Plant Breeding and Genetics

7/30/2019 Plant Breeding and Genetics

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Plant Breeding and Applied GeneticsUte Achenbach

Summer, 2008


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Course Objectives

Comprehend and be able to discuss howbreeders meet their breeding goals today asopposed to several decades ago. This requires

basic knowledge on classical breedingmethods and an understanding on molecularbreeding.

Examples will be provided to emphasize theimportance of genetics in modern breedingpractices.


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Learning outcomes

understand the developments in plant breeding and thestate of the art breeding practices (ornamentals vs. crops)

have some knowledge on the basics of genetics (Mendel,QTL etc.) and understand the idea and the potential ofgenetic engineering

have some understanding on the concepts of molecularbreeding

have some (practical) knowledge to apply molecular markersfor the identification of traits in the genome

be able to determine whether information from the internetregarding modern breeding methods are relevant andinformative


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Date Program

May 13 Introduction (History of Plant Breeding)

May 20 Aspects of Plant Breeding (Breeding goals and recentachievements)

May 27 Tour to Engelmanns Nursery

Jun 3

Basic genetics(Mendels, QTL, Epistasis)

Jun 11

Classical Plant Breeding (Breeding schemes, e.g. Peach)

Jun 17 Applied Plant Breeding

July 1

Molecular Genetics (Tissue culture, e.g. grapes)(Dr. Sadanand Dhekney)

July 8

Molecular Genetics (PCR, Different marker systems)(Dr. Sadanand Dhekney)

July 15 LAB SESSION (PCR)

July 22 DNA fingerprinting and Genetic Engineering (crops andornamentals)

July 29 Molecular Breeding/ Breeding by design

Aug 5

Exam


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History and development of plantbreeding

(a journey through time)

13th May 2008
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.comp-archaeology.org/DomesticatedCerealGrainCAWEB.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.comp-archaeology.org/Bandkeramik.htm&h=303&w=521&sz=175&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=vYmNPLV7ipkOVM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddomestication%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den


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9000 BC First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above theTigris river

1694 Camerarius first to demonstrate sex in (monoecious) plants and suggestedcrossing as a method to obtain new plant types

1714 Mather observed natural crossing in maize

1761-1766 Kohlreuter demonstrated that hybrid offspringreceived traits from both parents and were intermediate inmost traits, first scientific hybrid in tobacco

1866 Mendel: Experiments in plant hybridization

1900 Mendels laws of heredity rediscovered

1944 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty discovered DNA is hereditarymaterial

1953 Watson, Crick, Wilkins proposed a model for DNAstructure

1970 Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution

Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the recombinant DNAtechnology

1994 FlavrSavr tomato developed as first GMO

1995 Bt-corn developed

Selected milestones in plant breeding


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National Human Genome Research

Institute by Darryl Leja

DNA: nucleic acid that

contains all the

genetic instructions

used in the

development andfunctioning of all

known living

organisms


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Domestication: The process by which peopletry to control the reproductive rates ofanimals and plants. Without knowledge on thetransmission of traits from parents to theiroffspring.

Plant Breeding: The application of geneticanalysis to development of plant lines bettersuited for human purposes.

Plant Breeding and Selection Methods to meet thefood, feed, fuel, and fiber needs of the world

Genetic Engineering to increase the effectivenessand efficiency of plant breeding.

Prunus

persicaSource: Wikipedia


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Example: Peach (Prunus persica)

Originates from China Introduced to Persia and the Mediterranean

region along the silk route

Trade and cultural interaction


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Breeding objectives

Food (yield and nutritional value), feed,fibre, pharmaceuticals (plantibodies),

landscape, industrial need (eg. Crops arebeing produced in regions to which they arenot native).
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img2.tradeget.com/prbusiness/LXTE1LW31corn_gluten.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tradeget.com/free_list/p53118/O19962/animal_feed_additive.html&h=360&w=360&sz=32&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=cMbme7woN5gcDM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danimal%2Bfeed%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.blackfalconorganic.org/organic-cotton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.blackfalconorganic.org/ethics.php&h=600&w=600&sz=58&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=0u8adrWp9MiI-M:&tbnh=135&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfibre%2Bcotton%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://w2.byuh.edu/services/food/images/food_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://w2.byuh.edu/services/food/&h=300&w=400&sz=63&hl=en&start=25&um=1&tbnid=GSJ04Yz7tY1VtM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfood%26start%3D18%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN


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Note: Details among plant species varybecause of origin, mode ofreproduction, ploidy levels, and traits

of greater importance andadjustments were made to adapt tospecific situations.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/plantmineralnutrition/widerowcrop/cara_flowerweb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/plantmineralnutrition/widerowcrop/&h=375&w=500&sz=28&hl=en&start=14&um=1&tbnid=DCZIroZiDTfO3M:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpotato%2Bflower%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dacres.org/images/flowers/potatoflower.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dacres.org/Photo%2520Gallery.htm&h=683&w=1024&sz=85&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=gR9twbUrhzjfzM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpotato%2Bflower%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://www.slh.wisc.edu/cytogenetics/cases/gifs/com_karyotypes/Triploid96651.jpg


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Conducting plant breeding

Traditional/classical breeding: crossingtwo plants (hybridization)

genetically manipulating?? Variability/ Selection

Recombinant DNA technology
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/photos/200603oil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/highlights/2006/0603oil_e.html&h=172&w=250&sz=36&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=8fa6zsE0tkE9TM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bbreeding%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hrt.msu.edu/PBSymp/picture2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hrt.msu.edu/PBSymp/&h=347&w=450&sz=225&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=SEvXItXKir3BHM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bbreeding%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den


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Scientific disciplines andtechnologies of plant breeding

Genetics

Botany

Plant physiology Agronomy

Pathology and entomology

Statistics Biochemistry
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Classic/ traditional tools

Emasculation

Hybidization

Wide crossing

Selection

Chromosome counting

Chromosome doubling

Male sterility

Triploidy

Linkage analysis

Statistical tools


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Advanced tools

Mutagenesis

Tissue culture

Haploidy

In situ hybridization

DNA markers


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Advanced technology

Molecular markers

Marker-assisted selection

DNA sequencing

Plant genomic analysis

Bioinformatics

Microarray analysis

Primer design

Plant transformation


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Basic steps

Objective

Germplasm

Selection

Evaluation
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://learningandteaching.dal.ca/taguide/Image57.gif&imgrefurl=http://learningandteaching.dal.ca/taguide/SummativeEval.html&h=364&w=393&sz=7&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=JjR9Eb5EZwODYM:&tbnh=115&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Devaluation%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.edgewater.com/NR/rdonlyres/CA50F155-E411-4D72-BD12-8B2DF8DFB285/0/2006_SystemSelection_Dec.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gamespot.com/pages/unions/forums/show_msgs.php%3Ftopic_id%3D26277470%26union_id%3D14074&h=2550&w=1769&sz=2370&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=pWzCtdegYyfSXM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dselection%26um%3D1%26hl%3Denhttp://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/alfalfa/fig6.jpg

Documents

Plant Breeding and Genetics