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Plains Indians—guiding questions
1. What was the genesis & essence of the conflict between Europeans/Americans and American Indians?
2. What are the Periods of Federal Indian Policy?– Identify the significance of the following events:
Plains Indians assessment questions—
3. What are the reasons & implications of Poverty on many of Montana’s Reservations.– What are some of the indicators, predictors and
costs of Poverty for all people? 4. What is the Legal Justification for the Cobell
Lawsuit?-Do you interpret this ruling as supportive or not supportive of traditional democratic ideals?
NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE AMERICAN/INDIAN/FIRST PEOPLE CULTURE AREAS
BLACKFEET
CURRENT BLACKFEET RESERVATION--USA
SIOUX—HORSE & BUFFALO CULTURE!
NATIVE PEOPLE AND FIREHORSE RACING
TRADITIONAL SIOUX TERRITORY—Minnesota and the Dakotas
CURRENT SIOUX RESERVATIONS IN YELLOW
CHEYENNE---WYOMING AND COLORADO
CHEYENNE
COMMANCHE—NORTH TEXAS
COMMANCHE—TRADITIONAL TERRITORY
COMMANCHE BISON HUNTING---GEORGE CATLIN
Common Theme?
• HORSE• BUFFLO/BISON• NOMADIC: for a reason• Warfare…..
DOGS AND NATIVE PEOPLE—BEAST OF BURDEN, PROTECTION, TRANSPORTATION & FOOD
THE WOLF CAME IN TO SIT BY THE MANS FIRE---GENETIC DIVERSITY!
Its hard to believe, but Snigglet , Bob, Timber and Lucy share almost identical DNA with a Wolf!
All we wanted was peace and to be left alone. Soldiers came and destroyed our villages. Then Long Hair came... They say we massacred him, but he would have done the same to us. Our first impulse was to escape but we were so hemmed in we had to fight.
MADISON BUFFALO JUMP!
PLAINS INDIANS—HORSE AND BUFFALO CULTURE
THE KEY TO PLAINS INDIAN SURVIVAL
ALCOHOL, GUNS, METAL, HORSE!
AGREEMENT OF 1851/FORT LARAMIE TREATY: POLICY OF CONCENTRATION/DIVIDE AND CONQUER
FORT LARAMIE TREATY--1851
SIOUX MORALITY: RED ROAD OR BLACK ROAD? YOU DECIDE….
At my death paint my body with red paint and plunge it into fresh water to be restored back to life, otherwise my bones will be turned into stone and my joints into flint in my grave, but my spirit will rise.
AMERICA 1854—THE KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT:
*RAIL ROAD*FARMING*INDIANS LOSE 18.5 MILLION ACRES.
1859 COLORADO GOLD RUSH!
GOLD RUSH--
SAND CREEK MASSACRE/CHIVINGTON MASSACRE—1864: GOLD AND THE CIVIL WAR
SAND CREEK---FEAR & FRUSTRATION FUELS THIS MASSACRE
SAND CREEK MASSACRE
MASSACRE PAINTING BY WITNESS, HOWLING WOLF--1864
Detail from The Sand Creek massacre, painted on elk hide byNorthern Arapaho artist Eugene Ridgely
“THE BLOODY BOZEMAN”
“THE BLOODY BOZEMAN”—PIONEER FEMALE WESTERN WRITER & MISSOULA RESIDENT, DORTHY M. JOHNSON
SIOUX--CRAZY HORSE
“he was a gentle warrior, a true brave, who stood for the highest ideal of the Sioux. Notwithstanding all that biased historians have said of him, it is only fair to judge a man by the estimate of his own people rather than that of his enemies.
??? Legend says he was Never photographed—photo on left may be C.H.
Pencil drawing of CH
Periods or eras of federal Indian policy
• The Trade and Intercourse Era• The Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 marked the
beginning of the Trade and Intercourse Era. This Act established that no sales of Indian lands were to be made between any persons or state(s) unless the sale was authorized by the United States. The United States federal government was then granted management of trade and diplomatic relations that involved Indians and their lands. The main goal of establishing the Trade and Intercourse Act was to keep peace on the frontier and avoid war with the Natives.
Eras continued
• Westward expansion and Indian relocation• During the early 19th century as the eastern settlers of
the United States felt the desire to explore westward, the natives were caught in the middle of things. Eastern Indian tribes were forced out of their homelands to barren areas that contained fruitless soils, though they had a prosperous relationship beforehand. The reason given to justify the Indian removal stated by Thomas Jefferson was to "give them a space to live undisturbed by white people as they gradually adjust to civilized ways".
Eras…..
• Allotment and Assimilation Era (1887-1943)• In 1887, the United States Congress passed the
General Allotment Act, which is considered one of the earliest attempts aimed toward assimilation of native tribes. This act intended to give natives a sense of land ownership as well as integrate an agricultural lifestyle with the tribes, much like that of the Americans and Europeans. Under the General Allotment Act, tribal lands were no longer under the control of tribal governments; instead the land was under the control of individual land owners.
Eras……
• Termination and relocation (1945-1960)• Between the end of the Franklin D. Roosevelt era and the
beginning of the John F. Kennedy administration, less traditional native Americans, congressional leaders, and government administrators developed a policy that they hoped would integrate the Indian population with mainstream America—to de-Indianize Native Americans. To this end, they enacted laws to terminate the government's trusteeship of Indian lands and relocate Indians to the nation's cities. They believed that once Indians left the reservation, they would have opportunities for education and employment—and assimilation.
Eras……..
• Tribal self determination era• In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy
wanted the Indian tribes to be recognized as independent nations governing themselves. He promised the Indian tribes that treaties made prior to 1960 would be recognized by the federal government and that their rights as Indian people would be protected.
“You are fools to make yourself slaves to a piece of fat bacon, some hard-tack and a little sugar and coffee*Sitting Bull
“…to Christianize and civilize the Indian and to train him in the arts and peace”*President U.S. Grant
Conquest of the Apache
• The Apache seem to have been present in the Southwest since at least the 17th century. They developed a reputation as fierce warriors to whom raiding, particularly in Mexico, was a part of life. Of all the Indian foes the U.S. Army had to contend with, the Apache may have been the most difficult.
Conquest of the Apache
• At First relative peace with the US Govt.• Mangas Coloradas
– 1860’s• Cochise— Mangas‘s Son in Law
– 1860’s• Naiche, and the warrior Geronimo carried on
the Apache Wars– Geronimo—captured 1886
Missoula history Quiz
• Missoula pre history?• Why did settlers come to Missoula?
– Early industries• Why did Hellgate become Missoula?
– Grant Creek vs. Rattlesnake Creek• Why was it important that the RR came to
Missoula?• Why slant streets?
Salish, Kootenai, Pend d'Oreille, Blackfeet, and Shoshone tribes. Located at the confluence of five mountain valleys, the Missoula Valley was heavily traversed by local and distant native tribes that periodically went to the Eastern Montana plains in search of bison, leading to inevitable conflict.
The narrow valley at Missoula's eastern entrance was so strewn with human bones from repeated ambushes that French fur trappers would later refer to this area as "Porte d' Enfer," translated as "Hell's Gate".
Hellgate Village, 1860, located around a trading post set up by C.P. Higgins and Frank Worden, four miles west of present-day Higgins Avenue along the Mullan Road. 1865-- Higgins and Worden started Missoula Mills and moved the Worden and Company Store into the new town. Most of the inhabitants of Hellgate Village soon followed.
This drawing of Missoula Flour and Saw Mills appeared in the October 1867 issue of Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. Today, only the millstone remains, displayed in Caras Park with a historical placque.
Chief Looking Glass Chief Joseph: “The Red Napoleon”
1877 NEZ PERCE TRAIL1170 MILES
TRANSCONTINENTAL RR & FEDERAL LAND GRANTS, 1850-1900
ORIGINAL RANGE FOR BISON/BUFFALO CURRENT RANGE
General Facts About the Dawes Act• The Dawes Act, also known as
the General Allotment Act, was created by and named after Henry Dawes, a Massachusetts congressman.
• The act was approved on February 8, 1887.
• The Dawes Act was the major Indian Policy up until the 1930s.
• Assimilation- The Americanizing of Native Americans
History• Make a timeline of the important historical eventsWhat Did the Act do for Natives and
White Settlers?Native Americans• Provided the Native
Americans with 160 acres of land for each family
• Forced many Native Americans off of their land and on to worse plots of land
• Sent Native settlers' children to boarding schools
White Settlers• Provided the White
Settlers with much more land
SOME NATIVE TRIBES HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF FARMING
SOME INDIAN LAND IS VERY POOR FOR FARMING!
THE DAWES ACT INTTENDED TO FORCE ASSIMILATION
ASSIMILATION OR ETHNOCIDE?
KILL THE INDIAN; SAVE THE MAN
CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL
The Settlement resolves claims that the federal government violated its trust duties to individual Indian trust beneficiaries. :
1. Historical Accounting Claims state that the federal government violated its trust duties by not providing a proper historical accounting relating to IIM accounts and other trust assets.
2. Trust Administration Claims include:*Fund Administration Claims state that the federal government violated its trust duties *and mismanaged individual Indian trust funds.*Land Administration Claims state that the federal government violated its trust responsibilities for management of land, oil, natural gas, mineral, timber, grazing, and other resources.
The federal government denies all these claims. It says it has no legal responsibility for these claims and owes nothing to the Class Members.
Her case revolved around themishandling of a century ofmoney held by the governmentin trust accounts for landsallotted to individual Indians.During the case, decades ofconcern over negligentbookkeeping turned out to bejust the tip of the iceberg. Inmany cases the government hadkept shoddy records, or none atall.
COBELL LAWSUIT
It’s important that peopleknow why the money is comingin: it was money managed intrust by the government, toaccount for properly, and theydidn’t do it… It’s a settlement fora grievous wrong that been doneover a 100-plus years.”
COBELL LAWSUIT
“I remember herdetermination and grit,”McAllister told Windspeaker.“She was always very proud ofbeing a Native.“One of the tribes gave hereagle feathers... That was a greathonour to her. The eagle featherswere given by that tribe only towarriors; it was rare, as a woman,even to get eagle feathers. She wasvery proud of that recognition.”
COBELL SETTLEMENT. IS IT SUPPORTIVE OF TRADITIONAL AMERICAN VALUES?
Open Notes Assessment
• Individual assignment:• 1. How do you define a massacre? Give detail
and examples which support your answer.• 2. Identify and describe 3-4 reasons for the
destruction of tribal life• 3. Describe the legal justification for the
Cobell Lawsuit? Is the holding supportive of traditional democratic values?
