Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals

Dr. Emmanuel Kwesi Arthur

Department of Materials Engineering,

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi

February, 2019

Course Code: MSE 258

Email: ekarthur.coe@knust.edu.gh

Phone #: +233541710532

This course provides fundamental knowledge of metals other than ferrous metals, for example aluminium, magnesium, copper, zinc, titanium, nickel alloys and other significant alloys which are significant for commercial uses.

More importantly, the nature of the alloys associated with their physical and mechanical properties will be highlighted.

The selection of nonferrous alloys for the desired applications will be discussed such that the exploitation of nonferrous metals will be at its best.

Objectives

It is the purpose of this lecture to discuss some of the important non-ferrous metals and alloys from the aspect of physical metallurgy.

Particular emphasis is placed on their structure-property, classification, equilibrium diagrams and commercial importance.

Course Description:

W.F. Smith, J.H. Hashemi. Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering

Smith, W.F., Structure and properties of engineering alloys, second edition, 1993, McGraw-Hill, ISB 0-07-59172-5.

Text book:

Presentation

Tutorials and Class discussions

In class Quizzes

Assignments

Attendance

Assessments Mid-Semester (to be announced) End of Semester (to be announced)

Course Features

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Continuous Assessment (30%)• Assignments + Quizzes + Attendance (5%)

• Mid-Semester (15%)

• Group Presentation (10%)

End of Semester (70%)

The University Grading Scale

Grade Evaluation

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Academic success is directly proportional to the amount of time devoted to study.

Caution

Attendance is your job – come to class!Or our regularly scheduled time (Monday, 2:00 – 4:00

pm) AssignmentsDon’t copy from others; don’t plagiarize – its just the

right thing to do!! Read the relevant material in the textbook cited

(preferably before the lecture topic) Seek help: tutors, etc.

Tutorials – by Perseverance Dzikunu (TA)

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Course Outline

Overviews of nonferrous metals

Aluminium and aluminium alloys

Magnesium and magnesium alloys

Copper and copper alloys

Nickel and its alloys

Titanium and titanium alloys

Zinc and its alloys

Other significant alloys

Introduction

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Metallurgy- art and science of extracting metals from their ores and modifying the metals for use.

Metallurgy

Physical Metallurgy Chemical Metallurgy

mechanical and magnetic/electric/thermal properties of metals

Extractive metallurgy

HydrometallurgyPyrometallurgyelectrometallurgy

Branches of Metallurgy

Chemical Metallurgy –

is the science of obtaining metals from their ores, and of considering reactions of metals which are usually considered with an approach of disciplines belonging to chemistry.

It involves reactivity of metals which are also dealt in detail by electrochemistry and corrosion

Mechanical metallurgy -

Deals with the study of mechanical properties of metals Extractive metallurgy -

obtaining metals from ores and with the refining of metals

Types of extractive metallurgy are: hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy and electrometallurgy

Physical metallurgy –

a branch of metallurgy that deals with the physical properties and structure of metals and alloys

It deals mainly with mechanical and magnetic/electric/thermal properties of metals

classification of physical metallurgy

The figure below shows a broad classification of physical metallurgy.

Figure 1.1. A broad classification of physical metallurgy.

Introductory Activity

LIST TEN METALLIC OBJECTS

Overview of metals

Major chemical elements available in earth

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in earth.

Element % by weight

Oxygen 45.2

Silicon 27.2

Aluminium 8.0

Iron 5.8

Calcium 5.06

Magnesium 2.77

Sodium 2.32

Potassium 1.68

Titanium 0.86

Hydrogen 0.14

Manganese 0.10

Phosphorous 0.10

Total 99.23

Crystal abundance of major chemical elements [from Stanner, R. J. L., AmericanScientist, 64, 258, 1976

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Distribution of Metals in Earth

metals make up about 25% of the Earth’s crust

aluminum is the most abundant

alkali and alkali earth metals make up about 1%

iron is only transition metal > 5%

only Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, Pt found in native form

noble metals

most metals found in minerals

natural, homogeneous crystalline inorganic solids

Metals Physical & Chemical Properties

Metals have shiness, they have LUSTER.

Metals are good CONDUCTORS of HEAT and ELECTRICITY.

Metals are SOLID, except mercury that is liquid.

opaque

Metals can be shaped into sheets, it means that they are MALLEABLE.

Metals can be shaped into wires, it means that they are DULTILE.

Metals are resistant to scratching, they are HARD.

Metals return to their original shape, it means that they are ELASTIC.

Physical

Metals form CATIONS, positive particles.

Metals OXIDIZE easily, so it is said that they RUST.

Chemical

Metal Density [g/cm3]

Iron 7.87

Steel 7.80

Aluminium 2.70

Magnesium 1.74

Titanium 4.54

Copper 8.96

Zinc 7.13

Nickel 8.89

Lead 11.36

Silver 10.49

Gold 19.32

Density of metals