Plagiarism.pgs505

7/27/2019 Plagiarism.pgs505

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PLAGIARISM



Research Misconduct

What is it?:

The Department of Health and Human Servicesdefines research misconduct as:

– Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarismin proposing, performing, or reviewing

research results.

– Fabrication: making up results and

recording or reporting them



– Falsification: manipulation of researchmaterials, equipment, or processes, or

changing or omitting results such thatthe research is not accuratelyrepresented in the record.

– Plagiarism: the appropriation of

another’s ideas, processes, results, orwords without giving proper credit.



Criteria for Research Misconduct

Represents a significant departure fromaccepted practices

Has been committed intentionally, orknowingly, or recklessly

; and

Can be proven by a preponderance of evidence

What is NOT MISCONDUCT: honest,unintentional error

+ = Research Misconduct



Top ten “POOR” behaviors• Falsifying or ‘cooking’ research data

• Ignoring major aspects of human-subject requirements

• Not properly disclosing involvement infirms whose products are based on one‘sown research

• Relationships with students, researchsubjects or clients that may be

interpreted as questionable• Using another’s ideas without obtaining

permission or giving due credit(plagiarism)



• Unauthorized use of confidential informationin connection with one’s own research

• Failing to present data that contradict one’sown previous research ????

• Circumventing certain minor aspects of human-subject requirements

• Overlooking others' use of flawed data or

questionable interpretation of data

• Changing the design, methodology or resultsof a study in response to pressure from a

funding source (falsification)



Other behaviors• Publishing the same data or results in two or

more publication

• Inappropriately assigning authorship credit

• Withholding details of methodology or resultsin papers or proposals

• Using inadequate or inappropriate researchdesigns

• Dropping observations or data points from

analyses based on a gut feeling that theywere inaccurate

• Inadequate record keeping related toresearch projects



Why does misconduct happen?

Publish or Perish

Pressure Desire to “get ahead”

Personal problems

Character issues Cultural Differences

???



The word p lag ia r i ze actually comesfrom the Latin plagiare —to kidnap(Ox fo rd Eng l i sh D i c t ion a ry).

When you plagiarize, you’re taking (or

kidnapping) someone else’s work.

Basic Definition of Plagiarism



U of M Definition of Plagiarism

“The term “plagiarism” includes, but is not limited to, the

use, by paraphrase or direct quotation, of the published or

unpublished work of another person without full or clear

acknowledgment.

It also includes the unacknowledged use of materialsprepared by another person or agency engaged in theselling of term papers or other academic materials.”

University of Memphis Code of Student Conduct

http://www.people.memphis.edu/~jaffairs/acaddishonesty/acaddishonesty.htm





Definition of Plagiarism• Plagiarism is the act of presenting the ideas

or discoveries of another as one's own.

• To copy sentences, phrases or even strikingexpressions without acknowledgement in a

manner which may deceive the reader as tothe source is plagiarism;

• to paraphrase in a manner which maydeceive the reader is likewise plagiarism.

(From the Facu l t y o f Hum an i t ie s S tage I H andbook

w w w .k e n t.a c.u k / h u m a n / h a nd b oo k / 0 5 0 6 / S ta ge 1 )



How to avoid plagiarism?

• You avoid plagiarism by properly

acknowledging , or referencing , allsources.

• Referencing usually has two elements,a t t r i bu t ion and docu m enta t ion .

• At t r i bu t i on i s the p rac t i ce o f m ark ingoff any ideas and phrases that are not your own, which you do with quotationmarks and/or footnotes.



Documen t a t i on refers to thepractice of providing information

about the sources of ideas andphrases that are not your own,and this is done in footnotes and

the bibliography.



Detecting Plagiarism

• Readers and reviewers

• Check references

• Google 4-6 words(Harris, 2004)

• Plagiarism detection

software (e.g.,plagiarismchecker.com,

plagiarismdetect.com)



Preventing Plagiarism

• Understand the difference between“common knowledge” and “original” ideas

• Do the right thing

– Follow your conscience

– Give credit, mark directquotations, and use

reference citations – use disciplinary standards!

– Seek help from your mentor



Possible Consequences

• scholarly reputation

• self-concept

• grades• Dissertation not accepted

• Expulsion from university/no degree

• Expulsion from professional organizations

• Loss of job (GA/faculty)



What is Turnitin.com?

• A powerful onlineanti-plagiarism tooldesigned to detectun-cited sources in astudent’s paper.

• After a studentsubmits a paper,

within 24 hours,instructors receive aset of OriginalityReports.

• Originality Reportsinclude a SimilarityIndex which shows

how much of thepaper has beenplagiarized.

• Turnitin makes the

“cut and paste” method extinct.



Characteristics of Plagiarism

• Lacks guidance – Illegal/unethical – Inadvertent/Unintentional

• Inadvertent/Unintentional

– Result of poor research methods – Illegal/unethical – also embarrassing

• Intentional – Illegal/unethical

Jane Hanolen’s theory (as cited in Murray 2002).Murray, B. Keeping plagiarism at bay in the Internet age. Monitor onPsychology 33(2). Retrieved April 21, 2004 fromhttp://www.apa.org/monitor/febo2/plagiarism.html



Common Examples of Plagiarism

• Downloading papers from commercial Web sites andturning them in as your own.

• Downloading pictures, bits of music, or parts of otherpeople’s PowerPoint presentations found on the Web

into PowerPoint presentations that you are creating.• Turning in as your own work a paper (or parts of a

paper) that someone else wrote.

• Turning in as your own work a paper that you purchasedor downloaded for free.

• Cutting and pasting (or otherwise copying directly) fromarticles, Web sites, or other sources without citing them.

• Paraphrasing or summarizing what you read withoutciting the source.



How Could I Be Caught?

There are a number of ways to detect plagiarism:

• People can search the Web! All they need is to find aunique phrase that is in a paper to be able to find theoriginal source online.

• People can read, and may recognize what you wroteas someone else’s work.

• Plagiarism detection programs such as Turnitin.

• Other clues, such as a real difference in writing styles.



What Do I Need to Give Proper Credit?

• The author(s) or editor(s) of the book, article, Website, story, etc.

• The title of the work.

• Publication information (where published, who

published, when published).• Volume, issue, and page numbers (if applicable).

• Date obtained (if applicable).

• URL if an electronic source.

In other words, all the information that someone

would need to find this work again!



How Do I Give Proper Credit?

By Citing!

• Use quotation marks and credit all sourcesany time you use another person’s exactwords.

• Credit sources whenever you paraphrase.• Give credit to the original authors when

you model your work on theirs

• Common knowledge need not be cited.



How Much Can I Use?

• Err on the side of caution—if indoubt, put it in quotation marks or

reword.• Regardless of the number of exact

words, always document the

source when you are using anotherperson’s ideas.



How Does Documentation Help to

Avoid Plagiarism?

Documentation styles provide methods

for citing uniformly:

– References

– Punctuation

– Abbreviations

– Statistics – Etc.

http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html

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Plagiarism.pgs505