PIA 2501

WEEK FIVE

Presentation One

THE AFRICAN GROUP

Development Planning: An Overview- Four Themes

Planning Defined

Planning Goals

Anti-Planning

Structural Adjustment and Projects

Development Planning Prologue: The European and Colonial

Origins of Planning Soviet Union--New Economic Period in the

1920s and the use of the five-year plan British India--1930s. National planning and

industrialization Britain in the 1950s--Labour Party flirts with

plans Eastern vs. Western Europe after WWII Two varieties: Command vs. Keynesianism

Definitions of Development Planning

Planning is the application of rational ordered choice to social and economic

affairs.

Definitions of Development Planning

Development planners and development administrators are action-oriented and goal-oriented civil servants striving to promote economic and social development

Development planning is the setting of priorities for the use of scarce resources

Goals of Development Planning

Foster economic growth Strengthen human and

organizational capacities Plan and develop physical

infrastructure (roads, dams, railways, buildings, etc.)

Promotion of greater equality in distribution of opportunities

Goals of Development Planning, cont.

Provide framework for wider participation in the economic system

Support social capital development in the form of stronger families, communities, interest associations and grass-root institutions

Development Planning as a Process

Goal is to change societal behavior: At the center: original goal planning the

National Plan monitoring and managing the economy includes setting targets and achievement

of goals In regions and districts, planner has a

coordination responsibility that includes in some cases social mobilization

Development Planning and Organization

At the center, overall goals are set through National Plan (the wish list) and through monitoring and “managing” the economy

planners set targets and measure goals

Key emphasis placed on local government authorities, extension services, and district administrations for service delivery

Development Planning At regional and local level, goals are

regional planning, coordination and mobilization

Overall--government agents or their contractors act as change agents, and provide “stimulus” to society

PLANNING AND SOCIETY

Development Planning as Socialization Planning includes secondary and

tertiary socialization, but not primary socialization Primary—Family; before school Secondary--Primary and Secondary

Education Tertiary--Adult (including Higher

education and On the Job) Problem: Social Engineering

Development Planning Overall

Classical Assumption

Role of the government agent is:

ACT AS A CHANGE AGENT and provide necessary stimulation to

society to ensure change

Development Planning Assumptions

Development Planning as a Concept

State will continue to serve as engine of development

Goal will be to change society, economy and political structures

Assumptions

Assumed that development occurs because of planned change

Originally, Keynesian planners saw state taking a major role in providing leadership to improve standards of living in LDCs

Development Planning Assumptions Development Planning accepts

premises of Development Administration:

State bureaucracy should take major role in social mobilization, economic transformation and increases in productivity; define policy goals for society

Rejected by some advocates of Development Management

Political Assumptions

Assumes political and administrative leadership have made the decision to effect changes in the system

This is a meeting point of both counter-dependency strategy and modernization

Need to strengthen administrative capacity in development economics and planning area

Administrative Assumptions

Depends upon “administrative capacity”:

Institutional arrangements for planning, planning agencies, management systems and processes that are innovative

Social Assumptions Assumes that there can be state

managed social mobilization

Basic premise: planning is setting of priorities for use of scarce resources through use of rational rather than political processes

Implementation Major responsibility for development

lies with Planning official at the national and local level

Development change occurs because of planned action

Assumes Political and administrative leadership have made decision to effect improvement in the social system

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Problems

Bad Planning Discovered

From Program to Project Planning

Ethiopia- Mengistu Haile Mariam declares a Leninist state in 1983

13 million face starvation in Horn of Africa

"We are the World" leads to Donor Fatigue

Bad Planning Discovered Illness and death of Brezhnev in

Soviet Union The Change: Russia and Structural

Adjustment Planning- The “Ivory Tower” problem Ronald Reagan and Margaret

Thatcher at height of their power

End of assumption- Progress is inevitable

1983- Robert MacNamara resigns from World Bank- New and Different Demands

Institutions and basic needs abandoned Export Economies--Minerals, agricultural

commodities and livestock Orthodoxy: Overseas capital investment Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control

of trade and commerce Local soft political institutions, weak private

sectors

Change: the Counter-Orthodoxy

The Realities: 1980s Focus on anti-Marxist, growth regimes

Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa

Politics not important

Contemporary Themes of Development-Review

Except for the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs), the failure of Development Management as a method

Question: does failure occur as a result of state collapse? (Goran Hyden)

What is the future of Development Planning

The Problem: Bad Planning and Foreign Aid

1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories

2. Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers--donors used overseas training

The Problem

3. Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development

4. Foreign aid little more than a front for foreign policy

Anti-Planning: Neo-Orthodoxy

Issue of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society

Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization No development management,

development programs are “bad” Can’t make planning better

Structural Reforms The Change: Overemphasized the Anti-

State theme Result

Since 1985, privatization, public sector reform and structural adjustment

New Theories Neo-orthodoxy based upon Public and Social

(Rational Choice) ideas What was “Developmental” in the 1990s?

To what extent is the state planning approach possible?

Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation

Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities

Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country of less than a million people

Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development

To what extent is the state planning approach necessary?

Mandated by technical assistance Expanded government meant specialized

planning organizations and the rise of development economics as a discipline

The issue of grass roots participation was raised

There was rhetoric of a command economy as opposed to a market economy with two extremes and the soft state in-between

Limitations of Planning

To what extent is the state planning approach possible? Issue of growth vs. distribution Issue of planning vs. ways in which

budget priorities are set Debate about the coordination of

planning voluntary vs. hierarchical authority

Failures of Planning

A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy

Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model

Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity

Planning was a “shopping list”

Planning Bad- 1990 The Change International conflict shifts from East-West rivalry

and cold war to ethnic, regional and internal conflicts culminating in September 11. Cambodia, Nicaragua Transitional conflicts in Angola, Mozambique CIS and Central Europe become part of development

portfolio Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Iraq

Perception of Development Problems

Contemporary Themes of Development

Problem of government as a negative; a state centric vs. society centric view

How does that translate into public private partnerships? (Robert Bates, Eleanor Ostrom)

Issue of "implementation," the neglected component of development policy (Pressman)

Contemporary Themes of Development

• Institution building is a pre-requisite

• Development Policy is environmentally bound;

• Importance of micro-macro linkages (Kathleen Staudt)

Change: the Counter-Orthodoxy Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors

Good example: Land reform and bureaucracies

A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process

The Middle View

The Moderate Interpretation of Development Administration Failures

Goal:

Balance Public-Private Partnerships-

The New OrthodoxyThe PROJECT as an operational concept The Problems of Development

Management Project management means loss of

control over programs and policy Project Characteristics:

-Discrete tasks-Time Bound-fixed amount of money

Focus Next Week: The Project Cycle

Level of Analysis Issue & Planning

Public Policy Overall decisions to take action

Programs Ongoing areas of activity within a policy

area, a nucleus to carry out program Projects

Discrete time-bound, often sector or spatially based activity

Discussion:

In Our Image Is assimilation the answer? In the Philippines, South East Asia,

Middle East / Africa? Progress? (Joyce Cary)

Is progress the answer? Violence? (Fuentes and Singh)

Is development the answer?

The Problems of Development Management: Discussion

Quote of the Week:

"The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved."

 Graham Greene

Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

Themes The US Mission The Third Force The Advantage of the Revolutionaries The French View?

Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

Characters The American and the American’s

theory of development The British Journalist--Engage? The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?)

Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy?