Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties

Physical Properties A characteristic that can be observed or measured

without changing the object. Density, color, odor, taste, hardness, melting point,

boiling point Extensive – Depends on the amount of substance

present Volume, mass, etc

Intensive – Does not depend the amount of substance Density, color, etc

More on Extensive PropertiesExtensive - Properties that do depend on the amount of

matter present. Mass - A measurement of the amount of matter in a object (grams). Weight - A measurement of the gravitational force of attraction of the earth acting on an object. Volume - A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies. Length, Width, Height – obvious what this is

More on Intensive PropertiesIntensive - Properties that do not depend on the amount of the matter present.

Color, Odor

Luster - How shiny a substance is.

Malleability - The ability of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets.

Ductility - The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires.

Conductivity - The ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or electricity.

Hardness - How easily a substance can be scratched.

Melting/Freezing Point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid (generally atmospheric pressure).

Density - The mass of a substance divided by its volume

Density Density = Mass (g)/Volume (mL or cm3) Each substance has a generally unique density,

and they can be identified by their density. More Dense substances sink in less dense

substances Less Dense substances float on more dense

substances

Density Practice Problem #1

If a block of copper measures 2.00 cm x 4.00 cm x 5.00 cm and a mass of 356 g, what is its density?

D = m/vM = 356 gV = 2.00 cm x 4.00 cm x 5.00 cm = 40.0 cm3

D = 356 g/40.0 cm3 = 8.90 g/cm3

Density Practice Problem #2The density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL. What is the

mass of 8.20 mL of mercury?D = m/vM = D x VD = 13.6 g/mLV = 8.20 mLM = 13.6 g/mL x 8.20 mL = 111.52 g

Density Practice Problem 3

Which of the following will float on water?

Other PropertiesVolume: The amount of space an object takes up.

Measured in mL or cm3.

Viscosity: The resistance to flow. The greater the viscosity, the slower something will move as a result.

Melting point/Freezing point: The point at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

Boiling point/condensation point: The point at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.

Viscosity Problem

Pancake Syrup and Water were both poured out of a container. Which would pour more slowly and why?

The Pancake Syrup because it is more Viscous.

Example Review Problems Aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/cm3. If a

block of aluminum were massed at 20.00 g, then what is the volume?

Three substances were placed in a container, A has a density of 1.789 g/cm3, B has a density of 0.825 g/cm3, and C has a density of 1.000 g/cm3. What order will the substances be in the container?

More Examples of Density Gasoline floats on water, explain why.

Chemical Properties The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one

or more substances How something reacts with something else

5 signs something has reacted: Gas released Energy released (Heat or Light) Change in Odor Change in Color Solid (Precipitant) formed

Aqueous means the substance is dissolved in water.

Law of Conservation of mass

Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, just rearranged.

The starting mass in a chemical reaction must equal the ending mass.

Terms of chemical reactions

Reactant: What you start withProduct: What you end up with

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O

Reactants ProductsThe arrow always points to the Products

States of Matter Solid – Definite Shape and volume Liquid – Definite volume, Indefinite Shape Gas – Indefinite Shape and Volume

Physical Changes Changes in a substance that doesn’t change the

chemical composition of the substance State of Matter Change Cutting Breaking Bending Crushing Aqueous means the substance is dissolved in water.

Dissolving something in water is a physical change.

PHYSICAL CHANGE

A Substance becomes a different state of matterThe Original Chemical Formula RemainsLiquid Water Freezes to produce IceWater is still WaterLiquid Water Boils to Produce SteamWater is still Water

WORDS HAVE MEANING

PHYSICAL WordsMeltsBoilsBreaksShattersCutFreezesSublimates

Chemical Changes Changing a substance into a completely new

substance

5 signs something has reacted:Gas releasedEnergy released (Heat or Light)Change in OdorChange in ColorSolid (Precipitant) formed

CHEMICAL CHANGES

One or more substances change to produce One or more NEW Substances

Ammonia reacts with Water to Produce Ammonium Hydroxide

Silver Nitrate reacts with Zinc to produce Silver and Zinc Nitrate

Compounds get rearranged to produce new compounds

CHEMICAL WORDSReacts

Burns

Combusts

Replaces

Produces

Decomposes

Releases

Rusts

Other Important ConceptsElement: The smallest substance that can be broken

down chemically. They are on the periodic table.Compound: Two or more different substances

chemically combinedHomogenous Mixture: Two or more different substances

physically combined, it looks the same throughoutHeterogeneous Mixture: Two or more different

substances physically combined, has visually seeable parts.

Alloys

A homogenous mixture of two or more metals.Examples: (Bronze, Brass, Nickel Steel)This is a Physical combination and a physical

change.