm),

Mobile phase : Acetonitrile: Water (90:10

v/v)


Wavelength: 203 nm.

37

HPLC Divya Madhunashini Vati Column: RP C18

ods Hypersil column (150 × 38


19


4.6 mm, 5μm)

mobile phase: acetonitrile: water (90:10)

Detector: UV detection

Wavelength: 203 nm

HPLC Fenugreek seeds Column: Reverse-phaseC8 column 250 mm

× 4.6 mm, 5 μ, Symmetry (waters).

Mobile Phase: water and acetonitrile

gradient elution

Detector: PDA

Wavelength: 205 nm

36


20


Galo: (Amrita and Gaduchi)

Botanical name: Tinospora cordifolia (wild) Miers ex Hook. F and Thoms

Family: Menispermaceae

Chemical Constituents:

A variety of constituents such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, steroids, glycosides, aliphatic

compounds, polysaccharides etc. are present in Tinospora cordifolia. Sesquiterpene glucoside

tinocordifolioside, tinosponone, tinocordioside and cordioside; Sesquiterpens like tinocordifolin

are present. Alkaloids like berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine ect are also reported.

Traditional Uses:

Guduchi or Amrita is reported to be potent vegetable tonic. Being a rejuvenator, it is indicated

in several diseases causing debility. The stem is one of the constituents of several Ayurvedic

preparations used in general debility, dyspepsia, fever and urinary diseases. The stem is bitter,

stomachic, diuretic, stimulates bile secretion, causes constipation, burning sensation, vomiting,

enriches the blood and cures jaundice. The extract of its stem is useful in skin diseases. 39,40,41


21


Berberine: (C20H18NO4+)

IUPAC name: 5, 6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium

Structure:

Berberine

Analytical Methods:


Formulations


UV method Stem bark of B.aristata Scanning wave length :259 nm 42

HPTLC Unani formulation Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: Methanol: Acetic Acid:

Water (8:1:1)

Scanning wave length: 350 nm

43

HPTLC Berberis asiatica Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: -n-propanol : formic acid :

water (90 : 1 : 9)


44

HPTLC Argemone mexicana Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: toluene: ethyl acetate (9:3)

Scanning wave length:266 nm

45


22


HPTLC Punarnavashtak

Kwath



methanol: formic acid (3:3:0.2:0.8)


46

HPLC Stem of T. cordifolia and T.

sinensis

Column: a reverse phase C18

Mobile phase : acetonitrile: water (10:90

v/v)


Scanning wave length: 266 nm.

47

HPLC Berberis aristata DC, its

extract, and its formulation

Column: a reverse phase C18

Mobile Phase: acetonitrile and potassium

dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) in a

gradient flow

Detector: Diode array detector

Wave length: 346 nm

48

HPLC Poly-herbal formulation Column: C18 Kroma plus (250 x 4.6 mm)

column

Mobile Phase: 0.5%Triethylamine :

Acetonitrile (10 :90), pH 3.0


Wave length: 230 nm

49

Several researchers have reported the quantitative estimation of active constituent in

individual drugs and very few methods are available for simultaneous analysis of berberine

along with other markers in poly-herbal formulations.


23


Rasayana plants are said to possess properties such as ant ageing, rejuvenating, improving

memory and prevent diseases all of which imply that they increase the resistance of body.

Ayurvedic system contains several powerful antioxidant herbs as well as Rasayana drugs which

can prevent degenerative diseases. For example, Amla (Emblica officinalis), or Indian

Gooseberry is prized for its concentrations of naturally occurring vitamin C. Gokharu (Tribulus

terrestris), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) are another Rasayana drugs. Dr. Nampalliwar et al has

undertook a clinical study on Rasayana churna to prove rejuvenation therapy in middle age

group related common health problems and to provide Rasayana Chikitsa for improving general

health 50


24


Amalakyadi Churna:

Amalakyadi churna is an important Ayurvedic formulation, is official in Ayurvedic formulary of

India is combination of four reputed herbs, comprised of the fruits Emblica officinalis, Piper

longum, Terminalia chebula, roots of Plumbago zeylenica and Sendha namak. The formulation

is dispensed for the treatment of digestive impairment, fever and dyspepsia.

Amalakyadi churna was evaluated for quality control parameters by Jain et al. These

parameters include determination of extractive values, ash values, foaming index, and swelling

index, determination of pH value, various physical parameters and preliminary phytochemical

screening51. A simple, rapid and validated fingerprint method has been carried out by Porwal et

al for estimation of piperine in Amalakyadi churna by spectrophotometric approach at 342.6

nm. 52.


25


Pippali(Long pepper)

Botanical Name: Piper longum

Family: Piperaceae

Chemical constituents 53, 54, 55,56

It contains alkaloids mainly piperine (4-5%), volatile oil, resin, starch, gum, fatty oils and

inorganic matter. It also contains piperlonguminine, piplartine, waxy alkaloid N-

isobutyldecatrans-2-trans-4-dienamide, piperidine alkaloids – piperonaline, piperundecalidine,

a lignan derivative sesamin and terpenoids resin dihydrostigmasterol. Several aristolactams and

dioxoaporphines have been isolated from long pepper.

Therapeutic uses 56, 57 58 59

It is useful in ‘vata’ and ‘kapha’, bronchitis, asthma, abdominal complaints, fever, leucoderma,

urinary discharges, tumours, piles, diseases of the spleen, pains, inflammations, leprosy,

insomnia, jaundice, hiccough, increases biliousness, hepatoprotective and antiallergic.It is also

used in antifertility and antiamoebic.

Powdered long pepper mixed with honey is useful in cold, cough, asthma and hiccough. It is an

important ingredient of medicated oil used externally in sciatica and paraplegia. Powder of long

pepper is suspended in warm water and given to women after parturition to check hemorrhage

and fever, as vermifuge, it is prescribed for colic in children.


26


Piperine: C17H19NO3

IUPAC name: 1-[5-(1, 3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2, 4-pentadienyl] piperidine

Structure:

Piperine

Analytical Method:


Formulations


UV method Piper spp. Wave length:328nm 60

UV method Chitrakadi Vati Wave length:342 nm 61

UV method Sitopaladi churna Wave length:342.5 nm 62

HPTLC Piper Species Stationary phase: silica gel G F254

Mobile Phase: toluene–ethyl acetate–

diethyl ether 6:3:1


63

HPTLC Piper nigrum

and Piper longum


Mobile Phase: hexane: ethylacetate:

glacial acetic acid (3:1:0.1)


64

HPLC Piper nigrum L. Column: (250x4 mm, 5 μ) C18

column

Mobile phase: Acetonitrile: Water:

65

http://www.chemspider.com/Molecular-Formula/C17H19NO3


27


Acetic acid (60:39.5:0.5).



HPLC Piper guineense Column: C18 column (250 X 4.6 mm)

Mobile phase : methanol: water

(80:20)


Wavelength: 343nm

66

HPLC Food Products Column: a reverse phase C18

Mobile Phase: 50mM potassium

dihydrogen orthophosphate (pH 3.5):

Acetonitrile (40:60)

Detector: diode array detector

Wavelength: 340 nm

67


28


Chitrak :

Botanical name: Plumbago zeylanica

Family: Plumbaginaceae

Chemical constituents:

It contains countless secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, naphthaquinones,

glycosides, steroids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, coumarins,

carbohydrates, fixed oiland fats and proteins 68, 69, 70, 71. In all of these compounds the most

imperative principle active compound naphthoquinones plumbagin, 3-biplumbagin,

chloroplumbagin, chitranone, elliptone etc.

Traditional Uses:

P. zeylanica is a popular medicinal herb throughout Africa and Asia. It has been used asa

remedy for skin diseases, infections and intestinal worms viz. leprosy, scabies, ringworm,

hookworm, dermatitis, acne, sores and ulcers. Since time immemorial. The traditional systems

of medicine in different parts of the continents have been utilizing all parts of P. zeylanica for a

variety of treatments. Chitrak is also used in the preparation of herbal medicines such as Dabur

Chitrak Haritaki, Divya, Chandraprabhavati etc.


29


Plumbagin: (C11H8O3)

IUPAC name: 2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-naphthoquinone

Structure:

Plumbagin

Analytical methods:

Methods: Crude drugs Method description Ref

UV method Chitrak root Wavelength: 520 nm 72

HPTLC Plumbago indica and

Plumbago zeylanica

Stationary phase: silica gel

60F254

Mobile Phase: hexane: ethyl

acetate (8:2).

Scanning wavelength: 265 nm.

73

HPTLC Plumbago zeylanica

LINN

Stationary phase: silica gel

60F254

Mobile Phase: Toluene : Ethyl

acetate (3:1)

Derivatization: Anisaldehyde‐

Sulphuric Acid reagent

Scanning wavelength: 270 nm.

74

HPTLC Kankayan Vati Stationary phase: silica gel 75


30


60F254

Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl

acetate: Formic acid (6.5:3.5:0.1)


HPLC Plumbago indica and

Plumbago zeylanica

Column: Phenomenex Luna C 18

(2) (250×4.6mm) column

mobile phase: methanol : sodium

dihydrogen phosphate (5 mM)

(9:1)

Flow rate: 0.8 mL/ min


Wavelength: 265 nm.

73

HPLC Tablet formulation Column: Purospher STAR RP-18

encapped Hibar ® column 250×4.6

mm, 5 μm

Mobile phase : acetonitrile and

0.1% orthophosphoric acid in

water(Gradient elution)

Flow rate: 1 mL/ min



76

HPLC Drosera peltata Smith

var. glabrata

Column: Agilent Eclipse XDB C 18

Mobile phase : gradient elution

system of acetonitrile and water

(containing 0.1% phosphoric acid,

V/V)

Flow rate: 1 mL/ min


Wave length: 269 nm

77


31


HPLC Plumbago

zeylanica L and

Embelia ribes extracts

Column: C18 column (250 X 4.6

mm)

Mobile Phase: acetonitrile: 50 mM

potassium dihydrogen phosphate

Buffer (45:55)

flow rate: 1 ml/min


Wavelength: 290 nm.

78


12


Chapter 4: Review of literature

Rasayana Churna:

India has a rich heritage of traditional medicine with different components like Ayurveda,

Siddha and Unani. Traditional health care has been flourishing in this country for many

centuries. Ayurveda and other Indian systems of medicines may be explored with the modern

scientific approaches for better leads in the health care14. Plants with complex phytochemical

mixture have advantage over single molecules for treating various diseases, with an added

advantage of being non-toxic.

Sushruta, ancient Indian physician, defined Rasayana as a measure, which prolongs and

provides positive health, improves mental faculties and provides resistance and immunity

against diseases. Charaka-Samhita, a great ancient classic treatise of Ayurveda states that the

means of obtaining optimum nourishment to the dhatus are called Rasayanas. 15

Rasayana Churna is a classical Ayurvedic formulation, which comprises dried powders of three

well known rejuvenating drugs viz. dried stem of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.), dried

fruit of Gokshur (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) and dried pericarp of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis

Gaertn. or Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) in equal proportions. It is used in Ayurveda as Rasayana

to enhance general body resistance, promote longevity, as anti-stress and adaptogen.

Standardization of herbal formulations is essential in order to assess their quality and efficacy.

With this approach, Soni et al have established quality parameters of Rasayana churna like

authentication, organoleptic properties, physicochemical parameters, heavy metal analysis and

microbial load. They have also reported qualitative HPTLC finger printing of raw materials and

Rasayana Churna16

Methods for quantitative estimation of three active constituents separately in Rasayana Churna

by RP-HPLC has also been reported. 17.


32


Harde (Haritaki, black Myroblans)

Botanical Name: Terminalia chebula Retz.

Family: Combretaceae

Chemical constituents:

In Terminalia chebula, 33% of the total phytoconstituents are hydrolysable tannins and are

responsible for pharmacological activity. These tannins contain phenolic carboxylic acid like

gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulic acid and gallotannins such as 1,6 di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 3,4,6

tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2,3,4,6 tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O galloyl-β-D-

glucose. Ellagitannin such aspunacalagin, casurarinin, corilagin and terchebulin and others such

as chebulanin, neo chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid also reported.

Traditional uses:

They are used as a mild laxative and as an astringent against wounds and abscesses. In the

dental care dried powder is applied against stomatitis and against ulcers of the gum. The plant

is used as an antidote against bites of snakes. In India and Southeast Asia the fruit is used as a

popular folk medicine for antissive, diuretic, homeostatic, laxative and cardiotonic treatments.

Documents

Phyllanthus emblica Linn Euphorbiaceaeshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/77789/11/11...it has a natural balance of tastes (sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent) all