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Podcasting is functional Extra slides Larger format slides. Inflammation. Inflammation - local accumulation of fluid and cells involved in the immune response - State of Inflammation is induced - increased swelling, pain, heat and redness. Blood capillary dilation = heat = redness - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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• Podcasting is functional
• Extra slides
• Larger format slides
Inflammation
• Inflammation - local accumulation of fluid and cells involved in the immune response- State of Inflammation is induced - increased swelling, pain,
heat and redness.
1. Blood capillary dilation = heat = redness
2. Vascular dilation = swelling = pain
3. Extravasation - change in adhesiveness of the endothelial tissue allowing immune cells to attach and migrate into the connective tissue
Figure 1-11 part 1 of 2Flowchart of Hematopoiesis
Pluripotent stem cell
Figure 1-11Flowchart of Hematopoiesis
Leukocytes
Myeloid Lineage
Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6Neutrophils:Most abundantPhagocyteEffector cells of Innate ImmunityShort-lived - Pus
Eosinophils:Worms/intestinal parasitesAmplify inflammationBind IgEVery Toxic - Pathogen and hostChronic asthma
Basophils:RareUnknown functionBind to IgE
Granulocytes (Myeloid progenitor)Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs)
• Circulate in blood• Bigger than PMLs• Look similar• Immature form of macrophage
• Scavengers• Phagocytose pathogens, cells, debris• Secrete cytokines
Figure 1-13
Figure 1-14
• Star-shape• In tissue• Cellular messenger• Cargo cell
• Connective tissue• Unknown progenitor• Granules• Degranulation major contributor to inflammation and allergies
Lymphoid Lineage Cells
Large lymphocytesNK cells
Innate immunity
Small lymphocytesB cellsT cells
Adaptive immunity
Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6
Lymp
• Large lymphocyte with granular cytoplasm• Effector cell of innate immunity
• B cells have B cell receptors and secrete Ab
• T cells have T cell receptors
• Adaptive IR• Small and immature• Activated by pathogen• Two types
- B cell- T cell
Erythroid Lineage
Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6
• Giant nucleus• Resident of bone marrow• Fusion of precursor cells• Fragments to make platelets
• Gas transport• Infected by Plasmodium falciparum
Figure 1-11 part 2 of 2Lymphoid Myeloid Erythroid
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Centrifuged blood sample
Figure 1-12
20
55H
45H
Figure 1-15
Sites of Lymphoid Tissue
Primary and SecondaryGALT, BALT, MALTLymphRecirculation
Mouth-3 billion neutrophils/day
Figure 1-16
Draining Lymph nodeEdemaAfferent and Efferent
Figure 1-17 part 1 of 2
B-cell area(follicle)
Lymphocytes
T-cell area
artery
Activated by dendritic cell
T helper cell (lymph node) T helper cell
(Infection site)
Activate B cells
Make Antibodies
Activate Macrophages
Cytotoxic T cell (Infection site)
Kills infected host cells
Lymphocyte not activated
Efferent lymph
PathogenDendritic cells
Afferentlymph
Figure 1-19
Anatomy of immune function in the Spleen
• Blood filtering organ• Blood borne pathogens• Red pulp - red cells• White pulp - Immune system
Figure 1-20
Activated lymphocytes
M cells
Adaptive Immunity
1. Vertebrates only
2. Specificity- recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR- gene rearrangement is the source of diversity- clonal selection
3. Small lymphocytes- types and sub-types- functions
Recognition concept
Receptor or Antibody molecule
Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR
Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound
Affinity - how much a molecule likes to bind to a structure
B-cellsBCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig)Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab
T-cellsTc = cytotoxic (CD8+)
TH = helper T-cells (CD4+)Th1 (inflammation)Th2 (help B-cells make AB)
Small lymphocyte sub-types
Recognition modules of Adaptive immunity
B cells T cells
B-cells T-cell
Figure 1-25
Intracellularpathogens
Extracellular pathogens
Figure 1-26MHC class I communicates with Tc cells
Figure 1-27MHC class II communicates with TH cells
Parasite +
Mast cell
Inflammation
Mast cell activated
Expel and/or destroy
pathogen
• Neutralization• Opsonization1. Inflammation
Parasitic infection
Principles of Adaptive Immunity
DiversitySpecificityMemorySelf-tolerance
Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity
Germline configuration
Diversity1. Alternative combinations2. Imprecise joints3. Different types of chains4. B-cells - somatic hypermutation
In the absence of antigen
Clonal Selection
1. Each cell = one receptor2. Millions of lymphocytes
are generated3. Small subset will
recognize a pathogen4. Proliferation and
differentiation5. Acquired immunity - the
adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory
Figure 1-22
Figure 1-30
Polio Vaccine - Inactive vs Oral “live” version
Figure 1-28
Mechanism of Self-tolerance
Immunodeficiencies
Inherited deficiencies
Stress induced
Pathogen caused deficiencies
Figure 1-32
• IgE
• IgG
• CD4 TH1
• CD8 CTL
Cells and molecules involved in Hypersensitivity Diseases
Figure 1-33Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Figure 1-34