PIA 2528Governance, Local Government and Civil Society

Week Six

Historical Patterns

Land, Rural Development and Human Resource Development

Overgrazing in Latin America

Governance and Sovereignty

"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does"

- Anonymous

Executive Governance

Historical Patterns of Governance Paternalism- Empires

Monarchy, Theocracy and Authoritarianism

Authority Linked to the Control of Land (and Water)- Feudalism

Capitalism and Property Rights

Three Sub-Themes

Governance:

Land and Water Use

Rural Change

Human Skills Development and Agriculture

The Evolution of the Rural Community

1. Hunter-gatherers: Age-grade societies

2. Settled Subsistence Agriculturalists

San or Basarwa of Southern Africa

The Evolution of the Rural Community-2

3. Cattle Keeping

4. Plantations, Commercial Farms and Agri-Business

5. So-Called Communal Tenure

Indian Cattle Keeping

Traditional: Communal

The term is misleading- there are an infinite number of land relationships- Note Three

1. Use same land for individual benefit (cattle rearing)

Communal Land

2. People use same land and pool proceeds- aspiration in socialist countries. (Communalism):

Little evidence in traditional society

COLLECTIVE FARMS AND FARM FACTORIES

Soviet Collectives

Communal Land

3. Individual use of land for individual gain

a. without legal tenure

b. no sale or disposal of land

c. no collateral

Property Rights

Modernization- Western (and to some Colonial) Land Divisions

a. Individual ownership and control of land with rights of transfer, inheritance and sale

b. Usufruct: Leasing of Land

c. Landed elites- landed aristocracy

d. MNCs as plantation farmers- Firestone, Dole and Unilever

Usufruct- “On the halves”

Issue of Usufruct

Usufruct is the legal right to use and derive profit or benefit from property that belongs to another person

Share Cropping: “Farming on the Halves”

Land Reform - Action and Research in Scotland

The Problem of Landlordism Tenancy relationship to large hacienda,

plantation or commercial agricultural enterprise

In much of the world, Land is traditional controlled by land-lords

Vast majority of rural peasants in some form of tenancy relationships

Ecuador Hacienda

Landlordism

Serfdom: legal linkage to land and ownership

Small scale subsistence agriculturalist- produce for food

Reality: Peasants- dependency relationship to land

Serfs vs. Slaves?

Russian Serfs Alexander I Freeing the Serfs

Rural Socialism as an ideology in the 1960s

1. Peasant collectives and Communal state farms- Soviet Union

2. Voluntary collectives- Ujamaa villages in Tanzania

3. Move the peasant away from individualized production (China)

4. Ideal: village level economies of scale

5. Reality: Failure- Collectives, prefectoralism and state enterprises (State Agri-Collectives)

Tanzania Socialism

Individual Land Tenure: Results

Landless Rural Workers- Sell their labor in cities, to plantations, to small farmers or as a labor export (regionally or internationally)

The realities and limits of collective finance: From Burial Societies to micro-credit schemes

How to define individual relationship to land: FAILURE OF LAND TENURE REFORM

Zimbabwe

Rural Development and civil society

Induced Rural Transformation-Approaches

1. Radical Transformation- urbanizationa. Primacy of

Industrialization

b. Emphasis on infrastructure and mechanization of farming

Cuba

Rural Development

2. Green Revolution: Variant of above. Capital intensive and export oriented. (Landlordism?)

a. Focus is primarily on Technical (seeds, equipment- focus is on extension and technical)

b. Economies of scale mean large farms

Rural Development

3. Small holder approach- Primacy is on rural sector

INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Green Revolution: Two Views

Rural Development and Governance

1. Primacy of social development, health, education, community development

2. Small holder peasant sector

3. Stresses the importance of individual land tenure and producer cooperatives in marketing

4. Links with local government structures: Village Development Committees

5. Role for Civil Society Groups

Rural Cooperatives

China

Problem: Critics of “Capitalist” Commercial Farming- LDCs Lack of an Alternative and Failure of Collective

Agriculture

Failure of and agricultural transformation except for parts of Southeast Asia (plus war and weather)

Lead to the decline of the state and the intervention of NGOs - Relief and Humanitarian activities

The Image Projected

Coffee Break

Fifteen Minutes

The Problem

Planning for Local Government and Rural Development

Need Local Government Institutions

1. District Administration: D.C. 2. Traditional Leaders-Kgotla 3. District Councils 4, Land Boards 5. District Development Committees

Kgotla- Traditional Assembly

Human Resource Development

L. Picard- Botswana Study

Local Government Training Plan

Local Government Structurein Botswana

Approved by the National Assembly in December 1981

GOVERNMENT PAPER NO. 1 OF 1981

Gaborone, Republic of Botswana

“Proof of Government's concern is shown by a recently commissioned study of Manpower and Training Needs of the unified local government Service, 1982-1992) by Dr. Louis A. Picard of the Institute of Development Management (I.D.M).”

Table 1: Education and Training Needs of Unified Local Government Service – Summary by Position Classification of Those in Post, February, 1981

* Vacancies include expatriates in position

Table 2: Sample Table of Cadre Manpower and Training Positions*

* Footnotes to be provided for explanation of assumptions

Local Government in Action

Table 3: Summary of Manpower and Training Needs, 1982 – 1992, by ‘A’ and ‘B’ Posts

Total 1990

Establishment New Posts

Resignations/ Dismissals

Retirements Existing

Employees to be Trained

Vacancies to be Filled

by Training

Total Number to be

Trained

All ‘A’ Positions

All ‘B’

Positions

1338

3669

571

1571

221

827

170

203

344

1118

248

368

1554

4095

Total

5007 2150 1048 373 1462 616 5649

Table 4a: Proposed Training Programme:Treasury/Revenue Cadre

Table 4b: Proposed Training Programme:Treasury/Revenue Cadre, cont.

Table 5: Sample of a Cadre Training Scheme

Table 6: Summary, Student/Week to be Trained

Summary of Student Weeks to be Trained for all Institutions, 1982 – 1986

End of Session Discussion

Group Discussion: Four Minute Presentation on Rural Governance in each Region

Africa South Asia/Southeast Asia Latin America/Caribbean South Asia

Discussion: Cumulative Issues

land use, water, basic Needs NGOs, grassroots institutions and civil

society in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

Implications on Local Government, Civil Society and Governance

Human Resource Skills and Rural Change Democracy

Regional Patterns: Governance (Readings)

Break into Groups for Fifteen Minutes

Identify the (reading) source for your presentation

Summary Discussion

What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society So Far?

“Picard’s Book Club”

Towards Asmara- Thomas Kennealy

Train to Pakistan- Kushwant Singh

Theme: Two Trips and Governance Change

Thomas Keneally

Born: Sidney Australia, 1935

Author: Schindler’s Ark (List)

Towards Asmara- written 1989 (Eritrean Independence

Kushwant Singh

Born: 1915- Hadali, now in Pakistan

Historian, Journalist and Novelist

Last Train to Pakistan written in 1956