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Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
What Is A Chordate?What Is A Chordate?
4 characteristics present at some stage of life4 characteristics present at some stage of life
1.1. A dorsal, hollow A dorsal, hollow nerve cordnerve cord (called (called spinal cord in vertebrates)spinal cord in vertebrates)
2.2. NotochordNotochord – a supporting rod – a supporting rod (develops into a backbone in (develops into a backbone in vertebrates)vertebrates)
3.3. Pharyngeal pouchesPharyngeal pouches
4.4. TailTail that extends beyond the anus that extends beyond the anus
General Chordate StructureGeneral Chordate Structure
Notochord
MouthAnusTail
Pharyngeal Pouches
Hollow Nerve CordMuscle Segments
Nonvertebrate ChordatesNonvertebrate Chordates
• TunicatesTunicates - look nothing like - look nothing like other chordatesother chordates– The The larvallarval form has all the form has all the
chordate characteristicschordate characteristics– The adult tunicates have The adult tunicates have
neither a neither a notochordnotochord nor a nor a tailtail
• Lancelets Lancelets are more are more fishlikefishlike and have a definite and have a definite headhead containing a containing a mouthmouth
FishFish
Classes:Classes:
Agnatha – jawless fish Agnatha – jawless fish Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishChondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish
Osteichthyes – bony fishOsteichthyes – bony fish
Groups of fishGroups of fishFish are the first vertebrates to evolve
• Jawless Fish – have not true teeth or jaws; ex: lampreys & hagfish, parasitic
• Cartilage Fish – skeleton made of cartilage; ex: sharks, rays, skates
• Bony Fish – skeleton made of hard, calcified tissue bone; ex: perch, goldfish
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Integumentary– Scales & paired fins
• Skeletal/ Muscular– Endoskeleton - made of cartilage
or bone
• Circulation– 2-chambered heart; closed-single
loop circulation
• Reproductive– Internal or external; – Oviparous, Ovoviviparous, Viviparous
• Eggs house outside the mothers body• Born alive after developing eggs inside of
mother’s body• Bear live young that are nourished by
mother
• Nervous– Brain, lateral lines
• Respiratory– Gills
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Digestive– Variety in types of feeding;
complete digestive system
• Excretory– Remove ammonia from gills &
kidneys
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Body Temperature– Ectothermic
• Habitat– Marine & Fresh Water
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Bony Fish Structures
Mouth
Eye
Operculum
Caudal fin
Lateral line
Dorsal Fins
Anal finPectoral
fin Pelvic fin
Swim Bladder
Gills
Brain
Spinal Cord
Heart
Liver
Reproductive organ
Anus
Intestine
StomachGallbladder
AmphibiansAmphibians
Class Amphibia
• Amphibians are tetrapod vertebrates (four footed)
• Include all tetrapod vertebrates that are not amniotes (lay eggs on land)
• Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Integumentary– Moist skin with mucus glands– Found near moist habitats to
keep skin damp
• Skeletal/Muscular– Endoskeleton– Adult: legs for walking or
jumping; no legs– Larva: swim
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Circulatory– Adult: 3 chambered heart,
closed-double loop– Larva: 2 chambered heart
• Reproductive– External fertilization; eggs must
stay moist (no shell)
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Nervous– Brain; eyes w/ nictitating
membrane; tympanic membrane (like a
drum) for hearing; lateral lines
• Respiratory– Adult: through lungs, skin, &
lining of the mouth– Larva: through skin and gills
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Digestive– Complete digestive system
(mouth --> anus)– Adult: carnivore– Larva: herbivore or filter feeder
• Excretory– Kidneys filter wastes from blood,
urine travels through ureters to urinary bladder and out through cloaca
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Body Temperature– Ectothermic (cold blooded, find
heat from an outside source like the sun)
• Habitat– Adult: live on land near water– Larva: live in water
Lifecycle of a FrogAdult FrogAdult Frog
Young Frog
Young Frog
Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs
TadpolesTadpoles
Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.
Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.
Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.
Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a
few days to several weeks
later.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a
few days to several weeks
later.
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
Evolution
• The first amphibians looked similar to lobe-finned fish
Groups of Amphibians
• Salamanders – have long bodies & tails, most have 4 legs, usually live in moist woods
Groups of Amphibians
• Frogs & toads – both jump & lack tails; frogs more closely tied to water
Groups of Amphibians
• Caecilians – legless animals; live in water or burrow in moist soil; many have fishlike scales,resemble earthworms or snakes