Police History Chapter One Police Polis – Greek for city Politia – Latin for civil administration Police – French 1700s began to refer to civil control

Police HistoryPolice History

Chapter OneChapter One

Police

Police

• Polis – Greek for city• Politia – Latin for civil

administration• Police – French 1700s

began to refer to civil control of public order

• Marine Police – 1798 first body named police in London (protected port ships)

• Polis – Greek for city• Politia – Latin for civil

administration• Police – French 1700s

began to refer to civil control of public order

• Marine Police – 1798 first body named police in London (protected port ships)

Student Assessment Response

The origin of police comes from:

A. Latin

B. Armenian

C. Greek

D. Latin and Greek

E. Armenian and Arabic

Civil vs. Military

• Important that police power is civil

• Military – trained to search and destroy

• Limits likelihood of military coup

• Many countries still have police functions under military authority– Tend to be strong arms for dictators

Early PoliceThe Origins of Modern Law

Enforcement

Early Police

• Traditionally policing was left in the hands of the family

• 5th century BC Rome created Questors– “trackers of murder”

• 3rd century BC developed magistrates – Appointed by public– Adjudicated cases civil and criminal– Meted out punishments

Early Police (con’t)

Around 1 BC Augustus forms:

• Praetorian Guard – first police force– Protect palace and emperor

• Praefectus Urbi – to protect city

• Vigiles of Rome – – originally fire fighters– Patrolled streets and became first civil police

force to protect citizens– Very brutal, origin of word vigilante

Early Police (con’t)

• FF to France 1300’s

• Louis IX created the Provost – to enforce law and supervise night watch

• Marechausee formed as a mounted military patrol to supervise highways


Traditionally policing was left to who:

A. police

B. priests

C. family

D. judges

E. aliens


The first police force was:

A. The Praetorian Guard

B. Vigiles of Rome

C. Augustus

D. Praefectus Urbi

E. Men in tights

English PolicingOur Predecessor

English Policing

King Alfred established the Mutual Pledge• Citizens protected each other• Tithings – ten families• Hundred – ten tithings• Hue and Cry – call for help, citizens

required to respond• Constable, 1st English police officer, dealt

with serious breaches of the law• Shire – groupings of hundred in given area• ShireReeve – governed shire

English Policing

Statute of Winchester formally established:• The watch and ward required all men to:

1. Patrolled streets dusk to dawn2. Duties like lighting street lamps, fire

fighting, garbage3. Enforcing the law

• The hue and cry• Parish constable – primary LE agent• Required males to keep weapons• Crime not to assist the watch

English Policing – 1400’s

• Justice of the Peace (JP) established – Designed to assist sheriffs

– Developed judicial functions

– Constables reported to them• Constables began investigations, serving

court papers and warrants

English Policing – 1700s• Magistrates created

– Assisted JPs

– Ordered arrests, reviewed cases

• Beadles – assisted COPs

• Thief-Takers – private police– Given money for every criminal arrest

• Similar to bounty hunter

– Used to reduce highway robbery

– Later extended to broader applications

English Policing – 1700s

Henry Fielding – Westminster magistrate

• Formed Bow Street Runners – a small investigative unit (1st)

– A model for many years

• Later formed horse patrol

• Londoners opposed public funded police – preferred private system

• Foot patrol established-London 1770

English Policing – 1700s• Marine Police established

• 1804 – 1st uniformed police

• Increasing crime increased public opinion on public police

English Policing – 1800sRobert Peel – wrote Metropolitan Police

Act• Established 1st large scale, uniformed,

paid, civil police• 1000 officers• Armed with baton-type weapon• Commanded by magistrates who

were renamed commissioners• Police called “bobbies”

Peels 7 Principles1. Organized along military lines2. Selective hiring and training3. Probation period, fire if not up to

standards4. Civil control5. Organized and deployed by time and

area6. Central located HQs7. Police records maintained


The watch and ward required all men to:A. Patrolled streets dusk to dawn

B. Keep weapons

C. Pay a tithe

D. Duties like lighting street lamps, fire fighting, garbage

E. Enforcing the law


Fielding started what might have been the first investigative agency called:

A. Thief takers

B. Praetorian guard

C. Bobbies

D. Marine Police

E. Bow Street Runners

American PolicingAmerican Policing

A Brief HistoryA Brief History

American Policing• Early protection was family

• Militia was formed to face major threats like raids

• 1700s began to model British changes

• Sheriff was major figure in rural areas

• Marshall was key urban figure aided by constables and night watchmen– Watch system begins to crumble: mostly

drunks and criminals

American Policing• Emergencies were handled by the

people

• This led to the American tradition of vigilantism (taking matters into your own hands)

• LE development in U.S. took two distinct paths:– Urban/eastern

– Frontier


Who was the major figure in rural areas:

A. sheriff

B. magistrates

C. Bobbies

D. judges

E. marshals

Policing in the 1800s

Urban Experience

American Policing – Urban 1800s

• Constables on day watch• The watch at night

– Incompetent and Ineffective

• Boston – first organized police dept created in 1838, worked days– Night watch taken over 1851

• New York – first Peel style PD 1845– Issued copper stars (cops)– Uniforms instituted in 1853


• Primary job in 1800s was enforcement arm for political parties, protect private property, and clamp down on immigrants

• Politics dominated policing – force often fired with new administration

• Police were not armed – often carried own pistol– This changed when court ruled in

favor of police officer shooting a perp


• Limited training and limited equipment

• Corruption was rampant

• Police relied on brute force and brutality (page 301)

• Citizens hated cops

• Established tradition of brutality and corruption still plaguing us


• Boston forms 1st US CID (criminal investigation division)

• Telegraph machines used

• Telephone call boxes in the 1880s

• “Paddy” wagons commonly used


First PD in US:

A. Atlanta

B. New York

C. Baltimore

D. LA

E. Boston


Early American police left which stigma for modern police:

A. Incompetence

B. Corruption

C. Racism

D. Instability

E. Political nature

American PolicingFrontier Experience

American Policing – Frontier 1800s

• Elected Sheriffs and Marshals appointed by the mayor or city council were only LE agents

• Usually collected taxes and served court

• Could call Posse Comitatus – men over 15 had to serve– Common law descendant of Hue &

Cry

• Led to vigilantism and lynch mobs


• Federal Judiciary Act 1789 – est. U.S. Marshals– Could call on militia– Federalized posse comitatus

• Military – post-civil war use included protecting blacks from KKK

• Posse Comitatus Act 1879 prohibited use of military for civil law enforcement


• Texas Rangers – originally bodyguards hired to protect Texicans– Became border patrol

– Became 1st state police agency w/ Texas becoming state 1845

– Combated cattle rustlers

– Had general police powers

• Copied by every state except Hawaii


• Private Police – more effective on frontier

• Allan Pinkerton (Scotland) est. agency that protected Lincoln– Later employed by US Dept. of Justice,

railroads, land speculators

– Busted major train robbers

– Eye from logo became origin of “private eye”


• Henry Wells & William Fargo founded Wells Fargo in 1852 to capitalize on California banking– Mail carrying service and stage coaches

• Carried millions in gold

– Relentlessly pursued thieves

– Armored car division still around


Posse Comitatus :

A. Allows sheriffs to call men to help

B. Was common law descendant of Hue & Cry

C. U.S. Marshal power after 1789

D. 1879 prohibits military from police actions

E. All of the above


Private security that protected Lincoln:

A. Wells Fargo

B. Asset Protection

C. Secret Service

D. Pinkerton

E. O.P.

American PolicingTwentieth Century

American Policing – 1900s• Century marked by attempts to

reform police and emergence of professionalism

• Boston Police Strike – 1919– Demanded pay increases

– State militia broke it up

– Crushed unionization for decades

American Policing – 1900s• Prohibition – increased demands on

police to reduce gang violence– Corruption rampant

• Wickersham Commission – 1929– Prohibition unenforceable– Police commanders term too short and

insecure– Lack of effective and honest cops– Lack of training, education, and discipline– Inadequate communications and

equipment

American Policing – 1900s• Wickersham Commission – 1929

– Criticized police for being brutal and racist

– Blamed lack of police professionalism

– Suggested selectivity in hiring, better pay, and more education

– Key player – August Vollmer

• International Assoc. of Chiefs of Police (IACP) formed – Called for removal of political influence

and creation of civil service

American Policing – 1900s• August Vollmer – Chief of Berkley, Ca

• Instituted professionalism– University training

– IQ & psychological testing

– Scientific crime detection

– Taught crime solving techniques

– Started School of Criminology @ Berkley

• Sparked reform movement

• Considered father of modern policing

American Policing – 1900s• O.W. Wilson

– Pioneered advanced training

– Use statistics to make patrol decisions• Proved one man patrols were as safe

– Stressed efficient management • Rapid response to calls• One man patrol• Workload formulas based on reported crimes

and calls for service

American Policing – 1900s• J. Edger Hoover

– Attorney for Dept. of Justice 1921– 1st Director of FBI (48 year term)– Focused on public image of federal agent– Sought accountants and lawyers– Started:

• UCRs in 30s• NCIC• Started 10 Most Wanted• Started FBI Academy• plus numerous others

American Policing – 1900s• J. Edger Hoover

– Wanted perception of incorruptible crime fighting G-men (gov’t men)

– Modern historians mixed – recent focus on surveillance of MLK & Elvis, racism and civil rights investigations, and even rumors of cross-dressing

– Nonetheless – formed FBI and advanced professional standards by example

American Policing – 1900s• Kefauver Commision – 1950

– Investigated police corruption

– Discovered nationwide network of organized crime

– Uncovered massive corruption


Criticized police for being brutal, corrupt, and racist:

A. Wickersham Commission

B. Kefauver Commision

C. J. Edger Hoover

D. Herbert Hoover

E. IACP


Started Top Ten Most Wanted list:

A. Wickersham Commission

B. Kefauver Commision

C. J. Edger Hoover

D. Herbert Hoover

E. IACP

American Policing

Modern Era

Policing - Modern Era• Supreme Court changed everything

– Warren Court: individual rights

– Dramatic use of exclusionary rule (ER)

– Gutted cases due to errors: guilty went free

– Mapp: applied ER to nation

– Escobedo: council at interrogations

– Miranda: advised rights w/ Custody & Questioning

– Court decisions majorly changed procedure

Policing - Modern Era• Civil Rights – always in the middle

– In south, enforcement of Crow laws

– Police often used to inhibit marches and intimidate protests and boycotts

– Bull Conner (bullhorn): Birmingham used dogs and hoses to end protests. Criticized for not investigating church bombings• Minority relations STILL strained

– Left a wound in minority/police relations still evident today: King riots

Policing - Modern Era• National Commissions: formed

periodically to evaluate elements of police in 60s & 70s

• Local Commissions: formed to investigate local issues– NY Knapp Commission investigated

corruption • Initiated by Serpico

• Police research becomes important

Policing - Modern Era• Community Policing gains popularity in

90s– Based on San Diego program

• Compstat – Compare Stats– Evaluates stats and weekly brainstorming

session to strategize

– Commanders held responsible for increases• Corporate structure

Policing - Modern Era• Compstat (con’t)

– Four step process:• Timely and accurate intelligence• Effective use of tactics in response• Rapid deployment• Relentless follow up and assessment

Policing - Modern Era• Increased scrutiny from media

– King, scandal, Louima, O.J., Furman…

– L.A. Riots – history of poor minority relations with LAPD

• Yet – crime at 30 year low– Better trained officers, better selection

process

– Many improvement are evident

– Best can get even better


New crime reduction program:

A. IEP

B. Community Policing

C. IACP

D. Compstat

E. The David Chappelle Show


Supreme Court that expanded ER:

A. Rehnquist Court

B. Warren Court

C. Thomas Court

D. Marshall Court

E. Brenner Court

Roswell Police

A Brief History

Roswell PD• ? - 1836 Military enforced Indian

Treaty with Cherokee Nation until Trail of Tears

• Present day Roswell incorporated into Cobb County 1836

• Cobb County Sheriff Maloney 1st LE agent over Roswell

• Roswell King family enforced law locally

Roswell PD• 1854 Roswell City incorporated

– Established a Marshal, constables and made Board of Commissioners all Justices of the Peace

– Zachariah Taylor – Roswell Town Constable after Civil War

Roswell PD

Roswell PD• Ordinances issued in 1878 prohibited:

– Business opened on Sunday– Noise making on Sunday– Alcohol sales within 3 miles of city– Outhouses within 10 feet of street

• Marshal could arrest anyone breaking law in town without a warrant

• Fees were collected and paid to Marshal: usually .50 cents

Roswell PD• 1890 population: 1,200• Late 1800’s – WWI LE was mostly town

Marshal and Sheriff Deputies• 1921 – first mention of a chief of police

– May have referred to only police officer John Hood

• 1926 Hood had first police car – a ford seized from bootleggers

• Fulton County incorporated w/ Roswell• 1939 Private security hired for night watch

Roswell PD• 1943 – Chief McGuinnis hired at $125 a

month provided he would get a phone line put in his house

• He was replaced in 1944 by J.B. Samples who quit four months later

• 1950 Police Committee formed• Two police worked 12 hour shifts 7 days a

week• 1958 Radio car linked to Atlanta PD

– Atlanta PD covered all of Fulton County until 1970s

Roswell PD

Roswell PD• Chief Wingo served 50s and 60s

• Major problem – moonshine

• 1960 police given 5 holidays

• 1963 Jail, PD, and 2 cars linked by radio system

• Det. Bryson – 1st Detective 1964

Roswell PD - 1965

Roswell PD - 1970

Roswell PD• 1974 department becomes public safety

department– Supervisors wear business attire

– Chief becomes “Public Safety Director”

• 1975 returns to paramilitary structure

• 1978 POST certification required

• 1982 – special operations unit formed

Roswell PD• 1971 – 8 officers

• 1977 – 30

• 1998 – 98 officers, 148 total employees

• 1993 – moved into new facility with 88 inmate capacity jail and state of the art communications center

Roswell PD - 1972

Roswell PD - 1976

Roswell PD - 1991

Roswell PD - 1965

Roswell PD - 1992

Roswell PD Today

Roswell PD Officer Leslie Warden KIA 06/14/86

End Chapter One

Documents

Police History Chapter One Police Polis – Greek for city Politia – Latin for civil administration Police – French 1700s began to refer to civil control