Pohara Marae Ecological Strategy

Protecting and restoring our taongaNgati Koroki Kahukura

Jacqueline PaulSharon Eccleshall

Rory GrayChantelle Lubbe

Daisy Guo

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INFRASTRUCTUREURBAN PARK

Urban Parkland/Open Space

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INFRASTRUCTUREBuilt-up Area (settlement)

Transport Infrastructure

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CONTENTS

32

CONTENTS 3

OUTLINE 4

VISION 5

CLIENT 7

CONTEXT 8

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER 11

IWI LAND OWNERSHIP 12

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 13

INFRASTRUCTURE 14

HYDROELECTRICITY 15

LAND COVER 16

LAND-USE CAPABILITY 17

GEOLOGY 18

SLOPE 19

TOPOGRAPHY 20

HYDROLOGY 21

COMPOSITION OVERLAY 22

STRATEGY: EXTRUSION 23

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE AND COMMUNITY 24

MAORI DESIGN PRINCIPLES 25

ECOLOGY 26

GREEN CORRIDORS 28

FOREST FRAGMENTS 29

ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE 30

ECONOMIC RESILIENCE 32

REFERENCES 34

OUTLINEOur brief strives towards designing an ecological

strategy for the enhancement and management of

the broad scale cultural landscape that is significant

to Ngati Koroki Kahukura and whanau of Pohara

marae. The strategy should aim to analyze the site and

understand cultural perceptions and values of Ngati

Koroki Kahukura.

The overall brief vision for Pohara Marae will work

towards the potential development of producing

an ecological resilient and culturally responsive

strategy which incorporates matauranga maori but

also explores the critique of local landscape ecology

and maori cultural landscape as a whole and how the

strategy will be implemented and managed.

The vision of our strategy is to assist Ngati Koroki

Kahukura towards producing food and resources they

require to live from their land and water within their

rohe to provide for their families as well as protecting

their natural environment and significant cultural

sites that recognise places of identity for the future

generations. This may also include an aim to implement

potential strategies to provide cultural services that

will provide variety of benefits people obtain from

ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, recreation,

and aesthetic experiences.

The key objective is to develop, encourage and grow

the ecological state of both the land and the people of

Ngati Koroki Kahukura.

VISION

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Ko Maungatautari tō mātou maunga

Ko Waikato tō mātou awa tupuna

Ko Ngāti Korokī Kahukura mātou

Ko Maungatautari, ko Pōhara ō mātou marae

Our mountain is Maungatautari

Our ancestral river is Waikato

We are Ngāti Korokī Kahukura

Our marae are Maungatautari and Pōhara

CLIENT Ngāti Korokī Kahukura Trust

Ngati Koroki Kahukura has important traditional relationships

amongst each other and will have control over their own

resources and work together to implement community based

strategies for environmental planning through management.

This accommodates their lifestyles and they will able to continue

towards a sustainable future and fulfil aspirations and goals.

Ecological performance and cultural considerations are

implemented into the design process because it recognises

important cultural values which is an integral element. Through

land use strategies we can divide the site spatially based on

landscape patterns and capabilities but also understanding

how this influences cultural, social, economic and ecological

relations.

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CONTEXT

Farming

Pohara is uniquely positioned 5km between

Maungatautari and the river Waikato. Maungatautari

is isolated within an agricultural landscape of exotic

rolling green pastures and shelterbelts. The landscape

has distinct imprints from the Waikato’s riverine system

travels and the land shows little resemblance to its

wetland past.

The Maungatautari district within the Waikato prior to

settlement was generously covered in scrub, bracken

and fern. Since then the land has been excessively

cleared, the majority of it now farmed [dairy, beef and

lamb]. The clearing processes used [burning, draining,

felling] and the current land use intensification have

been the dominant modifier and have caused severe

damage to some ecological areas such as stream

degradation, flow regime modification and disruption

of fish passages and spawning habitat. 90% of New

Zealands wetlands have been drained for land use,

causing a significant decrease in the biodiversity and a

change in enivornmental health.

The historically the ecosystems of the area included:

Riverine systemIndigenous Forest [submontane

300-800m], Lowland forest [lowland 100-300m] and

Indigenous Wetlands.

Pohara Maungatautari Sanctuary

Waikato River

Maungatautari—Maunga Tupuna

Ngāti Koroki Kahukura are inextricably bound to the maunga by virtue

of whakapapa that derives from the creation stories of Ranginui and

Papatūānuku. This interconnectedness lies at the heart of the way Ngāti

Koroki Kahukura view the world and their taonga and is the basis of

kaitiakitanga, which dictates, among other things, that the mauri of these

taonga must be respected as a matter of priority.

The maunga has a significant spiritual relevance for Ngāti Koroki Kahukura,

who regard the maunga as a source of mana and an indicator of their

own mauri or well-being. The maunga and its forests offered shelter and

provided physical sustenance for Ngāti Koroki Kahukura, who maintained

ahi kā roa through the turbulence of the 1830s, the last period of large-

scale inter-tribal conflict, and have continued to live close to the mountain

ever since.

Waikato River—Awa Tupuna

Ngāti Koroki Kahukura are inextricably bound to the awa tupuna by

virtue of whakapapa, which derives from the creation stories of Ranginui

and Papatūānuku. This interconnectedness lies at the heart of the way

Ngāti Koroki Kahukura view the world and waterways and is the basis

of kaitiakitanga, which dictates, among other things, that the mauri of

waterways must be respected as a matter of priority. The awa tupuna has

traditional healing powers and a significant spiritual relevance for Ngāti

Koroki Kahukura, who regard the awa as a source of mana and an indicator

of their own mauri or well-being

(Ngati Koroki Kahukura Claims Settlement Act2014)

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LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

The landscape of the Maungatautari district largely consists of exotic rolling pastures intercepted with linear

shelterbelts. The carved edges of the lowland plains a reminder of the extent of the wetland history of the Waikato

River. The surrounding rock formation are a predominate Taonga onsite.

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This map shows the relationship between the current Maori

freehold land within the area in contrast to where the cultural

significant sites remain. In the past, from Cambridge to Pohara,

the land used to be all Maori freehold and all these cultural sites

identified were also on Maori Freehold land. From the map you

can see the huge difference where Maori do not own a lot of the

land within the area but several small lots.

Ngati Koroki Kahukura is trying to gain as much land back as they

can prioritising the land where all the significant sites are. The iwi

also has first rights to purchasing land from general freeholders if

they wish to purchase.

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#Pohara Pā

Sourced from the LINZ Data Service and licensed for re-use under theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand licence

LegendUnclassified Sites

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SiteType! Agricultural/ pastoral

! Cave/ rock shelter

! Flour milling

! Industrial

! Maori horticulture

! Mission station

! Pa

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! Transport/ communication

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The cultural sites of significance map which shows the

archaeological sites within the Pohara and wider area. It is

classified based on the site type which is shown in the legend.

From this we are able to identify the important areas which are of

cultural significance to the local people. We will aim to protect and

preserve these sites as they hold a lot of history.

IWI LAND OWNERSHIP CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCESC

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#Pohara Pā

Sourced from the LINZ Data Service and licensed for re-use under theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand licence

LegendUnclassified Sites

<all other values>

SiteType! Agricultural/ pastoral

! Cave/ rock shelter

! Flour milling

! Industrial

! Maori horticulture

! Mission station

! Pa

! Pit/Terrace

! Transport/ communication

! Unclassified

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Pohara is situated between two major infrastructure points,

Arapuni and Cambridge. Both of these have strong iwi, cultural and

economic connections to the Waikato river. Runoff and sediment

discharge into Pohara and surrounding areas is largely contributed

by lake Arapuni. Poharas relationships with these areas are of great

significance for the future of the land, ecology and its people.

Arapuni is used for trout fishing and water activities, brining people

into the community and surroundings. It is a developing area with

local schools and an infrastructure based community. Cambridge

is the main source of infrastructure, facilitating all necessary

services for the local people and surrounding communities.

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The building of Karapiro Dam has caused lake waters to rise which

has caused distress for Ngati Koroki Kahukura. Their burial sites

were along the river banks of the Waikato River. As a result of the

construction of Karapiro dam the river flooded which had a huge

impact on these wahi tapu sites. There was no protection so bones

from along the banks rose as the river became flooded.

Certain activities have had a direct impact on our awa tupuna,

such as the Karāpiro Dam:

This dam covered a burial site of the battle of taumata wīwī, a

wāhi tapu. To make matters worse, the top of the rocks that were

used as a burial site was removed to allow for international rowing

races.

The damming of the river meant loss of land through flooding.

One million elvers are trapped each year and physically transferred

through the catchment

There is a major weed problem in Karāpiro

HYDROELECTRICITY

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LAND COVER

#Pohara Pā

LegendLand Cover

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Name_2012

Native Vegetation

Exotic Vegetation

Production Vegetation

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LAND-USE CAPABILITY

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This map shows the extensive pastures and the fragmented forest

patches. Forest fragments are small and scattered. The land cover

has been extensively modified and the land use changed to

predominantly farming [dairy and lamb].

The Waikato region has a great water source that supports farming

e.g. irrigation. However, it is noted in research that the quality and

quantity of this water source is declining. Suggestions on how this

could be remedied vary from increasing riparian planting margins

from 25 to 50 meters or increasing canopy cover to help decrease

the evapotranspiration.

The AGF2015 states the benefits of restoring indigenous plant

species to the landscape include increased provision of a range of

ecosystems services, such as;

- Improved crop pollination

- Disease and pest control

- Riparian zone protection of water quality

- Offset of CO2 emissions

This map shows the current land use of the District. The fertile

land being highly sort after by agricultural industries has caused

intensification as is further depleting the availability of these high

quality soils for future agricultural industries. The agricultural

industries reduce the quality of the soils through the application of

fertilizers which affect the natural organisms which help to restore

and balance the life force of the soil. Exotic plants seem to thrive in

these new modified environments making it even harder for the

successional regeneration of native land cover. Native land cover

is the best form of mitigation ensuring the water entering the

waterways, both above and underground is filtered and cleaned

hence securing the future use of the land for the agriculture and

horticulture industries.

#Pohara Pā

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Name_2012

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Name_2012

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Name_2012

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Name_2012

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Name_2012

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#Pohara Pā

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SLOPE

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Geology

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TOPROCK

Undifferentiated Floodplain Alluvium

Gravels

Greywacke

Lahar Deposits

Ashes older than Taupo

Peat

Breccia and Volcanic Alluvium

Unconsolidated to Moderatly Consolidated Clays, Silts and Sands

Ignimbrite and 'Hard' Volcanic Rocks

Lake

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Geology

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TOPROCK

Undifferentiated Floodplain Alluvium

Gravels

Greywacke

Lahar Deposits

Ashes older than Taupo

Peat

Breccia and Volcanic Alluvium

Unconsolidated to Moderatly Consolidated Clays, Silts and Sands

Ignimbrite and 'Hard' Volcanic Rocks

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Slope analysis is vital to ensuring the health of the environment in

terms of reducing sediment runoff and preventing further erosion.

Typically land that is unsuitable for agriculture or cropping is

farmed with pine trees, however depending on the slope degree

this can lead to erosion. Analysis the slope of land gives us an

indication on the erodibility and hence enables us to assign a land

use e.g. return to native for high slope or the use of it for orchards

or forest harvesting.

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TOPOGRAPHY

#Pohara Pā

Legend25m Intervals

#Pohara Pā

Legend25m Intervals

This map shows shows the formation of land largely influenced

by historic volcanic activity and the evolution of the Waikato

River system. The topography of the district varies from the high

volcanic cone of Maungatautari (797m) to the low terraces and

floodplains of the existing Waikato River Channel. [www.ew.govt.

nz]

The identification of the hydrological conditions on site is to show

the way water has changed the landscape over time and the

ecological state of the land. By mapping key identifications we

are able to show where stream ordering has occurred and where

areas of significance to the ecology of the landscape can be found.

Through identification of the stream orders and catchment areas

we are able to understand the site conditions and the implications

we could face. The Waikato River is a vital part of the ecosystem

in the Waikato region and effects even the biodiversity found up

stream were larger catchments including Lake Taupo lies. The

characteristics and hydrology of the river shapes it surrounding

landscapes, but with the altering of the water flow and ecosystems

due to farming, large scale implications are formed.

HYDROLOGY

#Pohara Pā

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ORDER

Order 1

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ORDER

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STRATEGY: EXTRUSION

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COMPOSITION OVERLAY

Ecological performance and cultural considerations are

implemented into the design process because it recognises

important cultural values which is an integral element. Through

land use strategies we can divide site spatially based on landscape

patterns and capabilities but also understanding how this

influences cultural, social, economic and ecological relations.

Through extrusion we were able to show our strategy and how

revegetation of natives and riparian margins can manage current

issues of erosion due to agriculture, water quality and the quality

of the land itself. By understanding the land potential, we can

spatially arrange zoning for land use within the area to control

these spaces to benefit the environment and the people.

Ecological Approach

The map shows areas suitable for revegetation e.g.

Areas of unstable land such as on hills and beside streams,

Areas to retire land that is unsuitable for a particular land use due

to its vicinity and areas that can enhance the establishing of a

connection from the maunga to the awa.

The black and white mosaic composition map consists of the

following explored data:

• Land Use Capability

• Land Cover

• Hydrology

• Slope

By overlaying this data into one map we are able to understand the

land potential and visualise opportunities to assist our decision

making towards developing ecological strategies and land use

planning.

Best land potential

High land potential

Good land potential

Limited land potential

Restricted land potential

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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE AND COMMUNITYNgati Koroki Kahukura Values

Kaitiak itanga: managing and conserving the environment as part of a reciprocal

relationship, based on the Māori world view that we as humans are part of the natural

world

Kotahitanga: unity, cohesion and collaboration

Whanaungatanga: a relationship through shared experiences and working together

which provides people with a sense of belonging

Tikanga: Doing what is right

Mana

The status of iwi and hapū as mana whenua is

recognised and respected

Whakapapa

Recognises and celebrates the significance of mana

whenua ancestral names

Taiao

The natural environment is protected, restored and /

or enhanced

Mauri Tu

Environmental health is protected, maintained and / or

enhanced

Mahi Toi

Iwi/hapū narratives are captured and expressed

creatively and appropriately

Tohu

Mana whenua significant sites and cultural landmarks

MAORI DESIGN PRINCIPLESCultural Landscape

The fabric of the the Maori cultural landscape includes all physical and spiritual dimensions of whanau, hapu and iwi as expressed in our living environments - our whenua, kainga, whare and public spaces

Culture is vital to the local community. Culturally insensitive projects may be received in a negative way. We aim to promote the importance of culture within the community and reflect this through the ecological restoration strategies.

Balance through design can show how future development, land and resources can be sustained using a hybrid of modern and traditional methods and knowledge. By identifying the key values for Ngati we can then apply these indigenous concepts to create a strategic foundation.

Through communication we achieve a cultural perspective, through listening we learn and then can understand the objectives to reflect and apply to develop a strategy which incorporates economic, ecologic, social and environmental considerations.

Local Perception.

The puna flowed into wetlands, the people of pohara are concerned that an increase in demand will affect the quantity and quality of this water supply and would like solutions to remedy this occurrence.

Access to cultural resources; especially identifying the potential areas which could provide dyes produced from peat soils, Increasing species population in stream biodiversity which may include the revitalization of tuna and/or Koura which is of cultural significance

Rejuvenate, protect and preserve the puna situated near Pohara Marae which is currently isolated. Previous water demand relied on access to only two taps providing freshwater in contrast to today where they heavily rely on water supply to accommodate 15 houses located at Pohara papakainga

“The restoration of native bush, birds and reptiles to Maungatauturi is of immense importance to our people. Our Kaumatua have talked about restoring the dawn

chorus to our sacred maunga”

Artist: Brett Graham2524

ECOLOGY

Biosecurity

WETLAND RESTORATION

Forest defragmentation

Early settlement was generally close to resources such

as wetlands. Pohara Pa sits between two significant

ecosystems, the riverine system of the Waikato River

and the Forest system of Maungatautari, both offering

different food and resources. The land of Pohara is

alluvial and volcanic ash, bore holes dug onsite have

recovered fern from 70m down, suggesting the depth

of coverage after the Taupo eruption. The pre-eruption

land would have been Bracken, Flax, toitoi, wetlands

and swamp. The elders from Pohara remember

bracken up to 1.8 meters high around the waterways

which they used for bathing screens. The surrounding

rock formation are a predominate feature onsite. At the

base of the cliffs the overland flow sediment is visibly

noticeable and patches of erosion is showing on banks

without vegetation. Wetlands were abundant with

food, harakeke (flax) for weaving, and other resources

for medicine, food, building, and craft use. Wetlands

have been identified as essential to the New Zealand

landscape, as natural carbon sponge’s wetlands

can help with climate change and contribute other

significant ecological system benefits such as;

• Carbon sequestration

• Habitats

• Water purification and sediment removal

• Flood protection and water management

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What needs to be thought about when designing:

• Exotic species have dominant seed banks.

• Increase biodiversity by fixing eco system

• processes

• Prevent biosecurity threats

Biodiversity

The biodiversity of the Maungatautari district within

the Waikato prior to settlement was generously

covered in scrub and fern. Since settlement, the

land has been extensively cleared, the majority of it

now farmed [dairying, beef and lamb]. The clearing

processes used [burning, draining, felling] and the land

use intensification have been the dominant modifier

in this region. The modification of the land has caused

severe damage to some ecological areas such as

stream degradation, flow regime modification and

disruption of fish passages and spawning grounds. The

modification of habitats causes competition for space

and food. Some species of the area are now extinct

such as the short tailed bat, a valuable pollinator to

some of our native flora and others have disappeared

from streams such as the Koura [Fresh water crayfish]

and Tuna [Long fin eel].

Birds native to the area include the Whitehead, N.Z.

Pigeon, Kaka, Bellbird and Tui.

Groundwater recharge

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FOREST FRAGMENTS

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Pohara sits 5km from Maungatautari Tui can fly 10-12km.

This map shows the fragmented forest reminants scattered

through the region. The rings represent a 2.5km and 5km

distance from pohara. Research recommends that large forest

patches should be within 5km of each other and hop-stop

smaller patches 1-2km apart. This dispersal gives wildlife the

ability to move.Taking into account the 5km distance Pohara

is from Maungatautari and the 2.5km distance from Waitako

it reflects the potential of Pohara being a significant support

patch for the flora and fauna of Maungatautari.Forest patch

restoration: Research also suggests that the restoration of

native forest is unlikely to occur spontaniously due to the

fast growing competition of introduced species. This map

shows that with the addition of vegetated buffers e.g. riparian

planting and shelterbelt understorey planting the fragmented

land starts to reconnect providing safe migration corridors for

wildlife as they leave Maungatautari in search of food and

new habitats. The increase of patch sizes with the additional

buffering and the removal of water flow barriers will not only

protect the interior habitats and help with the successional

regeneration of forest but also support fish migration and

seed dispersal

GREEN CORRIDORS

• 20m riparian strip along stream• 10m understorey planting under shelterbelts• Protection of regeneration of natives• The conversion of slopes into native• The regeneration of vegetation through the valley of the puna

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Green and Blue Corridors: Creating networks through the addition

of green corridors will not only help support travel for flora and

fauna, but protect their habitats and assist in mitigating and

cleaning the water of contaminants before it enters the riverine

system. To reduce edge effect penetration [Meurk, Hall] bigger,

compact areas are preferred rather than little patches that have

a limited inner core habitat. Where possible increasing the patch

sizes to 6.25 ha with a minimum 2-ha core to sustain sensitive

plants and animals.

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Everything is connected and forms part of a life cycle. In the Maungatautari Ecological District 90% of the land has been modified. Simple implementations create domino effects on the surrounding area. With a focus on our most sacred resource, water, we propose the following strategies to protect and enhance this ecological area whilst securing adequate land for economic development. Add native vegetation buffers to streams and overland flow paths. The planting of overland flow paths will help recharge groundwater and enhance sediment control. The riparian planting along streams can be buffered with non invasive, native, organic cultivation such as ‘pa harakeke’ or fruit orchards. [seed banks are held by Landcare research for Marae’s to establish ‘pa harakeke].

Add native vegetation buffers to road sides and shelterbelt understory. This extends the green corridors, creates connections across land and between waterways for fauna to migrate.

Restore the lowland winter feeding grounds with the enhancement of native vegetation to support the efforts of Maungatautari. resources for the native birds of Maungatautari.

Minimise the loss of economically viable land by creating hybrid vegetation buffers using a mixture of native resource productive and non-invasive exotic resource productive plants. This will help create resilience in terms of securing future food productive land whilst protecting and enhancing the resource’s we rely on for survive.

ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE

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ECONOMIC RESILIENCE

The economic relief through the creation of an ecological camp/retreat at Pohara which boasts a cultural nature link to the Waikato River and Maungatautari sanctuary has the potential to attract and keep people in the area. This cultural link will also form a connection for the people of Pohara to their toanga [Awa and Maunga] whilst giving them an opportunity to educate groups on the importance of biodiversity, biosecurity and cultural values such as Mauri of the land and Kaikititanga of our natural resources. With an increase in tourism expected in the region it is an opportunity to create places for people to stay whilst engaging them on the values of Maori culture.

As a part of a larger collective of land owned by Ngati Koroki Kahukura the opportunity for iwi

to be self sufficient is realistic, with the addition of solar power they could go off the grid. Pohara

alone has extensive community connections with Maungatautari sanctuary, local schools, kapa

haka groups to historic waka journeys organized for local Iwi down the Waikato river. These

connections create opportunities to build further networks nationally and globally through

tourism and to provide economically viable facilities to accommodate them:

Organic produce (market/s)

Organic farmstay/ Boutique B&B Marae style

Camp/ retreats

Cultural walks through nature

Bird watching

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Waikato taniwha rau, he piko he taniwha, he piko he taniwha

Waikato of a hundred chiefsat every bend a chief, at every turn a chief

Documents

Pohara Marae Ecological Strategy