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Investigatory Project
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Phytochemical Screening Extracted From Five Fingers
(Schefflera odorata) Leaves
BY:
STEPHANIE JOY A. ESCALA
IV – FERN
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Regional Science High School, Region X
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for Research 2
Submitted to:
Mrs. ERMA P. DAPIN
Adviser
March 2014
APPROVAL SHEET
The researcher paper here to attached, entitle “Phytochemical
Screening Extracted From Five Fingers (Schefflera Odorata)
Leaves” prepared and submitted by STEPHANIE JOY A. ESCALA in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research 2 is hereby
accepted.
ERMA S. DAPIN
Adviser
Date signed
Accepted with a rating of %
Accepted and approved as a partial fulfillment of the
Requirements in Research 2.
MYRNA L. MANDAWE
Principal II
GUSA Regional Science High School Region X
Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City
DATE SIGNED
ii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The researcher, Stephanie Joy A. Escala was born on
September 17, 1997. She was the eldest daughter of Mr. Apolinario
Escala and Mrs. Guillerma Escala. She is currently living at
Purok 13, Mindanawan St., Baloy, Cagayan de Oro City.
The researcher finished her elementary days in Del Mar S.D.A
Elementary School and graduated as a gold medalist. She was
enrolled at Gusa Regional Science High School in her secondary
education.
The researcher likes to surf the internet, watch movies,
read novels and eat different foods. She is also a talkative
person.
At her future college, she wants to accomplish any of the
courses that she will choose. She wants to be a successful
person.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher wish to extend her sincerest gratitude and
appreciation to the following; for his assistance, help, moral,
and invaluable support.
To her parents, Mr. And Mrs. Apolinario Escala for extending
their great financial and moral support.
Mrs. Myrna L. Mandawe, the principal of Gusa Regional
Science High School, for her moral support.
Mrs. Erma S. Dapin, their research adviser, for giving her
full support and guidance in the proper conduct of the study and
for the help in editing her study to come up with a good result.
To her very dear classmates, for their help, consideration
and encouragement.
Above all, to our Almighty God, the merciful and the
passionate, for providing me the opportunity to step in the
excellent world of science. Without Him, this work will never be
done.
iv
ABSTRACT
Schefflera odorata is a species of genus Schefflera. It
is a famous indoor plant. The crude ethanol extract of five
fingers leaves was tested for treat of coughs and antiscorbutic.
The materials were gathered. The Five Fingers leaves was cut
into small pieces. The leaves weighed 23.8 g. It was air dried
for 5 days. Only 7.3 g were then left. The percent water
evaporated was 31%. After
it was air dried, it was soaked with 50 mL of 98% of ethanol for
5 days. After the five fingers leaves were soaked, it was sent
for phytochemical screening. In the
phytochemical screening, it was found out that five fingers
leaves extract contains steroids and tannins which are to treat
inflammatory conditions such as systemic vasculitis (inflammation
of blood vessels), myositis (inflammation of muscle), rheumatoid
arthritis, lupus and Sjögren's syndrome(or gout), antiviral,
antibacterial and antiparasitic.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
TITLE PAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
APPROVAL SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
BIOGRSPHICAL SKETC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Statement of the hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Significance of the study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Scopes and limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Definition of terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
REVIEW OF RELATEED LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Schematic Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
METHODOLOGY
Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Flow chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Pictorials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
JOURNAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1: Weight of the fresh samples
before and after drying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Table 2: The percent of water
evaporated from the sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Table 3:
Phytochemical Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Schematic diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Flow
chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
viii
INTRODUCTION
Schefflera odorata is a species of genus Schefflera. It
is a famous indoor plant. The scientific name for the plant
commonly used is Schefflera odorata. The herb is also
referred to as Five Fingers or in Philippines, lima-lima.
Five Finger belongs to the same scientific genus, Schefflera
odorata. The origin of this plant's scientific name epithet
(odorata) means 'fragrant'.
Lima – lima is a smooth vine, 2 to 6 meters high.
Petioles are longer than the leaflets. Leaves are
palmately compound leaves, with 5 to 6 leaflets. Leaflets
are smooth and shining, leathery, elliptic to broadly
ovate, of different sizes in the same leaf, 10 to 24
centimeters in length, 3 to 8 centimeters wide, with
pointed tips. Flowers are greenish, 6-parted, 2 to 3
millimeters in diameter, borne on terminal, lax panicles
10 to 20 centimeters long. Fruit is globose and fleshy
when fresh, 4 to 5 millimeters long with 6 prominent
angles when dry.
1
Statement of the Problem
1. Is there any chemical components found in five fingers
leaves extract?
2. Is there any medical usage from five fingers leaves
extract?
Statement of the hypothesis
The researcher was guided by the hypothesis that was stated
in null and alternative forms.
Null Hypothesis
Ho1. There are no chemical components found in five fingers
leaves extract.
Ho2. There is no medical usage found in five fingers leaves
extract.
Alternative Hypothesis
Ha1. There are chemical components found in five fingers
leaves extract.
Ha2. There is medical usage found from five fingers leaves
extract.
2
Significance of the Study
Nowadays, medicines’ price is increasing. People are buying
the cheap ones even though they are less effective. Because of
this, the researcher decided to find ways to solve this problem.
She used the leaves of five fingers and its extract undergo
phytochemical screening. The study aims to find out the medical
components of five fingers leaves that can cure disease. It aims
to discover a medicine that is much cheaper but more effective.
Scope and Limitation
The research only limits to look the effectiveness of five
fingers leaves extract as medicine.
The research study was started last June 2013 and was
conducted in Regional Science High School research laboratory
room. This study is limited only for the usage of five fingers
leaves for the study.
3
Definition of terms
Tannins - any of various soluble astringent complex phenolic
substances of plant origin used especially in tanning leather and
dyeing fabric, manufacturing ink, clarifying wine and beer, and
in medicine.
Alkanoids - are a group of naturally occurring chemical
compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms.
Steroids – any of a large group of fat soluble organic compounds,
as the sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones, most which have
specific physiological action.
Phytochemical Analysis - Phytochemical screening is the study of
plants to discover medicinal benefits.
4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Schefflera odorata Blanco, commonly known as “five fingers”
is a famous indoor plant. The biological activities of the plant
include treatment of asthma, liver diseases, rheumatism,
arthritis, sprains, fracture, stomach pain, antipyretic, anti-
inflammatory, analgesic, migraine, and general tonic (Quisumbing
1978). A saponin was reported to be potential modulator of the
cell-signalling pathway (De Castro-Bernas & ramos 2001).
Although there is only one reported study on S. odorata, a number
of studies have been reported on the congener of the plant. A
betulinic acid glycoside was isolated from S. Venulosa. Oleanolic
acid, a bidesmosidic triterpene saponin, and a trisaccharide were
isolated from S. octophylla. S. Lucantha afforded triterpenoid
glycosides (Pancharoen et al. 1994). The aerial parts of S.
divaricata produced triterpenoid saponins. Triterpenoid
saponins, along with oleanolic acid and a new triterpene
(Shrivastava 1992) were obtained from S. impressa. The leaves of
S. Bodinieri afforded triterpenoids and a triterpene glycoside
(Zho et al. 1996), while the roots of the plant afforded
triterpene glycosides. We now report the isolation, and full
structure elucidation by 1D and 2D NMr spectroscopy of oleanolic
acid (1) from S. odorata. Lutein
5
(2), fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons were also obtained from the
dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of the plant.
6
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Extraneous Variables
The schematic diagram showing the relationship between the
independent, dependent and the extraneous variables.
7
METHODOLOGY
Five Fingers (Schefflera odorata) leaves extract
Phytochemical Screening
Temperature , type of extract
This chapter represents materials, procedure and statistical
tool used in the study.
MATERIALS
The materials that were used during the experiment are the
following: 23.8 g of five fingers leaves 50 mL of ethanol,
beaker, scissors and electronic beam balance.
PROCEDURE
Gathered all the naterials needed for the experiment. 23.8 g
of five fingers leaves were prepared. The leaves were cut into
small pieces. The leaves were then air dried for 5 days to get
the moisture content. Only 7.3 g of five fingers leaves were
left. Then the extract was soaked with 50 mL of 98% ethanol for 5
days. Then the crude extract were sent for phytochemical
analysis.
8
FLOW CHART
sss
9
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Gathering of all materials
Cutting the leaves for air drying
Weighing of the air dried leaves
Soaking the air dried leaves to ethanol
Phytochemical Screening to leaves and ethanol solution extract
Table 1: weight in grams of fresh samples before and after drying
Sample Weight of Five
Fingers leaves
before drying
(g)
Weight of Five
Fingers leaves
after drying
(g)
1 23.8 7.3
Total 23.8 7.3
Table 1 shows that the small pieces of five fingers leaves
were air dried. A total of 23.8 of five fingers leaves yielded
only 7.3 g after air drying for 5 days.
Table 2: the % of water evaporated from the sample after 5 days
of air drying.
Sample Initial
Weight
(g)
Final Weight
(g)
Water
Evaporated
(%)
1 23.8 7.3 31
Total 23.8 7.3 31
11
Table 2 shows the percent of water evaporated.
To find the percentage of water evaporated, use the formula
below:
% water = weigh t of sampleafter dryingweigh t of sample beforedrying
x 100
Table 3: Phytochemical Screening
Sample Code Alkaloids Tannins Steroids
Five Fingers
leaves
++ ++ +++
The table shows that the five fingers leaves contains
chemical constituents: alkaloids, tannins and steroids.
12
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
In the phytochemical screening test, it was found out that
five fingers leaves contains a highly positive Steroids which are
used for medicine that can treat inflammatory conditions such as
systemic vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels), myositis
(inflammation of muscle), rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and
Sjögren's syndrome(or gout).
Recommendation
The researcher recommends that the study be improved. It is
also recommended to find its significant effects compared to the
commercial ones.
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://stuartxchange.com/Lima-lima.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/steroids_to_treat_arthritis/page2.html
http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/vol134no1/PDFs/secondary
%20metabolites%20from%20Schefflera%20odorata%20Blanco.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/
20013102504.html;jsessionid=D8E13703F52ED1337BAF32CD5E222D55
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid
14