POLA ANALISA SOSIAL Pertemuan 12 Matakuliah: Sosiologi Komunikasi Massa Tahun: 2009/2010

POLA ANALISA SOSIALPertemuan 12

Matakuliah : Sosiologi Komunikasi MassaTahun : 2009/2010

Komponen Penelitian Ilmiah• Obyektif / Subjektif• Systematis• Metodologis

3Bina Nusantara University

Pilihan Metodologi– Research Questions

– Pertanyaan Penelitian– Research Goals

– Tujuan Penelitian– Researcher Beliefs and Values

– Nilai-nilai dan Kepercayaan Peneliti– Researcher Skills

– Kemampuan Peneliti– Time and Funds

– Waktu dan Dana


Sumber Data• Kualitatif

– Artifact– Speech– Behavior

• Kuantitatif– Variable


Konteks Penelitian– Who were the subjects?

• Umur, Jenis Kelamin, Warga Negara, dll• Pendidikan, Pengalaman Kerja, dll

– What were they doing?• Deskripsi Pekerjaan, dll• Current projects, etc

– When was data collected?• Time of day and year• How did it fit into their day?

– Where did data collection take place?• Physical surroundings• Geographical location

– Why did they participate?• Motivations, both individual and organizational

– How was data gathered?• Details of methods – recording, format, who was present, etc.


Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms

• The qualitative paradigm concentrates on investigating subjective data, in particular, the perceptions of the people involved. The intention is to illuminate these perceptions and, thus, gain greater insight and knowledge.

• The quantitative paradigm concentrates on what can be measured. It involves collecting and analysing objective (often numerical) data that can be organised into statistics.


Defining Media events• Mediated history?• ‘the high holidays of mass communication’

(Dayan and Katz)• Different from – and often interrupt – normal

scheduled programming– Live– Remote– Pre-planned


Media events in theoretical context – Durkheim

• Elementary Forms of the Religious Life– ‘the sacred’ and ‘the profane’– Society celebrates itself through ritual

• The Division of Labour– ‘organic solidarity’– ‘mechanical solidarity’


Media events as ritual

• Anthropological accounts of role of ritual in society (Turner, Van Gennep)

• Media events provide feelings of unity and togetherness for atomised, individualised audiences

• BUT - ‘Media events…are privileged moments, not because they reveal society’s underlying solidarity, but because they reveal the mythical construction of the mediated centre at its most intense’ (Couldry)

Social Order (in crisis?)

Social Order (restored)

Ritual

‘liminality’

‘communitas’


Media events and Weber• Three forms of authority

– Rational-legal– Charismatic– Traditional

• Different types of media events draw on or reflect different forms of authority (conquests, contests and coronations)


Contests • Typically political or

sporting contests (election campaigns, debates, Olympics, World Cup)

• Fixed and cyclical• Rational authority• Agreed rules – ‘a level

playing field; ‘the best man (sic) will win’


Conquests• The rarest events –

moments of human achievement or triumph (Moon landings, Mandela, Sadat in Jerusalem)

• Acts of ‘heroism’ • Charismatic authority• Changing the rules –

signalling change and progress


Coronations• Not fixed in time – but

recurrent (Elizabeth II, Royal Weddings, Diana’s Funeral)

• The ‘nation’ is the stage

• Traditional authority• Signals continuity


Re-thinking media events• Is this sufficient to account for all media events in

21st century? (the unplanned?; the ‘invented’)• Are audiences unified? (Princess Diana)• Media events in the digital age

– Media events restore the primacy of broadcasting

– Give broadcasters the chance to demonstrate their centrality & innovativeness


Social Policy and Mass Media

• What effect does movie and TV violence have on audiences?

• Does violence in the media lead people, especially youth, to become more violent?

• Media Violence– The Issue



• We spend great deal of time with the media• Does watching hours of mass media with

violent images cause one to behave differently?

– Some studies linked exposure to media violence to subsequent aggressive behavior

• Media Violence– The Setting

It is important to recognize that other factors besides the media are also related to aggressive behavior.



• If function of media is to entertain, socialize, and enforce social norms, can violence be part of that message?

• Even if viewer does not necessarily become more violent from watching violent images, there could be desensitization

• Media Violence– Sociological Insights



• Conflict and feminist theorists are troubled that victims depicted in violent imagery are often:

– Women– Children– Poor– Racial minorities– Citizens of foreign countries– Physically disabled




• Interactionists especially interested in finding out if violence in media may then become script for real-life behavior



Reluctance to pass laws regarded as censorship


• Policymakers responded to links between violence depicted in media and real life aggression:

– Public statements of support for family-oriented, less-violent media content

• Media Violence– Policy Initiatives


Social Policy and Mass MediaFigure 7-4. Violence on Prime-Time Television, 1998—2002

Source: Parents Television Council 2003


Conclusions• Media events and ‘the live broadcasting of

history’• Weber and Durkheim (and anthropological

accounts of ritual) offer new perspectives on media power

• ‘Unify’ atomized audiences• Re-assert the primacy of broadcasting for a

dispersed audience


Documents

POLA ANALISA SOSIAL Pertemuan 12 Matakuliah: Sosiologi Komunikasi Massa Tahun: 2009/2010