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UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
PORTABLE)LAB*ON*A*DISC)SYSTEM)FOR)IN*SITU)
AQUATIC)ENVIRONMENTAL)MONITORING)
1
Monika)Czugala
Prof.)Dermot)Diamond,)Dr.)Fernando)Benito*Lopez
MicroTAS)2012
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Presentation outline
2
• Introduction• Water quality analysis techniques
• Our challenge
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Presentation outline
2
• Introduction• Water quality analysis techniques
• Our challenge
• Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System (CMAS)• Centrifugal platform design
• Photoswitchable valves
• CMAS performance
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Presentation outline
2
• Introduction• Water quality analysis techniques
• Our challenge
• Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System (CMAS)• Centrifugal platform design
• Photoswitchable valves
• CMAS performance
• Nitrite ions detection in water samples• Conclusions
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Water quality analysis techniques
3
Traditionally
• Current norm: manual grab samples 3 or 4 times a year.
• Disadvantages: ✗ Low stability of natural water samples during long-term storage.[1] ✗ Expensive, time consuming and requires highly trained staff.
✓ portable✓ inexpencive
✗ single probe✗ no data saving
✓ multiprobe (temperature, pH, redox, DO, turbidity (TSS), NO3, Na, F, etc.) ✓ hand-held device
✗ €7000
[1] G. Hanraham, J. Environ. Monit. 6, 2004, 657.
In situ measurements
pH meterDO meter
Spectrophotometer
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 4
Our challenge
[2] Yole Development market report 2011
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 5
[4] J. Siegrist et. al., Lab Chip 10, 2010, 363.
.!
WHY CENTRIFUGAL DISC (CD)?
• Elimination of large power supplies and external pump[2].
• Provides forces across the entire length of a fluid element.
• Multiple individual micro-fluidic systems can be placed on a single CD.
• Potential to include multi-parameter assays and / or multiple replicate assays with calibration.
• Potential for multi-stage assays involving several fluidic sub-compartments.
Our challenge
[2]
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
!Colorimetric Analysis[2]
6
[2] M. Czugala, Lab Chip, 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2LC40781G
Fluid Manipulation
Our challenge
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 7
0.2 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
0.6 mg/L
0.8 mg/L
1.0 mg/L1.2 mg/L
0.0 mg/L
Centrifugal Platform for Nitrite Detection
Assembly of the microfluidic CD Lab-on-a-Disc
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 8
Single chip consisting of three chambers.
Single Microfluidic Design
• Standard solution/Sample reservoir - 31.5 µL
• Air vent (bubble prevention)
• Griess Reagent reservoir - 2.1 µL
• Microchannels - 1000 µm width
• Mixing/Detection area - 33.5 µL
Dire
ctio
n of
flow
2 mm
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 9
Photoswitchable microvalves
Ionogel microvalve [2]
shrunk (left) and swollen (right) stateValve actuation at 600 rpm
[2] M. Czugala et. al., Proc SPIE. 8107, Nano-Opto-Mechanical Systems (NOMS), 2011.
4 mm
!
500 µm
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 9
Photoswitchable microvalves
Ionogel microvalve [2]
shrunk (left) and swollen (right) stateValve actuation at 600 rpm
[2] M. Czugala et. al., Proc SPIE. 8107, Nano-Opto-Mechanical Systems (NOMS), 2011.
4 mm
!
500 µm
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Mechanism of the Nitrite Detection
10
!
[3] J. MacFaddin, 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000, 348
sulfanilic acid (Reagent A)
diazonium salt
N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (Reagent B)
diazonium salt azo dye+
1.
2.
1.
2.
NO2-
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Mechanism of the Colourimetric Detection
11
[4] M. O’Toole et. al., Anal. Chim. Acta, 652, 2009, 308.
Paired emitter detector diode (PEDD)
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Mechanism of the Colourimetric Detection
11
• Excellent sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio [4]
• Low power consumption
• Increasing spectral range coverage
• Intensity and efficiency
• Low cost
• Small size
• Ease of fabrication
• Simplicity
• AND adjusts ideally to the system based on centrifugal Lab-on-a-disc!
[4] M. O’Toole et. al., Anal. Chim. Acta, 652, 2009, 308.
Paired emitter detector diode (PEDD)
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Mechanism of the Colourimetric Detection
12
!1
2
540 nm LED (emitter)
2
λmax = 537 nm
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 13
Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System (CMAS)
Patent Pending: Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System, K. J. Fraser, M. Czugala, D. Maher, F. Benito-Lopez, D. Diamond, 25 April, 2012, (GB)
Spinning + Colorimetric Analysis
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 13
Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System (CMAS)
Advantages:
• Low cost single use micro-fluidic device• Multiple samples analysis in a single microfluidic device• Multiplexing capabilities (pH, turbidity, nitrite,...)• Portable system: sample analysis at the point-of-need• Wireless communication system - including cloud integration!
Android Tablet
Batteries2 x 9V
CMAS system
CD Drive Motor500-4000 rpm
PEDD
Patent Pending: Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System, K. J. Fraser, M. Czugala, D. Maher, F. Benito-Lopez, D. Diamond, 25 April, 2012, (GB)
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 14
Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System (CMAS)
In collaboration with Prof. Smeaton’s group (School of Computing, DCU)
1%8%
18%
27%
45%
LED’s € 2.00 Batteries € 18.60 Misc Electronics € 40.00 Custom PCB Board € 59.94 Printed ABS case € 100.11
TOTAL: ~ €200Patent Pending: Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System, K. J. Fraser, M. Czugala, D. Maher, F. Benito-Lopez, D. Diamond, 25
April, 2012, (GB)
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 15
F. Detection
Nitrite)standard)soluNon
C. Valve opening
E. Alignment of CDD. Spinning of the CD
(600 rpm, 90 s)
B. Alignment of CDA. Loading the samples and reagent
Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System (CMAS)
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 16
Reproducibility tests
Detection of 0.2 mg/L NO2 Griess reagent complex (n = 10)
Reproducibility of the PEDD Reproducibility of the CDs
Detection of 0.2 mg/L NO2 Griess reagent complex (n = 6)
RSD = 0.36 % RSD = 0.26 %
46000
46500
47000
47500
48000
48500
49000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Dis
char
ge T
ime
[µs]
Time [s]
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 17
!Validation of the method - UV/Vis spectroscopy
Study of the colour formation between NO2 - and Griess reagent (left side) and absorbance versus nitrite Griess reagent complex concentration (right side) using a UV-Vis spectrometer.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Abs
orba
nce
[A.u
.]
Time [min]
1.2 mg
1.0 mg
0.8 mg
0.6 mg
0.4 mg
0.2 mg
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
y = 1.6458x + 0.0736 R² = 0.99
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 N
orm
alis
ed A
bsor
banc
e [A
.u.]
Concentration [mg L-1]
UV-Vistemp. 20 +/-0.5oC
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 17
Validation of the method - UV/Vis spectroscopy
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Abs
orba
nce
[A.u
.]
Time [min]
1.2 mg
1.0 mg
0.8 mg
0.6 mg
0.4 mg
0.2 mg
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
y = 1.6458x + 0.0736 R² = 0.99
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Nor
mal
ised
Abs
orba
nce
[A.u
.]
Concentration [mg L-1]
UV-Vistemp. 20 +/-0.5oC
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Nor
mal
ised
Dis
char
ge T
ime
[µs]
Time [min]
1.2 mg
1.0 mg
0.8 mg
0.6 mg
0.4 mg
0.2 mg
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
L -1
y = 12,898.46x - 248.19 R² = 0.99
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Nor
mal
ised
Dis
char
ge T
ime
[us]
Concentration [mg Λ } [mg L-1]
CMAStemp. 20 +/-0.5oC
Study of the colour formation between NO2 - and Griess reagent and absorbance versus nitrite Griess reagent complex concentration using spectrophotometer (up)
and the CMAS system (bottom).
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 18
Nitrate detection in real water samples
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 2 3 4 5
Nitr
ite C
once
ntra
tion
[mg/
L]
Sample number
UV-VIS
PEDD
[mg
L-1]
2
35
14
Water nitrite analysis using a bench-top UV-VIS spectrometer and the CMAS (n = 3)
CMAS
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
• A fully integrated, portable system for in-situ colorimetric water quality analysis has been developed.
• Integration of a wireless communication device allows data acquisition according to individual needs.
• We present the huge potential for the CMAS to be a cheap and versatile alternative as point-of-need optical detector for lab-on-a-disc applications.
Design
Functionality
• On site detection of nitrite with a LoD = 40 ppb.
• Cloud Integration / data management via Android tablet.
21 of 23
• Easily interchangeable PEDD boards allowing a wide range of centrifugal microfluidic layouts to be implemented.
Conclusions
• Successful application of photoswitchable microvalve on the centrifugal platform.
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE*
Acknowledgements
20
• Dr. Damien Maher• Dr. Robert Burger• Dr. Fiachra Collins• Thomas Phelan• Dr. Kevin J. Fraser• Prof. Jens Ducrée• Prof. Dermot Diamond• Dr. Fernando Benito-Lopez• Prof. Alan Smeaton’s group• Adaptive Sensors Group, Dublin City University• Marie Curie ITN funded by the EC FP7 People Program • Science Foundation of Ireland under grant 07/CE/I1147
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 21
Thank you for your attention!
UNIVERSITY*COLLEGE*DUBLIN***!***DUBLIN*CITY*UNIVERSITY***!***TYNDALL*NATIONAL*INSTITUTE* 22
• Centrifugal platform design
• Photoswitchable valves
• Paired emitter detector diode (PEDD)
• Alignment of CD
• CMAS performance
• Reproducibility
• Validation of technique
• Water samples testing