PIA 2020

Week Seven: Organizations, Socialization and Motivation

Question of the Week

Public Organizations

Can Bureaucracy be Reformed?

PERSONS OF THE WEEK

Robert N. Kharasch

David Osborne

Authors of the Week

Ted Gabler John A. Armstrong

Overview

1. A Cultural Approach

2. Political Culture

3. Organizational Culture

4. Values and Motivation

5. Socialization

I. The Cultural Approach

An Ideal?

Thesis

Political, Administrative Culture and Socialization have a major impact on organizational behavior.

Question to Return to: Can we Reform or Reinvent Government given Premises about Socialization. (Osborne and Gabler)

The Multi- Cultural Issue: Two Assumptions

1. Many cultures: regional, administrative, ethnic, professional, etc. including hierarchy of values

2. These are effected by historical origin, race, gender, education, region, etc.

Austro-Hungarian Empire: What is the Culture Today?

Europe 2006 to 2012? Crisis: Does Europe deal with it differently?

2012 Nobel Peace Prize: What does it Mean? (Mini-Discussion)

The EU as an Organization

The Key

Three dimensions of Culture

Three components of Culture

a. Information and Measurable

Understanding

b. Beliefs and Values

c. Emotions

The Cognitive Dimension- What people know.

a. The set of historical and cultural information to which any native of the society is automatically tuned in

b. All societies have their peculiarities which are part of their political culture

Empirical Information acquired by means of

observation or experimentation

The Evaluative Dimension- Not the is but the what ought to be

a. Normative- What is good and bad

b. U.S.- Military service good, welfare cheaters bad

Evaluation

The Emotive Dimension- The emotional attachment that people have to their political system

a. Symbolism and myth, anthems and flags

b. Provides the strength of values

c. Nationalism- “My country right or wrong”

Emotive

Components of Culture

II. Political Culture

The Concept of Political Culture

a. People are tied to a unique web of historical experiences

b. Assumption: From the general culture one can extract out the salient aspects of that culture that relate to political behavior and organizational and administrative traditions

Swedish Political Culture

What does this represent?

The Way Things Are Learned May be cognitive, evaluative or emotional

Vague Patriotic image- eg. U.S. paternal- President as "super-friend" and father image (shattered by Watergate and post-Watergate- See Bob Woodward’s Books About Bush (and Tina Fey’s Sarah Palin)

Societal and community definitions

Personal identification with government

Values and Learning SNL “Bob Woodward

Arrested for Treason” (Fake)

THESIS Political Culture can predict political

behavior

Culture limits the action of citizens and administrators, channels demands and excludes certain possible policy options

Changing the Organizational Culture Reforms the Organization

China Image: Does Political Culture Make a Difference?

Emperor and Empress of India: Why are British Colonies Different?

Pakistan: Muslim League Leaders – Issue of Secularism?

Danish Peasant Culture: The Happy Scandinavians?

Copenhagen, Denmark

II. Organizational Culture as a Sub-Political Culture?

Organizational Culture: The Ideal Type

Danish Political Culture: Re. Housing Organizational Sub-Cultures

Groups 1, 2 and 4 constitute the traditional political culture, also found in the labour movement, Groups 3 and 6 constitute a user-oriented political culture based on functional participation in single issues; whereas group 7 contains the very active political elite.

Organizations and Administrative Culture: Overview

Socialization and Bureaucratic Behavior

The Concept of political and

Administrative Culture

A mixture of elite and mass culture

The Concept Continued Organizational Culture is a sub-

set of broader cultural assumptions

In looking for evidence of a political or an administrative culture we are looking for a set of representative values for the people of that society

IV. Values and Motivation

Money vs. Human Relations

Motivation: Redeux1. Theory X vs. Theory Y= Theory Z (Douglas McGregor)

2. Maslov’s Hierarchy: Basic needs, social needs and ego needs

3. Application of Theories of Motivation outside the U.S. Case Study (China, Korea, South Africa and Brazil)

4. The Special problem of Fragile and Collapsed states.

5. The Importance of a Motivation Theory in a Country Such as Guinea

The Hierarchy of Needs Redux

The Impact of Organizations

V. Socialization

Socialization1. Process by which political attitudes are formed and maintained

2. Acquisition of values, beliefs, and knowledge about the political system on both the individual and community level

3. Cultural transmission across generations- the introduction of new generations to the beliefs and values of the old

Socialization: Impact on Values and Culture

Levels of Socializationa. Primary- Most important: occurs within the family

b. Secondary- Everything else before adulthood, school, peers, national and regional- it is here that cultural engineering occurs

c. Tertiary- Professional and Organizational- Begins with University. Issue how specialization of bureaucratic elites is related to socialization and education

Philippine Military Academy cadets-- good examples of the workings of cultural transmission

Socialization- Continued

4. Can be a conscious or an unconscious effort- as to how attitudes towards policy are formed

5. Issue of Cultural Engineering- Ideological and explicit

6. Revolutionary & Developmental Societies- Ideological and explicit

Cultural Engineering?

Socialization- Continued

U.S. and Western Europe- mostly indirect (Instrumental and implicit)

Often hidden within a pragmatic, fairly loose value system

Cliff Joseph, 1968 (Note Blindfolds)

The Crux of the Issue

Socialization: Mass vs. elite (vs.Organizational) socialization

Socialization and Public Service

John Armstrong- The European Administrative Elite

European culture is caste based

Armstrong is a conservative Marxist

Europe and Class

Class and Governance Derk Jan Eppink:

Armstrong’s Thesis Asynchronous Comparison

Status, Role Theory and Counter-Roles

Socialization and the Diffusion of Development Doctrines

The Prefect as Territorial Administrator and role in Praetorian Intervention

Back to Reality: Guinea’s Prefect as a Rent-Seeking Predator

An Organizational Culture

Guinea Conakry

Return to the Question

Can we Reform or Reinvent Government given Premises about Socialization and Organizational Development?

An alternative view