, ' Plant Pathology

DISTRIBUTION OF SUGARCANE BACILLIFORM VIRUS IN VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

L.J.C. Autreyl, S. Boolelll, P. Jones2, B.E.L. Lockharf and A. NadiP

ugar Industry Research Institute, RCduit, Mauritius lant Pathology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, AFRC

Institute of Arable Crops Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ England

1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul .Minnesota 55108, USA

i Centre Technique des Cultures Sucrikres, Kenitra, Morocco

I ABSTRACT

Sugarcane bacilliform virus (SCBV) has been identified in a large number of I clones including noble canes and interspecific hybrids in 11 countries, namely

Australia, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Papua New Guinea, RBunion, South Africa, Taiwan and the USA and in quarantine in clones from Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, and Puerto Rico. Based on these findings and re- ports from other sohrces, it has become evident that SCBV occurs in sugarcane in all important geographical regions and its distribution as a virus pathogen in that crop is* only surpassed by that of sugarcane mosaic virus. The disease has become widely distributed as it has gone undetected, being latent in certain clones while in others, especially noble canes, its symptoms which have not yet been fully established, may have been overlooked as being of genetical origin or have been rhasked by other diseases like sugarcane mosaic virus. It is postulated that the virus infected sugarcane in its center of origin in Papua New Guinea for Saccharum ofSicinarum and has spread to various sugarcane cultivating areas with movement of germplasm, especially by noble canes. Further dissemination has been made by its vector, tbe pink mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari, which is of cosmopolitan occurrence in sugarcane. The need for novel diagnostic tools such as DNA probes and monoclonal antibodies to circumvent the shortcomings of methods of diagnosis presently in use such as ELISA and immune electron microscopy is emphasized. Pending the determination of the exact geographical distribution of SCBV, research work to evaluate its economic importance and its role in the decline of noble canes is advocated.

1'

Key words: Noble canes, ELISA, immune electron microscopy, germplasm collection, badnavirus, geographical origin, Saccharum s p p i Saccharicoccus sacchari.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Although a large number of disea$es have been suspected along the years to be cuased by viruses in sugarcane, onIy,,three'proven virus pathogens were known to infect this important field crop until recently, namely mosaic (SCMV), streak (SCSV) and Fiji (SCFV). During the past six years three new virus organisms have been found: sugarcane bacillifotm virus (SCBV) by Lockhart and AutreyI3, red leaf mottle caused by peanut clump virus (PCV) by Baudin~andiGhaten'et~, and sugarcane clostero-like virus (SCCV) by Lockhart, Autrey and Corn~tock'~.

I

SCBV was discovered in association with SCMV $by' two teams of~scientists working independently in Cuba (Rodriguez-Leam let all8) and in Morocco by Lockhart and Autrey (Autrey'). The results of the intiestigations were first published by Lockhart and AutreyI3 while the repoft of Rodriguez-Lema et all8 became first widely known in 1989 when it was included in the Review of Plant Pathology (Volume 68, Abstract No. 259). ,

SCBV, a dsDNA virus,~belongs to the badnavirus group (Lockhart''). Although SCBV was found to be latent in clone Mex 57-473 during initial~ihvestigations (Lockhart and AutreyI3), it has been observed to be observed to be .associated with yellowish leaf freckles of various intensities in noble canes and interspecific hybrids (Autrey et a1 ', Autrey, Boolell and Lockhart2, Cornstock and Lockharp). It, is transmitted by the pink mealybug, S~ccharicoccus sacchari (Lockhart and AutreyI4). Mechanical transmission has #also been achieved. on a limited scale (Lockhart and AutreyI3). The virus is diagnosed, by ELISA but immune-electron microscopy has been found to be the most reliable method (Lockhart, un- published, Autrey, Boolell and Lockhart2)I The purification~procedure of SCBV has been detailed by Lockhart and Autrey13 and dimensions of particles were found to be 131t7x31a2 nm but occasionally elongated onesc(250-500 nm) have been observed. In Cuba, Rodriguez-Lema ,et all8 have reported that particles 'were 120-140x20-50 nm. SCBV is serologically related to)banana streak virus (BSV) while antigefis from sugarcanetin Cuba'have been ,found to react withlSCBV antiserum from Morocco in imrn~ne~diffusion tests (Peralta et all7). , ,

1 1 \ . l ' L / 1 h i 1 % , ' ,

When the first paper on SCBV was presented. at an international sdgarcane pathology meeting in Brazil in 1989 (Autreyt et a14); the latter 'suggested o n account of the interest generated, that an fintetnational project be initiated to determine the geographical distribution of the new virus. Some of the findings made in the framework of this project have been reported (Autrey et$a15,-Autrey, Boolell and Lockhart2, Comstock and Lockhart8, Jones"). The complete findings, made by the authors since the-project was initiated; are reported in this paper.

5 " 3 , ) 3 x - )

L.J.C.'AUTRE$ ET AL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Investigations were carried out in four laboratories in Mauritius, Morocco, United Kingdom and USA. Sap frbin leaf material from clones in commercial fields, germplasm co~lectiohs and quarantine glasshouses were examined by immune electron microscopy (IEM) for the presence of SCBV as described by Lockhart and Autrey13 and kcinks and Woods (unpublished). Mini purified preparations were also made according to the method of Lockhart (unpublished). Five grams of leaves were ground in 15 ml of 0.1M Tris-citrate buffer, pH 7.4. After squeez- ing tfirough cheese cloth, the extract was centrifuged at 15,000 g for 15 min and 500 /ul of 25% Triton X-100 weke added to the supernatant. The latter was then centrifuged at 70,000 g for 90 min over a 6 ml cushion of 20% sucrose in 0.01M Tris-HC1 pH 7:4. The pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of the latter buffer, clarified with 30% chlorofork and centrifuged in an ~ ~ ~ e n d d r f microfuge at 12,000 rpm for 5 min. The final virus extract was placed on grids coated with the relevant aitiserum to SCBV dilhfed 1:1000. The grids were stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid, pH 7.0.and examined in the electron microscope.

Diagnosis fro$ sap and mini preparations were also made by DAS-ELISA as described by Clark and Adams7. Material was examined from Australia, Mada- gascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco,' Papua New Guinea, Rtunion. South Africa, Taiwan and USA.

, ( , ' RESULTS

SCBV was diagnosed by IEM from Australia, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Papua New Guinea. Rtunion and Taiwan while in Morocco and South Africa diagnosis was both by IEM and DAS-ELISA (Table 1). A limited number of clones was examined from these countries.

Exhaustive investigations were carried out in Mauritius and the USA. In Mauri- tius, infection was found to be.widespread in the germplasm collection of noble canes (Table 2). In '105 out of the 127 noble canes, SCBV was diagnosed by ELISA using an antiserum to BSV, as one to a Moroccan isolate from clone Mex 57-473 did not give cbhsistent' results. Examination of the remaining 22 clones by IEM Gith either antigera showed that they were all infected. In the collection of 437 interspekific hybrids, 13' were found without symptoms while 362 had light, 54 sliiht and 8 nioderate freckles: Examination in the electron microscope showed that all clones without symptoms were uninfected while in representative samples of clones with freckles no relationship was found between severity of the latter and concentration of virus particles (Table 3). SCBV was also found in the promising clone M 791175 and the commercial varieties M 99/48, M 356153, M 13/56, M 351157, M 438159, M 555160, M 94/63 and S 17.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

TABLE 1. Occurrence of sugarcane bacilliform virus in nine countries.

Country Clones examined Infected, , .~on~i;nfected

I \ . t 3

Australia Ajax, Chapina, Q 138 ~ad i l a , I , 5 Q 96:$124, Q 132;

I

Madagascar BT73686 , BT - - ,

I 72718,b C 75-173, CP 68-,1067 1

M t175/74, POJ 213 1 ! i i

nca, ~aneca, D J 2645, '

CP 44101 QICo 310, No-Curto i i

Malawi ~ '41227, B 57150: , , ~o$001, Q 96, R 570,~'42231, H 56;4848*, M 31/45, ~ ~ h 9 , ~ 65-7052, SP 71-6163, M 124/59, M 383141, SP 70-1078, SP 7011143 N " ' ""' ""- NCo j lu, Triton, Q

\

Morocco Mex 57-473, CP 44-101 CP 65-357, CP 76-331,

Papua New Guinea Q 124 4, - 1 ',

Reunion

South Africa B 3337, NG 51y91A N 1 3 , ~ 19, NG 28-253, NC? 3i0 t i ' 1

Taiwan ROC 8, ROC 12, NG 2113 ROC 1, R<OC 2, ROC 3,,ROC 4, NG 57-155, ,NG 57-161,. ROC'^, ROC 6, ROC 7, ROC 9, NG 57-174, NG 57939 ' ROC 10, ROC 11, ~ ' 1 6 0 ,

'

NG 77-70, T$G 77-93, White ~ a n i l a , F 177, F 178 1 t

L.J.C. A U T ~ Y ET AL.

TABLE 2. Diagnosis of sugarcane bacilliform virus in 127 noble canes in Mauritius by ELISA and immune electron microscopy (IEM).

Type of freckling Clones

>' B 6308, Ba 11569, Beau Bois, Bois Rouge, Bambou (0), Bambou (W), Black Cheribon, D 109 (14), D 109 (St.) (5) D 109 (W), D 130, D 152, DK 74 (15), Fotiogo, H 109 (3) IJ 76-432, Korpi, Knox, Lousier (6), Lousier (St.), M 29/16, M 35/17(2), M 26/20, M 7/23, M 14/26, M 2/33, M 168133, M 211/33(2), M 213133, M 186136, M 1182155,

I M 2118169, M 2344173, M 1350176, MB 8/72, MB 9/72, MB 12/72, MB 13/72, Mignonne, MP 33, MP 55, MP 87, MP 131, MQ 27124, NG 51-11, NG.51-13, NG 51-56, NG 57\68, NG 57-77, NG 51-153, NG 57-123, NG 57-155, NG 57-198, NG 57-233, NG 77-28, NG 77-66, NG 77-142, NG 77-147, Oramboo, Penang, Rat Gros Ventre, RP 6, RP 6 (St.), RP 8, RP 8 (W), RP 73, Sealay's Seedling,

I Senneville

B 6103 (2), B 7924, Badila, BH 10112, Branchue (S) (I), Chino, D 1135, Gros Genou, IJ 76-561 (5), IS 76-203 (21, John Bull, M 23/16 (lo), M 27/16, M 13/18, M 33/19, M 109126, M 171/30 (I), M 171130 (St.), M 68/33, M 5/38

" (8), M 1900, MB 1172, Mapou PerlCe, NG 77-16, NG 77-131, NG 89 (S), Port Mackay (2), Port Mackay (K), Sylva, Tamarin (T), Tombia-pa

B 2471, B 5908 (14), B 8846, B 62110, M 27/16 (St.) (6), ' NG 57-57, NG 77-137, SC 12-4, Tanna (D) (20), Tanna (F)

(a), Tanna (K)

B 3390, B 5913, B 6032, Chalain, Cdte d'Or (4), IS 76-147, Iscambine, NG 51-142, NG 57-52, SW 499, Tanna (A), Tanna (St.) (30), Tanna (W) (35)

Iscambine (St.) (60), Bambou (St.)

Varieties underlined were found negative by ELISA but infected by IEM.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

TABLE 3. Detection of sugarcane bacilliform virus in 24 interspecific hybrids by immune electron microscopy.

Severity Mean number of of symptoms Hybrid virus particles1

10 fields

Absent M 376164 0 H 67-5630 0 F 176 0

Light Co 976 0 Co 1202 t , 0 H 684158 0 Q 80 1 Q 90 ' 1 CP 52-43 1 , 1 NCO 376 ' 1 1 1 , 1 Co 421 ' 1 Co 775 1 N 6 , I / , ( a 1 1 B 51129 , . 2 B 60191 t . , i 2 B 59162 1 ' ' 4 B 5736 ' , 10

8 B 46364 I 15

Slight Q 85 0 Co 740 0 Q 110 , . 2 F 148 , , 2

Moderate , N 10 ;> 2

! - 1 , ) I ( / 1

Examination by IEM of 63 and 72 hybrids included in the 1987-89 and 1989-91 quarantine cycles in Mauritius showed that 11 of them from Argentina, Barba- dos, Brazil, Puerto Rico, RBunion and USA were infected (Table 4). Symp,tohis of freckling were found in only four of these hybrids namely TUC 282b, R'811 569, R 81/420 and H 50-7209. In the latter clone, however, the freckles were hardly visible.

L.J.C. i ~ ~ ~ R E k ET AL.

TABLE 4. Origin and varieties infected with sugarcane bacilliform virus in ., quarantine in Mauritius. ' / I

No. of clones Tested Infected

1. 1987-1989 cycle

Australia Barbados Brazil

Puerto Rico Reunion South Africa Taiwan USA: Florida

Louisiana Hawaii

10 5 1 (BT 74541")

13 4 (RB 765418*, SP 71-1632+ (SP 75-3046*, SP 77-5292*)

3 1 (PR 68-3120*) 8 1 (R 8023 1 *) 1 3 2 2 1

Beltsville 11 1 (H 50-7209*+)

Total ' 63

2. 1989-1991 cycle Barbados : , 8 - Brazil 11 - Columbia 11 -

France 11 - Puerto Rico 3 - Reunion 11 2 (R 81/569++, R 81/420**) South Africa 6 - Taiwan ,: I$ 2 - USA: Florida' 3 -

Louisiana 6 -

Total 72

* No symptoms, *+Trace, ** Light frecking,

+ Moderate freckling, ++ Severe freckling

In the USA, SCBV was detected in 53 out of 56 samples from noble canes at the World Sugarcane Collection in Miami and the Sugarcane Field Station in Canal Point both in Florida (Table 5). Yellowish freckles were present in only 11 of the 53 infected clones. Commercial varieties CP 65-357, CP 70-1133 and CP 72- 1210 were found to be free from SCBV but hybrids CP 31-588, CP 47-193, CP 47-400, DB 420160, P31-762 and H 32-8560 were infected.

TABLE 5. Diagnosis of sugarcane bacilliform virus in germplasm~collec- tions in Florida, USA.

Mauritius Guingham NG 77-64" Menado Red

Barbados White Sport* Mongolian 4276" Mia Voi 1606

NG 51-36* NG 51-39 Rat Gros Ventr

Green Ribbon NG 51-131 Rose Bamboo Hawaiian Original 43 NG 51-153* Selemi Bali*

NG 57-141 SS 57-7 NG 57-172* SS 58-08 NG 57-239

Jahari Kabbu NG 57-252 Jamaica Red* Louisiana Purple Louisiana Striped NG 77-42

* Presence of yellow fr

Coinfection of SCBV and SCCV was found in noble canes in

Malawi. Freckles were not particularly evident in these'hybrids as M 351157 had symptoms of chlorotic streak disease while those from Malawi had typical symp- toms associated with boron deficiency. ,

L.J.C. AUTREY ET AL.

DISCUSSION

The results of the above investigations have revealed that SCBV is of wide- spread occurrence in sugarcane and appears particularly associated with noble canes Saccharum oficinarum. These findings coupled with the reports of SCBV in Cuba (Rodriguez-Lema et a1 18, Peralta et a1 17), in the Cape Verde Islands (Jones and Ricaud, !unpublished), in the Dominican Republic (Irey, pers. comm.), in Hawaii (Lockhart and Autrey13), in Thailand (Lockhart, unpublished) and the interception of the virus in one clone from China, five from Laos, two from Mexico and two from Vietnam (Peralta et al, pers. comm.) provide evidence that SCBV exists in the main geographical regions in which sugarcane is cultivated. Among the known viruses infecting sugarcane, the distribution of SCBV is sur- passed only by that of SCMV which has been found in all but one of the sugarcane growing countries. As sugarcane researchers from other countries will probably embark on research projects on SCBV in the coming years, the relative distribution of these two pathogens worldwide will be clarified. It is probable that SCBV occurs in all sugarcane growing countries.

The exact syndrome of SCBV was not put into evidence in these investigations since virus particles were found in symptomless clones, in those with freckles and chlorotic streaks as well as boron deficiency symptoms. There was a ten- dency, however,~for an increasing number of virus particles with severity of yellowish freckles in noble canes. Although it can be inferred that freckles are associated with SCBV, visual diagnosis of the virus remains uncertain. Further- more, the diagnostic methods in use have been found with serious limitations. IEM is time-consuming especiallytwhen virus particles are present in low con- centration while ELISA was found unreliable probably owing to strain variation in SCBV. Lockhart and Olszewski (unpublished) have found a large number of host adapted strains of the virus and even different strains within the same host. In this'context, to facilitate diagnosis and in the absence of distinctive symptoms, , there is an acute need for sensitive convenient tools such as DNA probes or monoclonal antibodies which would detect SCBV universally. *

The presence of SCBV in Madeira and Cape Verde Islands where sugarcane is not a field crop and where there has been no importation of cane in the recent decades, is taken as a strong indication that the virus was probably introduced through the noble canes to these secluded places. Similarly, SCBV may have spread to Maufitius. The introduction of all sugarcane clones into Mauritius since i1639 has recently been reviewed exhaustively by Rouillard19. According to this reliable author, many of the noble canes found infected in the present inves- tigations have been imported from Java, New Caledonia directly or via Australia, Fiji, Australia and Penang and more 'recently from Barbados, British Guyana, Hawaii and USA (Table 6).

PLANT PATHOLOGY

TABLE 6. Introduction of noble caneszin Mauritius.

1782 Java Bambou Striped, Black Cheribon .-

, I

1869 Australia

1895 Australia 1899 West Indies D 130 I ) ' I : . I

1905 West Indies DK 74 8 v

1909 Barbados B 3390, B 6308, D 109, D 11135 1914 Antigua Sealay's seedlings,,D 109 I

1914 Fiji Badila + ' I

1915 British Guyana RP 6, RP 8, RP 73 1915 Seychelles Lousier 1917 Hawaii 1917 RCunion Mignonne . I I

1919 Australia NG89 . , s i l I

1920 Barbados B 2471, B 6032; B 7924, B 8846, Ba:11569, BH 10112 1930 USA SC12-4 ~~~~~ ,:+

1930 Java D 152, SW 499. : . I : ' f , r

1956 Australia Korpi, Oramboo! NG 51-142 1960 Hawaii , NG 51-,11, NG 51-56,r , . ;, 1966 Barbados, B 5908, B 5913, B 6103, B 62110 1966 USA NG 51-153, NG 5;1,52, NG.57'-57, NG 57-\77, ,

NG 57-121, Chino ' I r , < ,

1979 USA IJ 76-432, IJ '76-561, IS 76,i47,,1s 76-203, NG 77-66, i 2 NG 77-131;,NG 77-142 , 2

1982 USA NG -77-1'47, NG.17-16, NG 77728, NG 7;1-,1377 # r , ,

Among these clones, Iscambine, Badila, Rat Gros Ventre and NG 51153 have also been found infected in the USA. From the germplasm collections from New Guinea of 1951, 1957 and 1977 and Indonesia of..1976, many clonesthave been found infected in Mauritius and the USA, with' NG-51153 and:NG 77-28 being the only common ones in both countries: pThereglis therefore circumstantial

1 evidence to infer that SCBV is,likely to have ,infected sugarcank at the geographical 1 center of origin of the species. Pending investigatiofis in othet Saccharurn spp. and

other allied species such as Miscanthus, Ripidi~rn~etc., it is reasonable.to assume that the origins of SCBV is probably New Guinea ,and the Indonesian and Polynesian archipelagos which are taken to be the center of origin of S. oficinarum

as discussed by Daniels and Roachg. The detection of SCBV in Q 114 from Papua New Guinea is a'direct indication that the virus occurs in this part of the world. It is therefore vital to ascertain the presence of SCBV in cultivated and wild canes from the above areas as well as in India and China where other Saccharurn spe- cies are thought' to ~riginate~according to the latter authors. The more so that diagnosism of1 SCBV in clones from Laos,, Vietnam and China by Peralta et all7 indicates that the virus is present in Southeast Asia.

I / / I

The broad geographical distribution is also due undoubtedly to the fact that SCBV being symptomless in certain clones as found in Mex 57-473 in Morocco initially (Lockhart and Autrey13), in quarantine in Mauritius and in Cuba (Peralta et all7) and in:the field ,in' Mauritius (Autrey et UP) and the USA (Comstock and Lockhart8) is likely 'to have gone undetected in quarantine. This type of spread is particularly illustrated by clone H 50-7209 which was practically symptomless but'was found infeated in *quarantine in Mauritius. It had been included in the international smut test (Grisham, pers. comm.) and has thus been distributed to 15 locations in 11 other countries without any report of the virus in it yet, although the source material was contaminated. Furthermore, the leaf freckles which were found to be associated with the virus were taken to be of non- pathogenic but of genetical origin (Antoine, pers. comm.), no restriction to the

I i movement of clones with such symptoms, especially noble canes, was made and 1 spread of the virus bas been unchecked. As badnaviruses occur in nature in

mixed infection (Lockhart and Ols~ewski'~) and as SCBV was in fact discovered in association withjSCMV .both in Morocco and .Cuba, masking of symptoms may have also contributed to the virus remaining unobserved.

Recent proof that the pink mealybug, S. sacchari, can transmit SCBV (Lockhart and Autrey14) constitutes a major breakthrough in the epidemiology of the virus and could further explain its wide distribution in sugarcane as the vector exists probably in all areas where sugarcane is grown (Dicklo). The vector, which effi- ciency of transmission has not yet been determined, could probably account to a certain extent for the very high level of infection found in germplasm collections in Mauritius.and the USA and probably elsewhere, as clones have been exposed to the virus throughout the years in these collections.

, ,

Furthermore, presence of SCBV in newly produced promising interspecific hybrids such as8ROC 12, Q 136 and M 791175 in the field and in R 801231, R 811 569 and R,8S/420 and others in quarantine indicates that it is probably the vector which is contaminating these clones. Further dissemination is achieved as they are being moved into foreign countries. Bowever, other mechanisms of transmis- sion should also be considered as it 4s known that 3 of the 14 members of the badnavirus group, to which SCBV belongs, namely Commelina yellow mottle, Kalanchoe top spotting and Mimosa bacilliform are seed borne between 10 and 60% in their respective hosts (Lockhart and Olszewski16). Investigations on the

PLANT PATHOLOGY

transmission of SCBV through pollen or fuzz should be intensified although preliminary results have been negative in Mauritius (Autrey, and lished).

It would be important on account of the wide distribution of SCBV to determine the adverse effects of the disease, especially in nobles canes whicheare highly infected such as Iscambine Striped. Attempts made to free clones like Iscambine Striped and the interspecific hybrid B 59162 with heat treatments have unfortu- nately been unsuccessful (Autrey et a1 5, Autrey atld Boolell, unpublished). Other means, such as culture of apical meristem following heat andl other treatments, should be therefore attempted although SCBV have \been found in routinely micropropagated plantlets of Criolla Rayada, Creole Striped, Louisiana Striped, Pitu and Badila (Lockhart and Irvine, unpublished). Eventually, it would be imperative to find out whether pathogens like SCBV and ther newly identified SCCV, are of any economic importance in newly produced codmercial clones.

b I

t . I ,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS t t I I , , ,

c 3 ' 1 , I ( > < , ' , I

The assistance of R.A. Bailey (South Africa), J.C. Comstock (USA), C.T. Chen (Taiwan), D. Eastwood (Papua New Guinea), A. Fernandez3(Madeira) and R. Magarey (Australia) in providing leaf samplestis gratefully acknowledged. We wish to thank Dr. R. Julien, Ag. Director'MSIRI for reviewing this paper and for allowing its publication. We wish to express our appreciation 'to Mrs: J. Cavalot and Miss L. Jhuboo for typing the manuscript. I ! l 2 3 . , . ,

* 3 ,i, I 1 ' , I I ?

8 REFERENCESb I , $ \

1 , ( , < o

1. Autrey, L.J.C. (1985): Travaux en pathologie et aspects de la canne B sucre au Maroc. Report to the German Agency for Technical. ,Co-operation (GTZ) p. 48-50. I I * $ + , > , ,

2. Autrey, L.J.C., Boolell, S. and Lockhart, B.E.L., (1991).1 Sugar, cane bacilliform virus: symptomatology, diagnosis. and distribution' in cane germplasm in Mauritius. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 3. Sugar Cane Pathology Workshop. p. 15 (Abstract). . ! , , E , I a ,

3. Autrey, L.J.C., Boolell, S. and Lockhart, B.E.L.i(l991). Occurrence of sugar cane clostero-like virus in' Mauritius: Proc. Int. Soc, Sugai. 'Cane Technol. 3. Sugar Cane Pathology Workshop. p. 16 (Abst.)):; v , r 6 , I

4. Autrey, L.J.C., 'Madrane, A., Hesse, F.W. and Nadif; A. 61990). Sugarcane bacilliform virus and other diseases ofzsugar cane, in Morocco. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Catle Technol. 20 ; 714-722. 1 , \ ' ,

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6. Baudin, P. and Chatenet, M. (1988). DCtection strologique du PCV, isolat canne B sucre agent de la marbrure rouge des feuilles. L'Agronomie Tropicale 1988.43(3): 228-235.

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I R.W. Mongomery and D. Mathes (eds.). Pests of Sugar Cane, p. 343-365. L Elsevier, Amsterdam.

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13. Lockhart, B.E:L. and Autrey, L.J.C. (1988). Occurrence in sugar cane of a bacilliform virus related serologically to banana streak virus. Plant. Dis. 72 : 230-233.

14. Lockhart, B.E.L. and Autrey, L.J.C. (1991). Mealybug transmission of sugar cane bacilliform and sugar cane clostero-like viruses. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 3. ,Sugar Cane Pathology Workshop. p. 17 (Abstr.).

15. Lockhart, B.E.lL.,, Autrey, L.J.C. and Comstock, J.C. (1991). Partial purification and serology of a mealybug-transmitted clostero-like virus occurring in sugar cane. Phytopathology 81. (In press).

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, New York. (In press). : I *

17. Peralta, E.L., Anoheta, O., Carvajal, 0. and Martinez, Y. (1991). Studies on sugar cane baailliform virus. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 3. Sugar

' Cane Pathology Workshop. p. 14 (Abstr.). 18: Rodriguez-Lema, E.; Rodriguez, D., Fernandez, E., Acevedo, E. and

I Lopez, D. (1985). Reporte de un nuevo virus de la cana de azCcar. Ciencias de la,Agricultura 1985 (23). p. 130.

19. Rouillard, G. (1990). Historique de la canne B sucre B 1'Ile Maurice. 1639- 1989. Mauritius Chamber of Agriculture. 50 pp.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION DU VIRUS BACILLIFORME DE LA I

CANNE ASUCRE DANS DIVERSES &GIONS GEOGRAPHIQUES

L.J.C:, Autreyl, S. Boolelll, P. Jones2, B.E.L. Lockhart4 et A. NadiP 1 < ! ( / '

Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, RCduit, Ile,Maurice ' Plant Pathology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station'; AFRC

Institute of ArableCrops Research, Harpenden Herts AL.5 RJQ, hgleterre

Departmentfof Plant Pathology, University of Minnesoth, St. Paul,+ Mibnesota 55108, Etats Unis I " a

Centre Technique des Cultures Sucrikres, Kenitra, Maroc. ' , I ' I , , .i i 1

2 , ' r # I * , ' I I r l I ,

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Le virus bacilliforme de la canne B sucre (SCBV) a CtC identifie dans un grand nombre de clonos aussi bien le's cannes nobles que les hybrides2interspCcifiques dans 11 pays B savoir.~l'Australie, Madagascar, Malawi, Ile ~Maurice:I'Maroc, Papouasie-Nouvelle GuinCe, Ile de la lRCunion, Afrique'du Sud,' Taiwan et Etats Unis et en quarantaine dans des clones d7Aepntine, Barbade, Br6sil et de Porto Rico. Grdce B ces observation's et B des rapports provenant d7hutre's'origines, il est devenu Cvident clue le SCBV est present dans'la canne B sucre dans toutes les regions gCographiques importantes et que sa distribution' 'de 'vitus dans cette culture n'est dCpassCe queipar celle du virus de la mosayque de.la canne ii sucre. La maladie s'est largement dissCminCe~parcequ~el11! est passee inaper~ue? Elle est latente dans certains clones. Dans d7autkes; sptcialement les tannes nobles, les sympt6mes du SCBV qui n70nt,pas CtC encore pleinement Ctablis, peuvent avoir CchappC B 170bservation Ctant attribuCS B une cause gCn6tiquerou ontCCtC masquCs par d'autres maladies telle la mbsa'ique de la cahne'B sucre. On pense que le virus a infect6 la canne B sucre dhhs's'a region d70rigine en Papouasie-Nouvelle GuinCe pour Saccharum ofSihinarum et s'est Ctendu ?I plusieurs zones de culture' de la canne B sucre avec le mouvement de materiel vegetal p8rticuliCrenient de cannes nobles. La diss6minaticm ~iitCrleiirv a CtC effectuCe pa'r Id cochenille rose Sacchari coccus sacchari dont la prtsence'sur 'la cantle B sucre est univeiselle. L'accent a Ctt mis sur le besoin de nouveaux outils 'de diagnostic teli les sondes' B ADN et les'anticorps monoclonaux pour .pallier les faiblesses des mCthodes deldiagn'ostic actuellement utilisCes telles l e test ELISA et l'immunomicr'osc~pie Clectronique. En attendant la determination de la distribution geographique exacte du'SCBV, un travail defrecherche pour. Cvaluer son importance~Ccono~que et7son't61e 'dans le dtclin des cannes nobles est prCconis6: ; 3 8 ' " , , , , , t a L i r . ' \ '

Mots clCs: Cannes nobles, ELISA, immunomicroscopie Clectronique, germplasm. badnavirus, origine gCographique, Saccharum spp. Sacchariccocus sacchari.

L.J.C. AUTREY ET AL.

ISTRIBUCTION GEOGRAFICA DEL VIRUS BACILIFORME DE LA CANA DE AZUCAR

L.J.C. Autreyl, S. Boolelll, P. Jones2, B.E.L. Lockhart3 y A. NadiP

' Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Rtduit, Mauritius Plant Pathology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, AFRC

Institute of Arable Crops Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ England

Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul I I ( I , , Minnesota 55108, USA

,4 Centre Technique des Cultures Sucribres, Kenitra, Morocco

, , i o , RESUMEN j , c I ' , . , , l '

El virus baciliforme, de la caiia de azlicar (SCBV) se ha identificado en un elevado nlimero de clones que incluyen caiias nobles e hibridos interespecificos en once paises, a saber: Australia, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mauricio, Marruecos, Papua Nueva Guinea, Reunibn, SurBfrica, Taiwan y Estados Unidos y en cuarentena en clones de Argentina< Barbados, Brasil y Puerto Rico. Con base en estos hallazgos y en otras informaciones, es evidente que el SCBV se presenta >en caiia. de azlicar en todas las regiones geogrhficas importantes y su distribuci6n como pat6geno s610 es superada por el virus del mosaico de la caiia de azlicar. La enfermedad se ha ido distribuyendo ampliamente y en algunos clones permanece en estado latente, mientras que en otros, especialmente en caiias nobles, sus sintomas no ~ s e han identificado totalmente, pudiendo haber sido diagnosticado como un desorden de origen genCtico o haber sido enmascarado por :otra enferinedad como el virus. del mosaico. Se ha postulado que el virus infect6 Saccharum oficinarum en su centro de origen en Papua Nueva Guinea y se.disemin6 a variasqBreas de ,gultivo junto con el movimiento de germoplasma, especialmente de caiias nobles. La diseminaci6n posterior de la enfermedad ha sido hecha a travts de su vector el chinche rosado harinoso Saccharicoccus sacchari que tiene distribuci6n universal en caiia de azlicar. Para estudiar mejor la enfermedad se necesitan herramientas de diagndstico mBs modernas tales como sondas de DNA y anticuerpos somaclonales.

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