Pooja-qutub Complex Report 17-12-2015

8/19/2019 Pooja-qutub Complex Report 17-12-2015

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SUBMITTED BY:

POOJA SAGGUM.ARCH. (3RD SEM)

RECREATION ARCHITECTURE

F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

QUTUB COMPLEX (WORLD HERITAGE SITE)


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Delhi- Through the past millenium

A seat of one empire after another since 11th

century, Delhi is an amalgamation of many cities

built at different times in its thousand year

history. The modern day manifestations of Delhi

are physically very different but they all to some

extent overlap with the historic cities.

Delhi is strategically located on the banks of river

Yamuna, in the wide corridor between the

mountains and the desert, through which the

traffic used to pass between central Asia and

peninsular India. The city is situated where a

spur of the Aravalli hills meet the river Yamuna

and these rocky outcrops were the sites of some

of the earliest settlements.

The two main geographical features – the ridge the river – determined the drainage and the soil

conditions which were crucial factors governing settlement of people in these areas, based on the

knowledge of the terrain and the slopes, the water systems were planned and the structureserected to tap the streams at strategic points. These natural features have played a key role in the

evolution of the city.

Several cities were built in the terrain. All these cities of Delhi had extensive water harvestingsystems, which enabled its inhabitants to meet their daily needs


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Historic cities of delhi

Tomar king Anangpal II built the

walls of Lal Kot in 1060 A.D.

some 10 Kms away from Suraj

Kund on a more prominent and

easily defended outcrop of rock.

The original walls of the city were

3.6 km in circumference with a

speculated population of

Around 5000 – 6000.

The city was extended by

Chauhan ruler Prithvi Raj

Chauhan in 1160 A.D. and came

to be known as Qila Rai Pithora.

It was over four times the size of

Lal Kot with the circumference of

the walls being around 8 Km.

t is clear from the quality of carvings on the surviving temple columns that Rajput Delhi was a

place of some substance, even thought it was not the preminent city in the region.

Advent of Islamic rulers in India is marked by the end of 12th century A.D, with the defeat of Prithvi

Raj Chauhan, at the hands of Muhammad of Ghor , in 1192 A.D.


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Mehrauli

Mehrauli is a neighborhood in the south west district of delhi in india.

Mehrauli is one of the seven cities that make up the present state of delhi.

It is one of the tourist attractions in delhi because of several monuments.

Mehrauli glorious architecture from the past distinguishes it from other areas.

MEHRAULI

Mehrauli – Spirit of Place

Spirit is not some thing that can

be expressed in words. It can

only be felt, human lives areshaped and reflected in forms

and patterns arising out of

activities and needs, the

environment around us is a

statement of this.


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Introduction – Qutub Complex

Probably the oldest continuously inhabited region in delhi, the area around the

Qutub Complex, commonly known as Mehrauli, is the site of delhi’s oldest fortified city, Lal

Kot, founded by the Tomar Rajputs ruler Anangpal IN AD 1060.

The turks invaded the city of lalkot in ad 1192 and with this brought in the sultanate rule. The

Quwwatul- Islam Mosque (1192) is a masterpiece of Indo-Muslim Art and one of the Oldest

Mosques in India.

The most significant building of early sultanate rule is the Qutub Minar (a UNESCO world

Heritage site) built in the early part of the thirteenth century.

Around the qutub are important buildings like

Illtutmish’s tomb(1235),

Alai darwaza (1310) , and Alauddin’s madrasa (1317) built by later sultans such as Illtutmish

and Alauddin khalji.

Alauddin khilji also started to build another minar, that was meant to overshadow the Qutub

Minar completely. The construction of this building was abandoned after his death and today,

only a rubble base known as the Alai minar remains.

The Qutb complex was built by Qutb al-Din Aybak (reg. 1206 - 1211) who established the first

Islamic sultanate in the Indian subcontinent in Delhi in 1192. It is located within the citadel of

Qal'a-e-Rai Pithora (Qila Rai Pithora) where Qutb al-Din also set up his administrative quarters

and residence. Also known as Quwwat ul Islam, meaning the 'might of Islam.

Map Showing Qutub Complex and its surroundings

QUTUB

COMPLEX


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Site Location and its Connectivity

I.G.I

AIRPORT

NEW DELHI

RAILWAYSTATION

NEW DELHI

METRO STATION

SAKET METRO

STATION

QUTUB MINAR

METRO STATIONCHATAR PUR

METRO STATION

HAZRAT

NIZAMUDDIN

RAILWAY STATION

QUTUB

MINAR

A U R O B I N D O

R O A D

SAFDARJUNG

AIRPORT

LEGEND

Airport

Metro

Railway

station

N

LOCATION :

• Qutub Complex is on Mehrauli Badarpur road, New Delhi .

• Latitude - 28°30′57″n longitude - 77°10′39″e

• It has a semi-arid climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures.

While the summer temperatures may go up to 46 °c, the winters can seem freezing to people

used to a warm climate with near 0 °c.

• The soil consists of sandy loam to loam texture. The water level has gone down in the recent

past hovering between 45 m to 50 m due to rise in population


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Land Use

ZONE - J

QUTUB

COMPLEX LAND

ZONAL DEVELOPMENT

PLAN FOR ZONE - G


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Site Surroundings

Surrounding Monuments

Mehrauli Village

Mehrauli

Archaeological

Park

QUTUB

COMPLEX

Lado Sarai

Lal Kot

Qila Rai Pithora

COUNTRY – INDIA

STATE – DELHI

ZONE – SOUTH

MUNICIPAL ZONE – ZONE J

SOURCE :INTACH

QUTUB

COMPLEX

Map Showing Heritage Route


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9

Qutub Complex (1192 - 1317 A.D.)

7

8

7. Screen Arched

8. Alauddin Khilji’s Tomb and Madarsa

9. Imam Zamim’s Tomb

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• Qutub Complex consists of a Mosque and Two Minarets enclosed within a series of cloisterprecincts.

• This Rectangular Complex measures about 235 M (North-south) By 155 M (East-West) along

the exterior.

• The mosque, known as the Qutub or Quwwat-ul-islam Mosque, occupies the Southwest

corner of the complex. It consists of rectangular enclosures, all the later work of Aibak's

successors.

• The Iron Pillar stands on the Southwest corner of the complex. The Iron Pillar dates back to

the 4th B.C. It bears inscriptions that dedicate it as a flagstaff to honor the Hindu god Vishnu and

in memory of Gupta king Chandragupta II (375-413 AD).

• The Qutb Minar (minaret) stands in the southeastern part of this enclosure.

• The complex was entered via four monumental gates along the north, east and south walls, of

which only the southern gate (Alai Darwaza) remains.

• The unfinished Alai Minar (minaret) stands in the Northeastern part of the complex.

• A tall Screen wall with pointed archways runs along the western edge of the precinct, creating a

Qibla wall for the prayer spaces.

• In addition to these elements, the complex also contains several smaller buildings: the Tomb of

Iltutmish, Alauddin Khalji's Madrasa and Tomb, and the Imam Zamim’s Tomb.


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Timeline :- Qutub Complex •Anangpal Tomar II

builds fortress and

declares it capital

LAL KOT

•He brought IRON

PILLAR

106O AD

118O AD

Chauhans extended

Lal Kot to form Qila

Rai Pithora

1192 AD•Muhammad Ghors

defeated Chauhans

•Construction of

Quwwat- Ul –

Islam mosque

started

QUTUB

COMPLEX

1198 AD

Quwwat- Ul- Islam

mosque completed

1199 AD•Qutub Minar

const. started

•Screen arched

façade was

added in frontof sanctuary.

1 1 T H C

E N . A D

1 2 T H C

E N . A D

1 3 T H C

E N . A D

(1206-11 AD)

•Qutub Aibak ruled

appointed by Ghor.

•Only first storey

completed of Qutub

Minar

(1211-36AD)•Illtutmish ruled

In (1230) added 3

more storey’s in

Qutub Minar

1235 AD

Illtutmish tomb

built

1236 ADIlltutmish died

1 5 & 1 6 T H C

E N . A D

1 4 T H C

E N . A D

(1296-1316AD)

•Alauddin Khilji ruled

•Alauddin’s madarsa

&tomb

•Alai Minar

(1311 AD)•Alai Darwaza built

1368 AD•Minar damaged

by lightning

•Firoz Shah

Tughlaq added•2 storey’s

(1316 AD)

•Alauddin khilji

died (1489-1517AD)

•Imam Zamim came

to delhi

•He built this

masoleum in his life

time

•Died in 1539

1 9 T H C

E N . A D

(1803 AD)

Earthquake destroyed

toothless cupola

(1805AD)Repaired started by

Major Smith

(1828AD)

Restoration

completed by

major Smith


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1. Quwwat - Ul – Islam Mosque (Built by Qutub Din Aibak – 1195 A.D.)

The Quwwat-Ul-Islam Mosque

Belongs To The Qutub Minar

Complex .

It's Believed To Be the first mosque

built in India - It Was Built By

Qutub-ud-din Aibak in 1195 ad in

the citadel of Rai Pithora ,AlthoughSome Parts Show Signs Of Later

Additions .

Plan And View Of Mosque Built By Plan of Mosque extended by IlltutmishQutub-din-aibak In 1195 A.D

• EXPANSION of the MOSQUE CONTINUED AFTER

THE DEATH OF QUTUB.

• His son-in-law altamash (or illtutmish) extended the

original prayer hall screen by three more arches.

• Aibak demolished 27 Hindu and Jain temples and

used their materials to built the mosque Quwwat-ul-Islam.

Plan of Mosque further extended by Alauddin khilji


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2. Iron Pillar

• The IRON PILLAR dates back to the 4TH CENTURY BC. Originally placed within a VISHNU

TEMPLE COMPLEX AT UDAYAGIRI.

• It bears inscriptions that dedicate it as a flagstaff to honor the hindu god vishnu and in

memory of gupta king chandragupta ii (375-413 ad).

• The pillar is a symbol of the progress of metallurgy in ancient india.

• It is made of 98 percent wrought iron and has survived 1,600 years without rusting.

• Placed right in front of the prayer hall, embedded 1 m below the ground, the pillar stands 7.5

m high and its dia is 0.41m

DETAILS OF THE TOP OFIRON PILLAR.


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CLOSER VIEW OF THE ARABICCALLIGRAPHY. INSCRIPTIONPANELS OF KUFIC CALLIGRAPHY

RUNNING AROUND THE ORNATEBALCONY

THE STONE BRACKETS AREDECORATED WITH HONEYCOMBDESIGN, MORE CONSPICUOUSLYIN THE FIRST STOREY.

3. Qutub Minar • The QUTUB MINAR (minaret) was commissioned by QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBAK

(reg. 1206 - 1211) in 1199.

• The construction of Qutub Minar started during sultan Aibak’s rule (1192 –

1210) who only lived to see the completion of the base and the first storey, 29 m

high.

• Illtutmish (reg. 1211 - 1236) resumed work on the QUTUB MINAR and ADDEDTHREE MORE STORIES to it, topped by a CUPOLA (CHHATRI ).

• The present fourth and fifth stories, commissioned by Firoz shah Tughlaq,

were added during post-lightning strike repairs in 1368.

• Rising up to nearly 72.5 M, the tower tapers extensively from a diameter of 14.32

M AT THE BASE to approximately 2.75 M AT THE TOP, as an embellished

inverted cone reaching the sky. A SPIRAL STAIRCASE inside with nearly

379 STEPS leads to the top.

• Built in red sandstone, marble, and quartzite, all storeys are surrounded by a

projected balcony encircling the minar that are supported by exquisitely carved

stone brackets.


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4. Alai Darwaza

5. Alai Minar

• It is the SOUTHERN GATEWAY of the quwwat-ul-islam mosque, and is a gem of islamicarchitecture in india.

• It was built by ala-ud-din khilji in 1311.

• It is 17.2M SQUARE and pierced by arched openings that echo the contours of the coveringdome.

• The arch to the north is semicircular while the others are of pointed horse shoe shape.

The arched entrances and jail’s are

decorated by fringes of lotus budsIt has intricate carvings in red sandstone

and marble.

• This INCOMPLETE MINAR that lies within the NORTHERN BOUNDARIES of the

qutub complex evidently SYMBOLIZES THE SUPREMACY AND MIGHT OF THE SULTAN OF

THE KHALJI DYNASTY, ALAUDDIN KHALJI.

• The 24.5 M HIGH MINAR of just a single storey remained unfinished after the sultan’s death in 1316

To commemorate HIS

VICTORY OVER HIS

DECCANCAMPAIGNS, the

sultan dreamt of erecting a

tower right opposite and

twice the size of Qutub

Minar inside the enclosure

of the mosque.

ALAI MINAR: THIS MONUMENTIS JUST NEXT TO THE QUTUBMINAR, IT WAS PLANNED TOBE NEARLY DOUBLE THEHEIGHT OF QUTUB MINAR.


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6. Illtutmish Tomb

7. Screen Arched

• This self-built TOMB of the second ruler of the

SLAVE DYNASTY, SHAMSUDDIN ILTUTMISH,

WAS BUILT IN 1235.

• The STRUCTURE sits along the NORTH-WEST

CORNER OF THE QUTB COMPLEX, next

to Iltutmish’s own extensions of the Quwwat-ul-Islam

Mosque, and was one of the first tombs to be built in

the city.

The TOMB is 9 SQUARE METERS IN PLAN.

Its sheer austerity on the exterior, is a striking

contrast to the heavily decorated interior.

Placed centrally over a raised platform is the

main cenotaph in white marble with the burial

chamber or the actual grave beneath the tomb.

Dome was constructed using concentric rings,inside is decorated and elaborated withquranic verses. Marble is used in mehrab andcenotaph.

• The massive stone screen erected a few years later continues to be the only original

Islamic element left in the mosque.

• It consists of a central corbelled arch, 6.7m wide and 16 m high, with two similar,smaller archeson either side.

• Arches are Constructed in rubble masonry, the arch is faced and profusely carved

in red sandstone with exquisite floral patterns, verses of the Quran in Arabiccalligraphy


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8. Alauddin’s Madarsa & Tomb

It is located in SOUTH WEST of the Mosque.

It is built around a Quadrangular court entered on the north through a triple gateway. Originally

entered through the north, the madrasa with an l-shaped layout comprises a series of cell-like

enclosures that functioned as schoolrooms.

The madrasa is essentially a row of seven rooms, two of them domed, along the western

edge of a rectangular court.

Alauddin constructed this Madarssa, but few historians say that it was Iltutmish who made it.

It is on the SOUTH SIDE of the court.

It was combined to the madrassa, probably a Saljuqian tradition-being its first appearance inIndia.

It is a square structure with no dome now.


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9. Imam Zamim’s Tomb

• EAST of the ALAI DARWAZA stands the TOMB of IMAM ZAMIN.

• A native of Turkestan, Imam Muhammad Ali or Imam Zamin came to India during the reign of

Sikandar lodi (ad 1489 –1517)

• He built this mausoleum in his lifetime and died in A.D 1539.

• This striking TOMB is typical of the LODI PERIOD with SANDSTONE PIERS filled in withLATTICE SCREENS.

• The SQUARE CHAMBER is surmounted by a DOME OF SANDSTONE covered with plaster,RISING FROM AN OCTAGONAL DRUM.


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Documents

Pooja-qutub Complex Report 17-12-2015