Upload
carsyn
View
32
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
A New Round of DIS Experiments – HERA III/eRHIC A. Caldwell, Max-Planck-Institut f. Physik /Columbia University. New Detector for HERA/eRHIC H1 Upgraded Detector. Physics - QCD in the high energy limit. Physics Motivation– Study Strong Interactions. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 1
A New Round of DIS Experiments – HERA III/eRHIC
A. Caldwell, Max-Planck-Institut f. Physik /Columbia University
Physics - QCD in the high energy limit
New Detector for HERA/eRHICH1 Upgraded Detector
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 2
Physics Motivation– Study Strong Interactions• QCD is the most complex of the forces operating in the microworld expect many beautiful and strange effects
• QCD is fundamental to the understanding of our universe: source of mass (relation to gravity ?), confinement of color, …
• We need to understand radiation processes in QCD, both at small distance scales and large.
• small distance scales: understand parton splitting (DGLAP, BFKL, CCFM, …)• larger distance scales: suppression of radiation, transition to non-perturbative regime (constituent quarks, …)
• Observation of the saturated gluon state (color glass condensate) ? Expected to be a universal state of matter.
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 3
s=(k+P)2 = (320 GeV)2 CM energy squaredQ2=-(k-k`)2 virtualiyW2=(q+P)2 *P CM energy squared
Transverse distance scale probed: r hc/Q
McAllister, Hofstadter Ee=188 MeV rmin=0.4 fmBloom et al. 10 GeV 0.05 fmCERN, FNAL fixed target 500 GeV 0.007 fmHERA 50 TeV 0.0007
fm
HERA Kinematics
Ee=27.5 GeVEP=920 GeV
*
/
r
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 4
Proton momentum frame Proton rest frame
x=Q2/2P q fraction of P momentum carried by struck quark
= E/Q2 Lifetime of hadronic = W2/2MPQ2 fluctuations of photon = 1/2Mpxx=10-4 1000 fm, x>0.1 <1 fm
Radiation cloud surrounds both photon, proton universal property of nature
Structure attributed to proton
Structure attributed to photon at small x
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 5
In the end, it boils down to understanding QCD virtual radiation
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 6
Proton rest frame
d2/dxdQ2=22/xQ4[(1+(1-y)2)F2 - y2FL]
F2 = f e2f x {q(x,Q2) + q(x,Q2) }
ef is quark chargeq(x,Q2) is quark density
FL = 0 in LO (QPM), non-zero after gluonradiation. Key test of our understanding
d2/dW dQ2 = (T + L)
is flux of photonsT,L are cross sections for transversely, longitudinally polarized photons to scatter from proton is the relative flux
F2 = Q2/42 (T + L)
Rutherford
Proton momentum frame
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 7
Physics Picture in Proton Rest Frame
r ~ 0.2 fm/Q (0.02 – 2 fm for 100>Q2>0.01 GeV2) transverse size of probe
ct ~ 0.2 fm (W2/2MPQ2 ) (<1 fm to 1000‘s fm) – scale over which
photon fluctuations survive
And, in exclusive processes, can vary the impact parameter
b ~ 0.2 fm/sqrt(t) t=(p-p‘)2
Can control these parameters experimentally !
r
b*
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 8
Hadron-hadronscattering crosssection versusCM energy
*P scattering cross section versus CM energy (Q20). Same energy dependence observed
s0.08 vs W2 0.08
Don’t see partons
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 9
The rise of F2 with decreasing x observed at HERA is strongly dependent on Q2
Cross sections as a function of Q2
Equivalently, strongly rising *P cross section with W at high Q2
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 10
The behavior of the rise with Q2
Below Q2 0.5 GeV2, see same energy dependence as observed in hadron-hadron interactions. Observe transition from partons to hadrons (constituent quarks) in data. Distance scale 0.3 fm ??
What physics causes this transition ?Hadron-hadron scattering energy dependence (Donnachie-Landshoff)
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 11
NLO DGLAP fits can follow the data accurately, yield parton densities. BUT:• many free parameters (18-30)
• form of parametrization fixed (not given by theory)
Constraints, e.g., dsea=usea put in by hand. Is this correct ? Need more constraints to untangle parton densities.
Analysis of F2 in terms of parton densities (quarks and gluons)
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 12
See breakdown of NLO DGLAP approach ...
Gluon density known with good precision at larger Q2. For Q2=1, gluons go negative. NLO, so not impossible, BUT – cross sections such as L also negative !
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 13
We need to test NkLO DGLAP fits and extraction of gluon densities. Crucial, since DGLAP is our standard tool for calculating PDF‘s in unmeasured regions.
Gluon densities not known at higher order, low Q2. Need more precise measurements, additional observables (e.g., FL)
Thorne
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 14
FL shows tremendous variations when attempt to calculate at different orders. But FL is an observable – unique result.
FL is hard to measure but a very sensitive test. Should be measured.
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 15
Diffractive Surprises
‘Standard DIS event’
Detector activity in proton direction
Diffractive event
No activity in proton direction
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 16
Diffraction1. There is a large diffractive cross section, even in DIS (ca. 20
%)2. The diffractive and total cross sections have similar energy
dependences. Data suggests simple physics – what is it ?
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 17
• Exclusive Processes (VM and DVCS)
VM
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 18
Energy dependence of exclusive processes
Rise similar again to that seen in total cross section.
epeVp (V=,,,J/) epep (as QCD process)
Summary of differentVector mesons
Need bigger lever arm in W to see energy dependence
more precisely.
Need to distinguish elastic from proton dissociation events for small impact parameter scans of proton.
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 19
Golec-Biernat.Wuesthoff
Dipole Model for DIS:
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 20
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 21
More recent advances: (Kowalski, Teaney)• add gluon evolution to cross section (DGLAP)
• add impact parameter dependence
Profile function:Gaussian example
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 22
Fix parameters of T(b) from exclusive J/ production
Gluon density parameters fixed with F2 (or P)
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 23
Model able to reproduce inclusive, diffractive, and exclusive differential cross sections with relatively few parameters. Some examples:
The model is in many respects quite simple but quite successful at reproducing the data. Can we understand relationship of this approach to NkLO DGLAP, BFKL, CCFM, … ?
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 24
E. Iancu, K. Itakura, S. Munier hep-ph/0310338Saturation and BFKL dynamics in the HERA data at small x
Excellent fit,3 free parameters.Energy dependence in agreement with NLO BFKL with saturation (Triantyfillopolous, Mueller)
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 25
Investigate this region
Large effects are expected inForward jet cross sections at high rapidities (also for forward particle production (strange, charm, …)
More detailed tests of radiation in QCD: forward jets
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 26
Open Questions – Next Steps
• Measure the behavior of inclusive, diffractive and exclusive reactions in the region near Q2=1 GeV2 to understand parton to hadron transition.
• Measure FL over widest possible kinematic range, as this is a crucial observable for testing our understanding of radiation processes in QCD.
• Measure exclusive processes (VM production, DVCS) over wide W range to precisely pin down energy dependence of cross section. Need t-dependence of cross sections to get 3-D map of proton.
• Measure forward jet cross sections over widest possible rapidity range, to study radiation processes over the full rapidity range from the proton to the scattered quark.
• And, do it all with nuclei ! • And possibly spin as well !
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 27
Precision eA measurements
• Enhancement of possible nonlinear effects (saturation)
b
r
At small x, the scattering is coherent over nucleus, so the diquark sees much larger # of partons: xg(xeff,Q2) = A1/3 xg(x,Q2), at small-x, xg x- , so xeff
- = A1/3x- so xeff xA-1/3 = xA-3 (Q2< 1 GeV2) = xA-1 (Q2 100 GeV2)
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 28
HERA-III ProgramTwo letters of intent were submitted to the DESY PRC (May 7,8)
• H1 Collaboration Focus initially on eD: isospin symmetry of sea at small-x
uv/dv at large-x diffraction on n, D
Discuss also interest in: eA, F2,FL at small Q2, forward jets, spin structure
• New CollaborationOptimized detector for precision structure function measurements, forward jets and particle production over alarge rapidity interval (eP, eD, eA)
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 29
Possible upgrades of H1 detector
Upgrade in electron direction for low Q2 F2 and FL measurements
Upgrade in proton direction for forward particle, jets measurements
+ very forward proton, neutron detectors
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 30
Precision eD measurements
• Universality of PDF‘s at small-x, isospin symmetry
Can measure F2p-F2
n w/o nuclear corrections if can tag scattered nucleon
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 31
• Flavor dependence at high-x
Behavior of F2p/F2
n as x 1
SU(6) symmetry F2p/F2
n = 2/3Dominant scalar diquark F2
p/F2n = 1/4
Can measure this ratio w/o need to correct for nuclear effects if can tag scattered nucleon.
Simulation with H1 based on 50 pb-1
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 32
A new detector to study strong interaction physics
e
p
HadronicCalorimeter
EM CalorimeterSi tracking stations
Compact – fits in dipole magnet with inner radius of 80 cm.Long - |z|5 m
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 33
The focus of the detector is on providing complete acceptance in the low Q2 region where we want to probe the transition between partons and more complicated objects.
W=315 GeVW=0
Q2=1
Q2=0.1
Q2=10
Q2=100
Tracking acceptance
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 34
Tracking acceptance in protondirection
This region covered bycalorimetry
Huge increase in trackingacceptance compared to H1And ZEUS. Very important for forward jet, particle production, particle correlation studies.
Accepted 4 Si stations crossed.
ZEUS,H1
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 35
e/ separation study
Aim for 2 GeV electron ID
Tracking detector: very wide rapidity acceptance, few % momentum resolution in ‘standard design’ over most of rapidity range.
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 36
Electron onlyQ2=2E E`(1-cos )y = 1-E`/2E(1+cos )x = Q2/sy dx/x 1/y dp/p
Jet method:Jet energy yields x via x = Ejet/EP
Mixed method in between – needs studies
E`
e
Nominal beam energies
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 37
FL can be measured precisely in the region of maximum interest. This will be a strong test of our understanding of QCD radiation.
d2/dxdQ2=22/xQ4[ (1+(1-y)2)F2(x,Q2) - y2FL(x,Q2) ]
Fix x, Q2. Use different beam energies to vary y.Critical issue: e/ separation
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 38
Very forward calorimeter allows measurement of high energy, forward jets, and access to high-x events at moderate Q2
Cross sections calculated from ALLM
Integral of F2(x,Q2) up to x=1 known from electron information
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 39
Forward jet cross sections: see almost full cross section !
Range covered by H1, ZEUS
New region
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 40
Very large gain also for vector meson, DVCS studies. Can measure cross sections at small, large W, get much more precise determination of the energy dependence.
HERA-1
HERA-3
Can also get rid of proton dissociation background by good choice of tagger:
FHD- hadron CAL around proton pipe at z=20m
FNC-neutron CAL at z=100m
W=0 50 100 150 200 250 300 GeV
0
5
10
15
20
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 41
Summary
• Existing data (F2 fits, forward jets,+…) show limitations of pQCD calculations. Transition region observed. • Exciting theoretical developments over the past few years. We are approaching a much deeper understanding of the high energy limit of QCD.
Measure with more precision, over wider kinematical range, to see where/how breakdown takes place (high rapidities, high-t exclusive processes, expanded W, MX range for diffraction, full coverage of transistion region)
Precision FL measurement: key observable for pinning down pQCD. Large differences in predictions at LO, NLO, NNLO, dipole model.
eD, eA measurements to probe high density gluon state, parton densities for nuclei.
• Additional benefits: parton densities for particle, astroparticle and nuclear high energy physics experiments. Crucial for cross section calculations.
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 42
Quote from DESY summary to HGF 5 Year Planning
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 43
Physics/Detector studies for eRHIC
2x14 Si tracking stations
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 44
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 45
Max W for 10x200
Gap in tracking, but covered by calorimeter
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 46
Electron only
Jet for large x
Mixed methods
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 47
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 48
W2>5 GeV2
Ejet>50 GeV
Cross sections in pb
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 49
Tracking in proton direction
December 4, 2003 A. Caldwell, MPI fuer Physik 50
1. eRHIC would allow precision measurements in the transition region observed at HERA at small-x (<10-2)
2. FL measurements would be possible in an interesting kinematic range .
3. The structure functions could be measured at large x over a wide range of Q2. New territory.
4. Particle production/correlations over a wide rapidity range could be explored.
5. eA collisions would provide a different angle on studying systems with a large gluon density.
6. Performance for exclusive states not yet studied.7. Detector likely not optimum for spin studies since luminosity
will likely be too low.8. Higher energies smaller x (important for CGC type issues).
Preliminary summary of eRHIC detector/physics studies: