PLANNING 2 ASSIGNMENT.docx

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An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to

areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly

extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets.

Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Measuring the extent of

an urban area helps in analyzing population density and urban sprawl, and in determining urban andrural populations.[citation needed]

Unlike an urban area, a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area, but also satellite cities plus

intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the urban core city, typically by

employment ties through commuting, with the urban core city being the primary labor market.

In the US, Metropolitan areas tend to be defined using counties or county sized political units as building

blocks of much larger, albeit more condensed population units. Counties tend to be stable political

boundaries; economists prefer to work with economic and social statistics based on metropolitan areas.

Urbanized areas are a more relevant statistic for determining per capita land usage and

densities.[citation needed]

A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement.[1][2] Although there is no agreement on how a

city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular

administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

For example, in the American state of Massachusetts an article of incorporation approved by the local

state legislature distinguishes a city government from a town. In the United Kingdom and parts of the

Commonwealth of Nations, a city is usually a settlement with a royal charter.[1] Historically, in Europe, a

city was understood[citation needed] by some to mean an urban settlement with a cathedral. The belief

in this distinction is also common in England, where the presence of a cathedral is thought by many todistinguish a 'city' (sometimes called a 'cathedral city') from a 'town' (which has a parish church[citation

needed]); the belief is incorrect (Chelmsford, for example, became a city only in 2012, but had a

cathedral for most of the 20th century).

Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation.

The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses,

benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and

exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous

business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to

reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.

The term community has two distinct commutative meanings: 1) Community can refer to a usually

small, social unit of any size that shares common values. The term can also refer to the national

community or international community, and 2) in biology, a community is a group of interacting living

organisms sharing a populated environment.


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In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other

conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of

cohesiveness.

Since the advent of the Internet, the concept of community has less geographical limitation, as people

can now gather virtually in an online community and share common interests regardless of physicallocation. Prior to the internet, virtual communities (like social or academic organizations) were far more

limited by the constraints of available communication and transportation technologies.

The word "community" is derived from the Old French communit which is derived from the Latin

communitas (com, "with/together" + munus, "gift"), a broad term for fellowship or organized society.[1]

Some examples of community service are to help in church, tutoring, hospitals, etc.

A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised community

within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with

considerable face-to-face interaction among members. "Researchers have not agreed on an exact

definition. Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area and functionally as

a set of social networks. Neighbourhoods, then, are the spatial units in which face-to-face social

interactions occur the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values,

socialise youth, and maintain effective social control."[1]

Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages. Whereas architecture

focuses on individual buildings, urban design address the larger scale of groups of buildings, of streets

and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, to make urban areas functional,

attractive, and sustainable.

Urban design is an inter-disciplinary subject that unites all the built environment professions,

includingurban planning,landscape architecture,architecture,civilandmunicipal engineering. It is

common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice in urban design. In more recent times

different sub-strands of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design, landscape

urbanism,water-sensitive urban design, andsustainable urbanism.

Urban design demands a good understanding of a wide range of subjects from physical geography,

through to social science, and an appreciation for disciplines, such as real estate development,

urbaneconomics,political economyandsocial theory.

Urban design[1]

is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form,

nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making,

environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct

beauty and identity. Urban design is derived from but transcends planning and transportation policy,

architectural design, development economics, engineering and landscape. It draws these and other

strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring

the vision to life.

Urban design theory[2]

deals primarily with the design and management ofpublic space(i.e. the 'public

environment', 'public realm' or 'public domain'), and the way public places are experienced and used.

Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general public, such
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_urbanism&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_urbanism&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_urbanism&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_urbanism&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning


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as streets, plazas, parks and public infrastructure. Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as

building facades or domestic gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore also considered

by urban design theory. Important writers on urban design theory includeChristopher Alexander,Peter

Calthorpe,Gordon Cullen,Andres Duany,Jane Jacobs,Mitchell Joachim,Jan Gehl,Allan B.

Jacobs,Kevin Lynch,Aldo Rossi,Colin Rowe,Robert Venturi,William H. Whyte,Bill Hillier, andElizabeth

Plater-Zyberk.

While the two fields are closely related, 'urban design' differs from 'urban planning' in its focus on the

proactive design of urban areas, whereas the latter tends, in practice, to focus on the management of

private development through established regulatory planning methods and programs, and other statutory

development controls.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calthorpehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calthorpehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calthorpehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calthorpehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cullenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cullenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cullenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Duanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Duanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Duanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Joachimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Joachimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Joachimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gehlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gehlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gehlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Rossihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Rossihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Rossihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rowehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rowehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rowehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Whytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Whytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Whytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Hillier&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Hillier&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Hillier&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Plater-Zyberkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Plater-Zyberkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Plater-Zyberkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Plater-Zyberkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Plater-Zyberkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Plater-Zyberkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Hillier&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Whytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rowehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Rossihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gehlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Joachimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Duanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cullenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calthorpehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calthorpehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexander

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PLANNING 2 ASSIGNMENT.docx