PHYS

ICAL D

EVELOPM

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AGES 1-3

M/ J

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AGES 1-3

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Toddlers:

- Most children begin walking a few unsteady steps about the time of their first birthday

- Toddler is frequently defined as: children from the age of first walking, usually around twelve months, until the age of 3 years

- By the age 4 children are able to walk steadily, hop, jump, and run easily

- At this age it is important to put aside some time to exercise and play in order to exercise muscles and use stored up energy

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Height and Weight:

- The influences of heredity and environment are evident on the height and weight during age 2

- As a result a tall 2 year old will most likely be a tall adult AVERAGE HEIGHT WEIGHT

Age Height Weight

1 year 29.8” 75.5cm 22.5 pounds

2 years 34.0” 86.4cm 27.7 pounds

3 years 37.7” 95.8cm 32.4 pounds

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Proportion and Posture:

- Until age 2 a child’s head, chest, and abdomen all have the same circumference because all three grow at a rapid rate

- Between ages 2 and 3 the chest becomes larger than the head and abdomen

- The rapid growth of a child’s arms, legs, and trunk during this time improve their balance and motor skills

- By age 2 the toddler stands straighter, abdomen still protrudes, head is still located forward and knees and elbows remain slightly bent

- While running they keep balance by holding arms outstretched and by pushing their belly forward

- By age 3 the posture improves greatly has spine has strengthened and child has lost some baby weight

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Teeth:

- One year olds have 8 teeth

- Two years olds have 16 teeth as 8 more come in during the year

- By three a child has a total of 20 teeth

- In order to help children keep their teeth healthy a parent should do certain things like increasing calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D intake within the first two years

- Furthermore, there is a protective mechanism inherited from the parents that discourages decay. Ask your dentist if your child has this mechanism or not to ensure further care if needed

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Motor Skills:

- Physical development proceeds according to these patterns:

Head Foot Near Far Simple Complex

- Motor Skills are broken into two categories- Large Motor Skills: abilities that depend on the use and control of the large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders and arms

- Small Motor Skills: abilities that depend on the use and control of the finer muscles of the wrists, fingers, and ankles. Many of these skills require hand eye coordination.

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Motor Skills Continued:

- Children do not acquire physical skills as predictably as they had within their first year

- Some children learn later or sooner than average because of these variations:

- Physical size- Health and diet- Interest - Temperament- Opportunities for play

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Large Motor Skills: - Physical exercise and repeated practice of actions are necessary for this development

- Typically slow and steady, but follows a pattern

- Builds upon earlier learning

- Ex) children learn to go up the stairs on hands and knees walk up the stairs with help use the railing for help but continue to place both feet on each step at age three alternate feet on each step

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr0bXVlBd3A

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Large Motor Skills Continued:

Age Large Motor Skills

1 - 1.5 years - Walking well- Stoops to pick up toys

1.5 – 2 years - Stands on one foot- Throws object overhand

2 - 2.5 years - Climbs everything- pushes on wheeled toys

2.5 – 3 years - Runs, but can’t stop smoothly- Kicks balls- Itsy Bitsy Spider and Head and

Shoulders

3 – 4 years - Walks on tiptoes- Rides a tricycle

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Small Motor Skills:

- At two year olds have improved manipulation: skillful use of hands and fingersAge Small Motor Skills

1 – 1.5 years - Turn pages of a book (a couple of pages at a time)

- Scribbles

1.5 – 2 years - Buttons large buttons- Turns door knobs

2 – 2.5 years - Strings large beads- Builds 6 block tower

2.5 – 3 years - Draws lines and circles- Screws lids off containers

3 - 4 years - Cuts with scissors - Uses forks and spoons with little spilling

PROVIDING CARE FOR CHILDREN AGES 1-3

PROVIDING CAREFeeding:

- Food at this child’s age influences eating habits for the rest of their lives

- 1 year old- At this age babies enjoy baby food, mashed/boiled potatoes, rice, cooked

vegetables- Give children at this age finger food to improve coordination and encourage

self-feeding

- 2 year old- At two mealtimes often become battle of the wits. Babies want to feed

themselves and choose what to eat when.- Create dislikes and like but encourage child to try something they did not

like one meal in another- Feeds themselves with a fork while experimenting with textures- Conversation may distract child while eating but socialization is very

important during a meal

PROVIDING CARE

Feeding Continued:

- 3 year old- At this age children eat the same food as the rest of the

family but still requires rough meats to be cut up in order to prevent choking

- Requires food for growth and energy - Needs 3 meals and nutritional snacks throughout the day

PROVIDING CARE

Choosing Food:

- It is important at this age to start your child on a healthy diet

- Give meals that are low in salt, low in preservatives and high in vitamins

- There are 5 ways to promote interest in nutritious foods to toddlers

- Color: a variety of bright colors- Texture: use a variety of textures ie) crunchy, smooth, seedy - Shape: cut food like sandwiches and fruit into new interesting

shapes- Temperature: young kids are sensitive to temperature. Keep cool

meals with cool items and hot with hot items- Ease of Eating: cut food so a child is able to digest it better

PROVIDING CARE

Mealtime Tips:

- Keeps meals on a regular schedule so child does not have to wait

- Use a dish with sides for the child to push the spoon against in order to get the food

- Use child-sized utensils

- Never use food as a punishment ex) you will get a cookie once you finish your vegetables. This makes the child believe that cookies are good and vegetables bad.

- Set good table manners as children imitate others

PROVIDING CARE

Bathing:

- During ages 1 -3 children establish important attitudes about personal hygiene

- Most children are having daily baths at this time

- Must be supervised at all times

- Age 1: rubs washcloth over face and stomach

- Age 2: wash, rinse, and dry body except for neck and back

- Age 3: bathe themselves

with minimum supervision

PROVIDING CARE

Caring for Teeth:

- At 18 months encourage children to brush their teeth

- During this time, they will only swish their front teeth so

they still need adult help

- Use kid tooth paste – it can be swallowed without

causing the child to feel ill afterwards

- By age 3 show your kid and help them to floss their teeth

PROVIDING CARE

Dressing:

- After first birthday babies can pull off clothing items like socks and hats

- During the ages 13- 14 months they children try to help while getting dressed

- During the ages 18 – 24 months toddlers can undress themselves completely

- At two years can put on pants but struggle with shirts

- 3 year olds can dress independently except for challenging buttons or tying shoe laces

PROVIDING CARE

Choosing Clothes:

- There are three important items to consider while buying clothes for a baby

1) Comfort: fabric that allows freedom of movement, must be the right size

2) Durability: must be made of strong thread, fasteners are firmly attached

- Natural Fibers: absorbs heat

- Synthetic Fibers: durable, wrinkle resistant, quick drying

3) Economy: baby clothes can be expensive so try to choose clothes that are on sale or that has some growing room. Also, try buying clothing that are on sale

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lh5ROGCt2MY&feature=related

PROVIDING CARE

Sleeping:

- At the age of two, children no longer take their morning nap but sleep longer during the night

- Children begin to call parents back into their room for water or another story because they want someone to be near them

- At the age of 3, naps are given up all together and often get out of bed because they have had nightmares

- During both ages the fear of the dark begins.

PROVIDING CAREToilet Training:

- Toilet training should begin when a child is physically mature and

emotionally ready

- Physically Mature- Ability to control sphincter muscles – muscles that control elimination- Recognize when body is telling ‘it is time to go’

- Never push potty training onto a child. Encourage them and try

again another time if unsuccessful.

- Use absorbable training pants and a toilet seat or potty for the

child so they can learn to use the washroom themselves

- Some children are scared of the flush of the toilet, flush once they leave the bathroom

PROVIDING CARE

Safety:

- There are basic safety hazards one must follow while having children, these include:

- Wipe up spills immediately to prevent falls- Make sure all open windows have secure screens- Remove furniture that can tip easily- Keep appliances unplugged- Place safety caps on electrical hazards- Lock all drawers, doors, and cupboards

CUTE BABIES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWHpcKXt-qQ&feature=related

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Baby's First Steps. (2007, February 18). Retrieved February 2012, from Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr0bXVlBd3A

- Brisbane, H. E. (1994). The Developing Child. USA: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.

- Development Milestones. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2012, from Child Development: http://www.pacwcbt.pitt.edu/Curriculum/911-4%20FP%20and%20Child%20Development/Handouts-911-4%20Foster%20Parenting%20and%20Child%20Development/HO%206%20Developmental%20Milestones.pdf

- Parenting. (2005, May 5). Retrieved February 16, 2012, from Missouri Families: http://missourifamilies.org/features/parentingarticles/parenting11.htm

- Physical Development age 1-2. (February, 18 2011). Retrieved February 16, 2012, from Raising Children: http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/physical_health_from_age_1_to_2_pbs.html/context/563

- Physical Development age 2-3. (2010, January 14). Retrieved February 16, 2012, from Raising Children Network: http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/physical_health_from_age_1_to_2_pbs.html/context/563

- Word Scramble Maker. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2012, from The Teachers Corner: http://worksheets.theteacherscorner.net/make-your-own/word-scramble/word-scramble-form.php