Physical Growth & Development 1 3 Year olds

Learning TargetsI can describe average changes in Height, weight, posture and proportion in ages 1-3I can distinguish between small and large motor skills and give examples of eachI can describe how to care for children ages 1-3, including issues of nutrition, hygiene, sleep & toilet training

An ancient Chinese ProverbGive a man a fish and he will not go hungry for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will not go hungry for life.How does this idea relate to caring for a childrens self-care??What factors might interfere with a caregivers desire to teach self-care?How can caregivers prevent those factors from getting in the way??

Questions.What is a toddler??What age or ages does the term refer to??Where does the name come from??

Infants to ToddlersPhyscial growth slows considerably after the first year Physical skills improve!!Term toddlers refers to children who make uncertain movementAround 1, unsteady steps (1-2 years)Preschoolers ages 3 5. They walk steadily, hop, jump, & run Need lots of space Time each day for active play (exercise muscles & stored up energy)Attention span longer but activities changed often

Read Active Play for Growth & DevelopmentPage 349Answer questions 1 & 2 with your tableWhat are some other games that you can play with children aged 1-3???Why mustnt toddlers activities be too diffiucult for their phyical /mental abilities?

Height & WeightBoth Slower in this period than in infancyGain about lb per monthHeight also slows by about halfChart on page 350 shows the average height & weight for the ages Heredity & environmental influences more noticeable After 1st b-day, children show greater variation in sizeTall 2 yr old = tall adult

Proportion & Posture B/c of changes in proportion, posture improves!!!Until age 2, a childs head, chest & abdomen all mesure about the sameAll three grow at the same rateBetween ages 2-3 chest becomes larger than the head & abdomenArms, legs & trunk grow rapidly Help improve childs balance & motor skills

Proportion & Posture2 years stands straighter, but posture in not completely erectAbdomen still protrudes (sticks out), head somewhat forwardElbows & knees slightly bent3 yearsPosture more uprightSpine has strengthened back straighterLost some (not all) baby fat)

In groups of 3You are to plan a lesson for children aged 3 called Taking Care of Your TeethClass should teach children the order of primary teeth appear, factors that keep teeth healthy, & factors that contribute to tooth decay.You can prepare diagrams & visual aid,DemonstrationsCreate a rhyming jingle to help rememberance Info on the web and page 351

Teeth

Motor SkillsRemember 3 pattersHead to footNear to farSimple to complex Large motor skillsInvolve use and control of the large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders & armsSmall motor skillsDepend on the use & control of the muscles of the wrists, fingers, & ankles

Motor SkillsChildren do not acquire them as predictable during infancyVariations caused by differences in physical size, health & diet, interests, temperament, opportunities for physical play & many other factors Developmentally appropriate tasks are suitable for the child given his/her age & interests

Large Motor SkillsPhysical exercise & repeated practiceImprovement slow buy steadyWalking 1st b-day, pride

Small Motor SkillsBetween 1st & 2nd b-day, learn to feed themselves & drink from a cup fairly wellPoor hand-eye coordination causes spills at the beginning1 yr olds playing w/blocks, pyramid of different size rings, musical rolling toys= helps small motor skills2 yr olds improves dexterity skillful use of the hands & fingers Turn pages of a book one at a time, peel banana, enjoy using crayons, build towers3yr olds show more skill, delight in taking things apart & putting them back together

Choosing Foods For ChildrenNeed a variety of nutritious food dailyPlan meals using MyPlate (MyPyramid)Pediatricians recommend that milk or milk products not be given to a child until bday 1Ages 1-2= whole milkAfter 2, reduced-fat (lowmilk)Be CAUTIOUS in serving convenience food to childrenHigh in salt & preservativesChose fresh foods use nutitrion labels & ingredients list = nutritional choices

Healthy Eating 1-3To promote interest in nutritious foods make them appealingColor variety of color: interest Texture different senations: crunchy, chewy & juicy Shape adds appeal: help the child identify shapes, cookie cutters (nice)Temperature hot & cold foods safety is concern be careful always checkEase of eating ground beef easier to chew than a pork chop, loves spaghetti cut into short pieces

Mealtime TipsMeals = important events in the childs dayPractice skills, learn independence, explore textures, colors & talk to others

Mealtime GuidelinesInclude children in meal preparation whenever possibleFollow a regular schedule for meals/snacksKeep meals pleasant (model manners)Use a sturdy, unbreakable dish or plate w/sides when serve the childs foodChoose a cup that the child can hold easily & that doesnt readily tipProvide child-sized eating utensilsLet a toddler sit in a high chair for mealsSet good examples in food choices

Mealtime GuidelinesAvoid using food as a punishment or a bride. If you say, You cant have a cookie until you finish your vegetables, you give the impression that vegetables are bad and cookies are good.

Bathing Help young children develop both good attitudes about hygiene (personal cleanliness) and good hygiene skills Toilet training wash hands after each time they use the bathroomDaily baths nice habit, good hygiene skills & at this age most love water!1 yr olds they want to wash themselves 2yr olds most can wash, rinse & dry pretty well 3 yr olds can bathe with little supervision

Bathing Bathtubs are still dangerous for childrenA child can drown in as little as 1 of waterNEVER leave a child alone in the bath Cover the tub to prevent slippingNo set age at which children can safely showerDepends on childs ability to control water temp, stand in shower safely & get him/herself clean

Caring for the Teeth Teach them to brush right after eating the longer food remains in the mouth the more it can damage teethEncouragement small, soft toothbrush & a bit of toothpaste http://www.spinbrush.com/Kids_ParentTips.html Attempts not very successful, but the opportunity = IMPORTANT Even at age 3, kids will still need adult help

Caring for the Teeth Many dentists recommend:Show kids how to floss teethStart with top teeth one night and the bottom teeth the next night18 months good age for children to have first dental checkup

Dressing Caregivers should encourage self-dressing when a child shows interestInvolves a number of large & small motor skills that must be learned one step at a timePatience = IMPORTANTChild learns these skills through practiceUsually starts around 13-14 months

Dressing13 months - Holds an arm out for a sleeve.Next, may learn to actually push his/her own arm through sleeveBy 2, pull up pants, but shirts still continue to be difficult Garments inside out, backwardsBy 3 pretty much can dress independently, except help w/fasteners & shoelaces Provides self-esteem, independence, responsibilityProvide clothes that are easy to put on & take out

Choosing Clothing Comfort allow freedom of movement Size IMPORTANT: too small restrict movementsSizes do not always fit the same, if possible let child try onDurability withstand hard wear & repeated washing Quality of fabric & construction of clothing look for close, even stitching w/strong threadFasteners should be firmly attachedCotton good choice shirts & underwearSynthetic fibers made from chemical rather than natural sources Economy choose clothes that allow for growthLet kids help

Sleeping Near 2nd b-day sleeping habits change Less sleep, may not go to sleep as easily or willingly2 yr no longer takes a morning nap3yr old may give up their afternoon nap as wellMay change b/c they may seem more dependent on adults than in previous year Often use self comforting techniques: thumb sucking, rocking the crib, cuddling a favorite blanket or toy

Sleeping 3 yr old not unusual to wake in the middle of the night & even get out of bedEmotional experiences of the day, excitement at bedtime or nighttime fears may cause insure feeling at night2 & 3 yr olds fear of the dark Many causesFears very real & usually very troubling Rarely a quick solutionDiscussion, night lightPatience & understanding Ridicule or shaming only makes a problem worse

Toilet Training Most begin sometime at 18 months No set ageEach child should start when he/she is physically mature & emotionally ready

Readiness (Toilet Training)Sphincter muscles the muscles that control elimination Child must recognize the body sustentations that lead elimination Only then is he/she readyEmotionally ready settled in a family daily routineDuring move or any similar event that requires adjustment not a good time

Giving Help Attitudes very important Calm encouragement better (more effective) than rules & punishmentBuild self-esteemReady want to succeedChild resists wait for readinessEven after trained some accidents should be expected

Giving Help Child may prefer to use special seat or a separate potty chairMore independence Frightened by the flushing toilet - better to wait till child leaves room but still teach that they need to flush toiletBowel training before bladder trainingWhen you see the awareness on a childs face suggest sitting on the toilet seat or potty chairBe available & encouraging not forceful & demanding

Giving Help Bladder follows several months laterSome may learn at the same timeMany are encouraged when given training pants heavy absorbent underpants, in place of diapers Makes it possible to use the potty independently Sign of maturity

Assignment Read Keeping Children Safe & Healthy page 372-373 Questions 1-2Worksheets Complete Studyguide and/or complete questions #1-9 on page 374Test tomorrow!!!