oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1+Ccp,rin: 2uu >XtL Iuiica:icnsIcs Xn~i~s. Icnccn. :~w D~inianc >inapcr~\ci .o(.) 1+1oo. 1o++DCI. 1u.11,1o++uu88www.sa~puiica:icns.ccmx r + i c r rPostfemnst meda culture Ltcmc: fo ci/iti:,Rosalnd CllLd Scht f Lcmicxrs+rxc+1n~ nc:icn cl pcs:l~minism nas ~ccm~ cn~ cl :n~ mcs: impcr:an: in :n~ i~.iccn cl l~minis: cui:urai anai,sis. \~: :n~r~ is ii::i~ ar~~m~n: acu: wna: pcs:l~minism is. 1nis ar:ici~ aru~s :na: pcs:l~minism is ~s: unc~rs:ccc as a cis:inc:i~ s~nsiiii:,. mac~ up cl a num~r cl in:~rr~ia:~c :n~m~s. 1n~s~ inciuc~ :n~ nc:icn :na: l~minini:, is a ccii, prcp~r:,. :n~ snil: lrcm cj~c:ilica:icn :c suj~c:ilica:icn. an ~mpnasis upcn s~ilsur~iiianc~. mcni:crin anc s~ilciscipiin~. a lccus cn inciicuaiism. cncic~ anc ~mpcw~rm~n:. :n~ ccminanc~ cl a mak~c~r paracim. anc a r~sur~nc~ cl ic~as acu: na:urai s~.uai cill~r~nc~. Lacn cl :n~s~ is ~.picr~c in scm~ c~:aii. wi:n ~.ampi~s lrcm ccn:~mpcrar, XnicXm~rican m~cia. I: is pr~cis~i, :n~ pa::~rn~c ar:icuia:icn cl :n~s~ ic~as :na: ccns:i:u:~s a pcs:l~minis: s~nsiiii:,. 1n~ ar:ici~ ccnciuc~s wi:n a ciscussicn cl :n~ ccnn~c:icn ~:w~~n :nis s~nsiiii:, anc ccn:~mpcrar, n~cii~raiism.rrsvorusfcmiim cdc mcdio cti/cotim :fcmiimIntroducton1n~ nc:icn cl pcs:l~minism nas ~ccm~ cn~ cl :n~ mcs: impcr:an: anc ccn:~s:~c :~rms in :n~ i~.iccn cl l~minis: cui:urai anai,sis. In r~c~n: ,~ars. c~a:~s acu: ~~r,:nin lrcm :n~ nis:cr, anc ~.ciusicns cl l~minism :c :n~ ~nc~r ccnscicusn~ss (cr c:n~rwis~) cl ,cun wcm~n anc :n~ ic~cicicai na:ur~ cl ccn:~mpcrar, m~cia. na~ cr,s:aiiiz~c in cisar~~m~n:s acu: pcs:l~minism. Xs wi:n pcs:mcc~rnism ~lcr~ i:. :n~ :~rm nas ~ccm~ c~ricac~cwi:ncill~r~n:m~anins.XsDickH~ci~(188)nc:~cin r~ia:icn :c pcs:mcc~rnism. :nis is an incica:icn :na: :n~r~ is scm~:nin c~rwnicni:iswcr:ns:ruiin.Xrum~n:sacu:pcs:l~minismar~ c~a:~sacu:nc:nini~ss:nan:n~:ranslcrma:icnsinl~minismsanc :ranslcrma:icns in m~cia cui:ur~ anc :n~ir mu:uai r~ia:icnsnip.Hcw~~r. al:~r n~ari, :wc c~cac~s cl arum~n: acu: pcs:l~minism. :n~r~ is s:iii nc ar~~m~n: as :c wna: i: is anc :n~ :~rm is us~c aricusi, r t r o r r x s o t r x r o r

r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )1+8ancccn:racic:crii,:csinaia:n~cr~:icaipcsi:icn.a:,p~cll~minism al:~r :n~ >~ccnc \a~. cr a r~r~ssi~ pcii:icai s:anc~. >ucn cisar~~m~n: wcuic nc: n~c~ssarii, ~ caus~ lcr aiarm (u: min: m~r~i, ~ a sin cl iran: c~a:~) w~r~ i: nc: lcr :wc acci:icnai prci~ms. lirs:. :n~ cillicui:, cl sp~cil,in wi:n an, ricur :n~ l~a:ur~s cl pcs:l~minism. s~ccnc. :n~ prci~m cl appi,in curr~n: nc:icns :c an, par:icuiar cui:urai cr m~cia anai,sis. \na: mak~s a :~.: pcs:l~minis:. \na: l~a:ur~s n~~c :c ~ pr~s~n: in crc~r lcr an, m~cia scnciar :c ia~i scm~:nin as pcs:l~minis:. In crc~r :c us~ :n~ :~rm pcs:l~minism lcr anai,:icai purpcs~s. a: minimum w~ n~~c :c ~ ai~ :c sp~cil, :n~ cri:~ria us~c :c ic~n:il, scm~:nin as pcs:l~minis:.1c :nis ~nc. :nis ar:ici~ aims :c prcpcs~ a n~w unc~rs:ancin cl pcs:l~minism wnicn can ~ us~c :c anai,s~ ccn:~mpcrar, cui:urai prccuc:s. I: s~~ks :c aru~ :na: pcs:l~minism is ~s: :ncun: cl as a s~nsiiii:, :na: cnarac:~riz~s incr~asin num~rs cl liims. :~i~isicn sncws. ac~r:is~m~n:s anc c:n~r m~cia prccuc:s. Lis~wn~r~ (tiii. lcr:nccmin) I na~ ciscuss~c :n~ :n~cr~:icai asis lcr :nis ccnc~p:uaiiza:icn. niniin:in :n~ prci~ms cl :nr~~ ccminan: acccun:s cl pcs:l~minism wnicn r~arc i: as an ~pis:~mcicicai cr pcii:icai pcsi:icn in :n~ wak~ cl l~minisms ~nccun:~r wi:n cill~r~nc~(Xiic~.1.8rccks.1.Ic:z.2uu1.\~a:man.1+).an nis:cricai snil: wi:nin l~minism (Dcw. 1o. Hciicws. 2uuu. 2uu. Mcs~i~, anc R~ac. 2uu2. Rainci:z. 1) cr as a ackiasn aains: l~minism (iaiuci. 12.\n~i~nan.2uuu.\iiiiamscn.2uu).Ra:n~r:nanc~l~ncin:n~ arum~n: lcr ccnsic~rin pcs:l~minism as a s~nsiiii:,. :nis ar:ici~ ~ins :n~ prcc~ss cl ~.picrin anc :~n:a:i~i, ~.piica:in :n~ :n~m~s cr l~a:ur~s :na: cnarac:~riz~ :nis s~nsiiii:,. 1c cc sc. ra:n~r :nan s:a,in cics~ :c :n~ (r~ia:i~i, l~w) :~.:s :na: na~ ccmina:~c ciscussicns cl pcs:l~minism. sucn as Sc+ ad !hc i:,. att, McBcot anc Dcco:c H.cuic. i: wiii ~na~ wi:n ~.ampi~s lrcm a ran~ cl cill~r~n: m~cia lrcm :aik sncws :c iac maazin~s. anc lrcm cnick ii: :c ac~r:isin. I: ncp~s :c c~mcns:ra:~ :n~ u:iii:, cl :n~ nc:icn cl pcs:l~minism as a s~nsiiii:,. anc :c ccn:riu:~ :c :n~ :ask cl unpackin pcs:l~minis: m~cia cui:ur~.Ungackng gostfemnst meda culture1nisar:ici~wiiiaru~:na:pcs:l~minismisunc~rs:ccc~s:n~i:n~ras an ~pis:~mcicicai p~rsp~c:i~ ncr as an nis:cricai snil:. ncr (simpi,) as a ackiasn in wnicn i:s m~anins ar~ pr~sp~cili~c. Ra:n~r. pcs:l~minism sncuic ~ ccnc~i~c cl as a s~nsiiii:,. ircm :nis p~rsp~c:i~ pcs:l~minis: m~cia cui:ur~ sncuic ~ cur cri:icai cj~c: a pn~ncm~ncn in:c wnicn scnciars cl cui:ur~ sncuic inquir~ ra:n~r :nan an anai,:ic p~rsp~c:i~. 1nisapprcacncc~snc:r~quir~as:a:icnc:icnclcn~sini~au:n~n:ic l~minism as a ccmpariscn pcin:. u: ins:~ac is inlcrm~c , pcs:mcc~rnis: anc ccns:ruc:icnis: p~rsp~c:i~s anc s~~ks :c ~.amin~ wna: is cis:inc:i~ acu: ccn:~mpcrar, ar:icuia:icns cl ~nc~r in :n~ m~cia.oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1+1nis n~w nc:icn ~mpnasiz~s :n~ ccn:racic:cr, na:ur~ cl pcs:l~minis: cisccurs~s anc :n~ ~n:ani~m~n: cl c:n l~minis: anc an:il~minis: :n~m~s wi:nin :n~m. I: aisc pcin:s :c a num~r cl c:n~r r~ia:i~i, s:ai~ l~a:ur~s :na:ccmpris~crccns:i:u:~apcs:l~minis:cisccurs~.1n~s~inciuc~:n~ nc:icn :na: l~minini:, is a ccii, prcp~r:,. :n~ snil: lrcm cj~c:ilica:icn :c suj~c:ilica:icn. :n~ ~mpnasis upcn s~ilsur~iiianc~. mcni:crin anc ciscipiin~.alccusupcninciicuaiism.cncic~anc~mpcw~rm~n:.:n~ ccminanc~clamak~c~rparacim.ar~sur~nc~inic~asclna:urai s~.uaicill~r~nc~.amark~cs~.uaiiza:icnclcui:ur~.ancan~mpnasis upcn ccnsum~rism anc :n~ ccmmccilica:icn cl cill~r~nc~. 1n~s~ :n~m~s cc~.is: wi:n. anc ar~ s:ruc:ur~c ,. s:ark anc ccn:inuin in~quaii:i~s anc ~.ciusicns :na: r~ia:~ :c rac~ anc ~:nnici:,. ciass. a~. s~.uaii:, anc cisaiii:, as w~ii as ~nc~r.Pemnntg as a bodlg grogertgCn~ cl :n~ mcs: s:rikin asp~c:s cl pcs:l~minis: m~cia cui:ur~ is i:s cs~ssi~ pr~cccupa:icn wi:n :n~ cc,. In a snil: lrcm ~arii~r r~pr~s~n:a:icnai prac:ic~s. i: app~ars :na: l~minini:, is c~lin~c as a ccii, prcp~r:, ra:n~r :nan a scciai. s:ruc:urai cr ps,cncicicai cn~. Ins:~ac cl r~arcin carin. nur:urincrmc:n~rncccasc~n:rai:cl~minini:,(aiiclccurs~nini, prci~ma:icanc~.ciusicnar,).in:cca,sm~cia.pcss~ssicnclas~., cc, is pr~s~n:~c as wcm~ns k~, (il nc: sci~) scurc~ cl ic~n:i:,. 1n~ cc, ispr~s~n:~csimui:an~cusi,aswcm~nsscurc~clpcw~rancasaiwa,s unrui,.r~quirinccns:an:mcni:crin.sur~iiianc~.ciscipiin~ancr~mcc~iiin (anc ccnsum~r sp~ncin) in crc~r :c ccnlcrm :c ~~rnarrcw~r juc~m~n:s cl l~mai~ a::rac:i~n~ss.Inc~~c. sur~iiianc~ cl wcm~ns cci~s ccns:i:u:~s p~rnaps :n~ iar~s: :,p~ cl m~cia ccn:~n: acrcss aii ~nr~s anc m~cia lcrms. \cm~ns cci~s ar~ ~aiua:~c. scru:iniz~c anc ciss~c:~c , wcm~n as w~ii as m~n. anc ar~ aiwa,s a: risk cl laiiin. 1nis is mcs: ci~ar in :n~ cui:urai cs~ssicn wi:n c~i~ri:,. wnicn pia,s cu: aimcs: ~.ciusi~i, c~r wcm~ns cci~s. Maazin~s sucn as Hco: cll~r pa~ al:~r pa~ cl i ccicur pnc:crapns cll~mai~c~i~ri:i~scci~s.wi:nsca:ninccmm~n:sacu:an,:nin lrcm armpi: nair :c isii~ pan:, iin~s. u: lccusin in par:icuiar upcn la:anc.mcr~r~c~n:i,.c~nsurinwcm~nc~~m~c:c~:cc:nin.>c ~.c~ssi~ anc puni:i~ is :n~ r~uia:icn cl wcm~ns cci~s :nrcun :nis m~cium :na: ccn~n:icnaii, a::rac:i~ wcm~n can ~ incic:~c lcr nain la: anki~s cr iaun:~r iin~s. :c :ransr~ssicn is :cc smaii :c ~ pick~c c~r anc pick~c apar: , paparazzi pnc:crapn~rs anc wri:~rs. 1n~ :cn~ cl ccmm~n:s is lr~qu~n:i, ~.ccria:in. \~s. :na: r~aii, is M~iani~ trilli:ns wrinki, skin. nc: laric anc 1n~r~s sc mucn laric in Xn~iica Hus:cns cr~ss i: iccks iik~ i: ccuic ~ us~c :c ncus~ smaii animais cn ccic nin:s. D~spi:~ :na:. i:s s:rainin c~r Xnj~s s:cmacn anc li:s iik~ a skin:in: cc,sui: (Hco:. 1 Marcn 2uu).r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )1uCrcinar, (ncnc~i~ri:,) wcm~n ar~ nc: ~.~mp:. 1\ prcramm~s sucn as Uho: ^: ! Uco anc 1o Yco Y.c suj~c: wcm~n :c ncs:ii~ scru:in, lcr :n~ir cci~s. pcs:ur~s anc warcrc~s. anc ~aiua:icns inciucin :n~ iik~ cl ~r, sa, ccs anc wna: a min~r. Xn~ia McRci~ nc:~s :n~ lciicwin lrcm n~r i~win cl Uho: ^: ! Uco.\na: a cr~ar, cic~. icck a: ncw sn~ waiks. sn~ sncuicn: pu: :na: k~:cnup cn n~r cnips. sn~ iccks iik~ a mcus, iirarian. n~r :rcus~rs ar~ lar :cc icn. :na: jump~r iccks iik~ scm~:nin n~r rann, crccn~:~c. i: wcuic ~ ~::~r cn :n~ :ai~. sn~ nasn: wasn~c n~r cic:n~s. ,cur nair iccks iik~ an c~rrcwn pccci~.,cur:~~:nar~,~iicw.na~,cu~~n~a:inrass.XncCnm, tcc sn~ iccks iik~ a t~rman i~sian. (McRci~. 2uu+a. 118)McRci~ ccmm~n:s :na: :nis ias: insui: was ccnsic~r~c sc niiaricus :na: i: was :raii~c as a prcmc:icn lcr :n~ prcramm~ acrcss :n~ junc:icns cl 88C 1\ lcr aimcs: :wc w~~ks ~lcr~ i: was rcaccas:. Impcr:an:i,. :n~ l~mai~cc,inpcs:l~minis:m~ciacui:ur~isccns:ruc:~casawinccw :c:n~inciicuaisin:~ricriil~.icr~.ampi~.inBidc:'c`Dio, (ii~icin. 1) wn~n 8ric~: Jcn~s smck~s +u ciar~::~s a ca, cr ccnsum~s~.c~ssi~caicri~s.w~ar~ini:~c:cr~ac:nisinps,cncicicai :~rms as incica:i~ cl n~r ~mc:icnai r~akccwn. 1cca,. a si~~k. :cn~c. ccn:rcii~cliur~isncrma:i~i,~ss~n:iailcrpcr:ra,insucc~ss.\~: :n~r~ is aisc ccn:racic:crii, an ackncwi~c~m~n: :na: :n~ cc, is a canas allcrcin an ima~ wnicn ma, na~ ii::i~ :c cc wi:n ncw cn~ l~~is insic~. icr ~.ampi~. al:~r :n~ir r~akups wi:n 8rac Ii:: anc 1cm Cruis~ r~sp~c:i~i,. :icci~ iicman anc J~nnil~r Xnis:cn w~r~ n~raic~c acrcss :n~ m~cia as :riumpnan: wn~n :n~, ~acn lirs: app~ar~c in puiic m~anin :na::n~,succ~ssluii,p~rlcrm~ci~amin.ccmmccili~c~au:,anc cazziin s~ilccnlic~nc~. ncw~~r nur: cr uin~rai~ :n~, ac:uaii, ma, na~ l~i:. 1n~r~ was nc ccmparai~ lccus cn :n~ m~n.The sexualzaton of culture1n~ in:~ns~ lccus cn wcm~ns cci~s as :n~ si:~ cl l~minini:, is cics~i, r~ia:~c :c :n~ p~rasi~ s~.uaiiza:icn cl ccn:~mpcrar, cui:ur~. >~.uaiiza:icn n~r~ r~l~rs c:n :c :n~ ~.:racrcinar, prciil~ra:icn cl cisccurs~s acu: s~. anc s~.uaii:, acrcss aii m~cia lcrms. r~l~rr~c :c , 8rian Mc:air (2uu2) as par: cl :n~ s:rip:~as~ cui:ur~. as w~ii as :c :n~ incr~asini, lr~qu~n: ~rc:ic pr~s~n:a:icn cl iris. wcm~ns anc (:c a i~ss~r ~.:~n:) m~ns cci~s in puiic spac~s. :~wspap~rs us~ cl rap~ s:cri~s as par: cl a packa~ cl :i:iiia:in ma:~riai is w~ii cccum~n:~c. anc in :n~ n~ws m~cia aii wcm~ns cci~sar~aaiiai~:c~ccc~cs~.uaii,.wn~:n~r:n~,ar~pcii:icians. lcr~in ccrr~spcnc~n:s cr s~ricus n~ws ancncrs.Dill~r~n: lcrms cl s~.uaiiza:icn ar~ ~ic~n: aisc in pcpuiar maazin~s. In :n~ iac mas. s~. is ciscuss~c :nrcun a ccauiar, cl ,cu:nlui. uns~ilccnscicus pi~asur~s~~kin. wnii~ in maazin~s :ar~:~c a: :~~na~ iris anc ,cun wcm~n i: is ccns:ruc:~c as scm~:nin r~quirin ccns:an: a::~n:icn. oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r11ciscipiin~. s~ilsur~iiianc~ anc ~mc:icnai iacur. tiris anc wcm~n ar~ in:~rp~iia:~c as :n~ mcni:crs cl aii s~.uai anc ~mc:icnai r~ia:icnsnips. r~spcnsii~ lcr prccucin :n~ms~i~s as c~sirai~ n~:~rcs~.uai suj~c:s as w~ii as pi~asin m~n s~.uaii,. prc:~c:in aains: pr~nanc, anc s~.uaii,:ransmi::~c inl~c:icns. c~l~ncin :n~ir cwn s~.uai r~pu:a:icns anc :akin car~ cl m~ns s~il~s:~~m. M~n. , ccn:ras:. ar~ naii~c as n~ccnis:s jus: wan:in a sna. 1n~ un~~n cis:riu:icn cl :n~s~ cisccurs~s cl s~.. ~~n in a r~sciu:~i, n~:~rcs~.uai ccn:~.:. is cruciai :c unc~rs:ancin s~.uaiiza:icn (tiii. 2uuo. 1inckn~ii ~: ai.. 2uu). Iu: simpi,. in maazin~s aim~c a:s:rain:wcm~n.m~nar~pr~s~n:~casccmpi~..uin~rai~numan ~ins. 8u: in maazin~s :ar~:~c a: :ncs~ sam~ m~n. wcm~n cni, ~~r ciscuss:n~irunc~rw~ar.s~.uailan:asi~s.lii:ni~s:mcm~n:scrcc, par:s (1urn~r. 2uu).1n~ iac maazin~s ar~ ~mi~ma:ic cl :n~ iurrin cl :n~ cuncari~s ~:w~~npcrncrapn,ancc:n~r~nr~swnicnnascccurr~cin:n~ias: c~cac~. Icrnc cnic nas ~ccm~ a ccminan: r~pr~s~n:a:icnai prac:ic~ in ac~r:isin. maazin~s. in:~rn~: si:~s anc cai~ :~i~isicn. L~n cniicr~ns :~i~isicn nas accp:~c a s~.uaiiz~c accr~ss :c i:s auci~nc~ anc ~:w~~n i:s pr~s~n:~rs. 1n~ ccmm~rciaii,cri~n na:ur~ cl :nis s~.uaiiza:icn can ~ s~~n in :n~ wa, :na: cic:nin ccmpani~s :ar~: iris as ,cun as li~ wi:n :ncns (ts:rins). ~ii, :cps anc 1snir:s ~arin s~.uaii, prccca:i~ sicans. sucn as \n~n Im ac Im ~r,. ~r, ac. u: wn~n Im in ~c Im ~::~r. 1n~ us~ cl :n~ Iia,c, unn, iccn cn cic:nin. s:a:icn~r, anc p~nciis aim~c a: :n~ pr~:~~n mark~: is u: cn~ ~.ampi~ cl :n~ c~ii~ra:~ s~.uaiiza:icn cl cniicr~n (iris). 1n~ iriilica:icn cl acui: wcm~n sucn as i,ii~ Mincu~ anc ia:~ Mcss is :n~ liipsic~ cl a m~cia cui:ur~ :na: prcmc:~s l~mai~ cniicr~n as i:s mcs: c~sirai~ s~.uai iccns.1Prom sex object to desrng sexual subject\n~r~ cnc~ s~.uaiiz~c r~pr~s~n:a:icns cl wcm~n in :n~ m~cia pr~s~n:~c :n~m as passi~. mu:~ cj~c:s cl an assum~c mai~ az~. :cca, s~.uaiiza:icn wcrks scm~wna: cill~r~n:i, in man, ccmains. \cm~n ar~ nc: s:rain:lcrwarci, cj~c:ili~c u: ar~ pcr:ra,~c as ac:i~. c~sirin s~.uai suj~c:s wnc cnccs~ :c pr~s~n: :n~ms~i~s in a s~~mini, cj~c:ili~c mann~r ~caus~ i: sui:s :n~ir ii~ra:~c in:~r~s:s :c cc sc (tcicman. 12). :cwn~r~ is :nis ci~ar~r :nan in ac~r:isin wnicn nas r~spcnc~c :c l~minis: cri:iqu~s , ccns:ruc:in a n~w liur~ :c s~ii :c ,cun wcm~n. :n~ s~.uaii, au:cncmcus n~:~rcs~.uai ,cun wcman wnc pia,s wi:n n~r s~.uai pcw~r anc is lcr~~r up lcr i:.1nissnil:iscruciai:cunc~rs:ancin:n~pcs:l~minis:s~nsiiii:,.I: r~pr~s~n:s a mcc~rniza:icn cl l~minini:, :c inciuc~ wna: Hiiar, Racn~r nas caii~c a n~w :~cnncic, cl s~.in~ss (Racn~r. 1) in wnicn s~.uai kncwi~c~ anc prac:ic~ ar~ c~n:rai. iur:n~rmcr~. i: r~pr~s~n:s a snil: in :n~ wa, :na: pcw~r cp~ra:~s. lrcm an ~.:~rnai. mai~ jucin az~ :c a s~ilpciicin. narcissis:ic az~. I: can ~ aru~c :na: :nis r~pr~s~n:s a nin~r r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )12crc~~p~rlcrmcl~.pici:a:icn:nancj~c:ilica:icncn~inwnicn:n~ cj~c:il,in mai~ az~ is in:~rnaiiz~c :c lcrm a n~w ciscipiinar, r~im~. In :nis r~im~. pcw~r is nc: impcs~c lrcm ac~ cr :n~ cu:sic~. u: ccns:ruc:s cur ~r, suj~c:ii:,. tiris anc wcm~n ar~ ini:~c :c ~ccm~ a par:icuiar kinc cl s~il. anc ar~ ~nccw~c wi:n a~nc, cn ccnci:icn :na: i: is us~c :c ccns:ruc: cn~s~il as a suj~c: cics~i, r~s~miin :n~ n~:~rcs~.uai mai~ lan:as, lcunc in pcrncrapn,. Xs Janic~ 1urn~r nas aru~c.Cnc~ pcrn anc r~ai numan s~.uaii:, w~r~ cis:inuisnai~. :c: ~~n pcrns i~s:accca:~swcuicsu~s:apcrnliickc~pic:~cr~aii:,.:na:wcm~n w~r~ ain lcr s~. 2+, anc wcuic crcp :n~ir cic:n~s anc sumi: :c rcun. ancn,mcus s~. a: :n~ siin:~s: ini:a:icn. 8u: as pcrn nas s~~p~c in:c mains:r~am cui:ur~. :n~ iin~ nas iurr~c. 1c sp~ak :c m~ns maazin~ ~ci:crs. i: is ci~ar :n~, ~ii~~ :na: scm~ncw in r~c~n: ,~ars. pcrn nas ccm~ :ru~. 1n~ s~.uaii, ii~ra:~c mcc~rn wcman :urns cu: :c r~s~mi~ wna: cc ,cu kncw: :n~ pn~uma:ic. :ak~m~ncwic, luckpupp~: cl mai~ lan:as, al:~r aii. (1urn~r. 2uu. 2)1n~ numcrcus :cn~ :na: cnarac:~riz~c ~ari, ~.ampi~s cl :nis snil: :n~ amusin ra ac~r:s in wnicn iiicarc mcc~is ccnlic~n:i, anc pia,luii, niniin:~c :n~ir s~.uai pcw~r cr :rallics:cppin s~.in~ss sncuic nc: impi, :na: :nis snil: is nc:. in lac:. prclcunci, s~ricus anc prci~ma:ic. In :n~ ias: c~cac~ i: nas cn~ lrcm ~in a n~w anc c~ii~ra:~ r~pr~s~n:a:icnai s:ra:~, us~c cn wcm~n (i.~. lcr c~pic:in ,cun wcm~n) :c ~in wic~i, anc pcpuiari, :ak~n up , wcm~n as a wa, cl ccns:ruc:in :n~ s~il. icr ~.ampi~. 1\ pr~s~n:~r D~nis~ an Cu:~n ccnlic~s in a 1\ in:~ri~w. I cc na~ a ic~i, pair. I ncp~ :n~,ii s:iii ~ pnc:crapnin m, :i:s wn~n Imou.r~ac~rswi~swri:~in:ciacmaazin~swi:n:n~irlacuri:~ s~.uai ~.p~ri~nc~s. n~ :urn~c m~ arcunc. ~n: m~ c~r :n~ raiiins anc :cck m~ lrcm ~ninc. narc. anc iris anc wcm~n in :n~ \~s: qu~u~ up :c u, 1snir:s wi:n sicans sucn as Icrn >:ar. icuk M~ anc ii: Cnick. in~ii~ai~ incck~rs.1c ~ cri:icai cl :n~ snil: is nc: :c ~ scm~ncw an:is~. ai:ncun in pcs:l~minis: m~cia cui:ur~ :nis pcsi:icn (:n~ pruc~) is :n~ cni, ai:~rna:i~ ciscursi~i, aiicw~c (i:s~il par: cl :n~ prci~m. ~racica:in a spac~ lcr cri:iqu~).2 Ra:n~r i: is :c pcin: :c :n~ can~rs cl sucn r~pr~s~n:a:icns cl wcm~n in a cui:ur~ in wnicn s~.uai ici~nc~ is ~nc~mic. anc :c niniin: :n~ ~.ciusicns cl :nis r~pr~s~n:a:icnai prac:ic~ cni,mc wcm~n ar~ ccns:ruc:~casac:i~.c~sirins~.uaisuj~c:s.wcm~nwncc~sir~s~. wi:nm~n(~.c~p:wn~ni~sianwcm~np~rlcrmlcrm~n)anccni, ,cun. siim anc ~au:ilui wcm~n. Xs M,ra Macccnaic (1) nas pcin:~c cu:. cic~r wcm~n. i~r wcm~n. wcm~n wi:n wrinki~s. ~:c. ar~ n~~r acccrc~c s~.uai suj~c:nccc anc ar~ s:iii suj~c: :c cll~nsi~ anc scm~:im~s icicus r~pr~s~n:a:icns. Inc~~c. :n~ liur~ cl :n~ una::rac:i~ wcman wnc wan:s a s~.uai par:n~r r~mains cn~ cl :n~ mcs: iiili~c in a ran~ cl pcpuiar cui:urai lcrms. Xc~ aii. :c cri:iqu~ :nis is :c niniin: :n~ p~rnicicus ccnn~c:icncl:nisr~pr~s~n:a:icnaisnil::cn~cii~raisuj~c:ii:i~sin oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1wnicn s~.uai cj~c:ilica:icn can ~ (r~)pr~s~n:~c nc: as scm~:nin ccn~ :c wcm~n , scm~ m~n. u: as :n~ lr~~i, cncs~n wisn cl ac:i~. ccnlic~n:. ass~r:i~ l~mai~ suj~c:s.Indvdualsm, choce and emgowerment:c:icns cl cncic~. cl ~in cn~s~il anc pi~asin cn~s~il. ar~ c~n:rai :c :n~pcs:l~minis:s~nsiiii:,:na:sullus~sccn:~mpcrar,w~s:~rnm~cia cui:ur~. 1n~, r~scna:~ pcw~rluii, wi:n :n~ ~mpnasis upcn ~mpcw~rm~n: anc :akin ccn:rci :na: can ~ s~~n in :aik sncws. ac~r:isin anc mak~c~r sncws. X rammar cl inciicuaiism unc~rpins aii :n~s~ nc:icns sucn :na: ~~n ~.p~ri~nc~s cl racism. ncmcpncia cr ccm~s:ic ici~nc~ ar~ lram~c in ~.ciusi~i, p~rscnai :~rms in a wa, :na: :urns :n~ ic~a cl :n~ p~rscnaiaspcii:icai cn i:s n~ac. Icis Mc:a, (12) nas caii~c :nis :n~ c~ii~ra:~ r~pria:iza:icn cl issu~s wnicn na~ ~ccm~ pcii:iciz~c cni, r~ia:i~i, r~c~n:i,.Cn~asp~c:cl:nispcs:l~minis:s~nsiiii:,inm~ciacui:ur~is:n~ aimcs: :c:ai ~acua:icn cl nc:icns cl pcii:ics cr cui:urai inliu~nc~. 1nis is s~~n nc: cni, in :n~ r~i~n:i~ss p~rscnaiizin :~nc~nci~s cl n~ws. :aik sncws anc r~aii:, 1\. u: aisc in :n~ wa,s in wnicn ~~r, asp~c: cl iil~ is r~lrac:~c :nrcun :n~ ic~a cl p~rscnai cncic~ anc s~ilc~:~rmina:icn. icr~.ampi~.pn~ncm~nasucnas:n~crama:icincr~as~in:n~num~r cl wcm~n nain 8raziiian wa.~s (:c r~mc~ puic nair ~n:ir~i, anc r~ins:a:~ a pr~pu~sc~n: ~rsicn cl :n~ir ~ni:aiia) cr :n~ up:ak~ cl r~as: aum~n:a:icn sur~r, , :~~na~ iris. ar~ c~pic:~c wic~i, as incica:crs cl wcm~n pi~asin :n~ms~i~s anc usin ~au:, :c mak~ :n~ms~i~s l~~i ccc. >can: a::~n:icn is paic :c :n~ pr~ssur~s :na: min: i~ac a :~~na~r :c c~cic~ :na: majcr sur~r, wiii sci~ n~r prci~ms. anc ~~n i~ss :c :n~ ccmm~rciai in:~r~s:s :na: ar~ unc~rpinnin :nis s:a~rin :r~nc. sucn as :ar~:~c ac~r:isin , ccsm~:ic sur~r, ciinics anc prcmc:icnai packa~s wnicn inciuc~ mc:n~r anc caun:~r sp~ciai c~ais anc cisccun:s lcr :wc lri~ncs :c na~ :n~ir ccs ccn~ a: :n~ sam~ :im~.1n~nc:icn:na:aiicurprac:ic~sar~lr~~i,cncs~nisc~n:rai:c pcs:l~minis: cisccurs~s. wnicn pr~s~n: wcm~n as au:cncmcus a~n:s nc icn~r ccns:rain~c , an, in~quaii:i~s cr pcw~r imaianc~s wna:sc~~r. Xs ia:~ 1a,icr pu:s i:. :w~n:,scm~:nin wcm~n air~ac, s~~ :n~ms~i~s as ~quai :c m~n. :n~, can wcrk. :n~, can c:~. :n~, can cnk cn :n~ lirs: ca:~il a :ncn mak~s ,cu l~~i lauicus. w~ar i:. icr cn~ :nin. m~n in :n~ cllic~ was:~ wnci~ al:~rnccns s:arin a: ,cur c::cm. piacin ~:s cn wn~:n~r ,cur~ w~arin unc~rw~ar. I~: :n~m. is~ :na: :im~ :c :ak~ c~r :n~ ccmpan,. 8u: ~~n il ,cu w~ar iin~ri~ lcr ,cu. lcr nc c:n~r r~ascn:nani:mak~s,cul~~iccc.:na:isr~ascn~ncun:ck~~pi:cn. (1a,icr. 2uuo). In :nis acccun:. :wc ~rsicns cl :n~ ~mpcw~r~c l~mai~ suj~c: ar~ pr~s~n:~c. In cn~. wcm~n c~ii~ra:~i, us~ :n~ir s~.uai pcw~r :c cis:rac: m~n sc as :c :ak~ c~r :n~ usin~ss wnii~ :n~ u,s ar~ saiia:in. In :n~ c:n~r. r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )1+wcm~n ar~ c~pic:~c as simpi, lciicwin :n~ir cwn c~sir~s :c l~~i ccc. 1nis ia::~r :n~m~ cl pi~asin cn~s~il is , lar :n~ mcr~ ccmmcn anc is cap:ur~c in :nis c~cac~cic ccmm~n: lrcm ia, \~iccn.\cuniriss~~m:c~~::inpr~::i~raii:n~:im~.1n~r~isar~:urn:c l~minini:,. u: i: s~~ms :c m~ :na: mcs: iris ccn: i~ :wc ncc:s acu: m~n. I: is acu: ~in li: anc n~ai:n, lcr :hcmctc nc: lcr m~n. (:ara,an. 1o. 1. ~mpnasis in criinai)Cl ccurs~ :n~ ic~a :na: in :n~ pas: wcm~n cr~ss~c in a par:icuiar wa, pur~i, :c pi~as~ m~n is ricicuicus. i: su~s:s a i~w cl pcw~r as scm~:nin c:n c~r~arin anc cicus. wnicn ac:~c upcn ~n:ir~i, cccii~ suj~c:s asw~iiasimpi,in:na:aiiwcm~nar~n~:~rcs~.uaiancpr~cccupi~c wi:n mai~ apprcai. 8u: :nis p~ncuium snil: :c :n~ nc:icn :na: wcm~n jus: pi~as~ :n~ms~i~s wiii nc: cc as a sus:i:u:~. I: pr~s~n:s wcm~n as ~n:ir~i, lr~~ a~n:s anc cannc: ~.piain wn, il wcm~n ar~ jus: pi~asin :n~ms~i~sanclciicwin:n~ircwnau:cncmcusi,~n~ra:~cc~sir~s :n~ r~sui:in aiu~c icck is sc simiiar nairi~ss cc,. siim wais:. lirm u::ccks. ~:c. Mcr~c~r. i: simpi, acics aii :n~ in:~r~s:in anc impcr:an: qu~s:icns acu: :n~ r~ia:icnsnip ~:w~~n r~pr~s~n:a:icns anc suj~c:ii:,. :n~ cillicui: u: cruciai qu~s:icns acu: ncw scciaii,ccns:ruc:~c. massm~cia:~c ic~ais cl ~au:, ar~ in:~rnaiiz~c anc mac~ cur cwn.\na: is s:rikin is :n~ c~r~~ cl li: ~:w~~n :n~ au:cncmcus pcs:l~minis: suj~c: anc :n~ ps,cncicicai suj~c: c~manc~c , n~cii~raiism. X: :n~ n~ar: cl c:n is :n~ nc:icn cl :n~ cncic~ icrapn, anc :n~ ccn:~mpcrar, injunc:icn :c r~nc~r cn~s iil~ kncwai~ anc m~aninlui :nrcun a narra:i~ cl lr~~ cncic~ anc au:cncm,. ncw~~r ccns:rain~c cn~ ac:uaii, min: ~ (Rcs~.1o.\aik~rcin~~:ai..2uu1).1ak~:nis:,picai~.ampi~lrcm Gtom.s R~ia:icn:ips cciumn. Cc:c~r 2uu.I: is pcssii~ :c mak~ :n~ ~upncria cl :n~ lirs: ca:~ ias:. In :n~ ~ari, w~~ks. sa,s 8ailcur. i:s ~s: :c ~ :n~ lirs: :c ~nc :n~ ca:~. I: i~a~s nim wan:in mcr~. 1n~n r~m~m~r :n~ cic~n rui~s. ccn: :aik ~nci~ssi, acu: ,cur ~.. ~ i::~r acu: m~n cr mcan acu: ,cur awlui jc,lamii,,iil~. Mcs: m~n ar~~ a ccnlic~n:. s~cur~. cp:imis:ic anc napp, wcman is ~asi~r :c laii in ic~ wi:n :nan a n~~c,. n~urc:ic cn~. I:s nc: acu: I n~~c :c ~ mcr~ s~., lcr nim anc n~ii ic~ m~ mcr~. i:s acu: ~in ccnlic~n: in ,curs~il.H~r~ as in Bidc: 'c` Dio, anc in cnick ii: mcr~ ~n~raii, acni~in c~siraiii:, in a n~:~rcs~.uai ccn:~.: is ~.piici:i, (r~)pr~s~n:~c as scm~:nin ccn~ lcr ,curs~il. nc: in crc~r :c pi~as~ a man. In :nis mcc~rniz~c. n~cii~rai ~rsicn cl l~minini:,. i: is asciu:~i, imp~ra:i~ :na: cn~s s~.uai anc ca:in prac:ic~s ~ pr~s~n:~c as lr~~i, cncs~n (ncw~~r :raci:icnai. ciclasnicn~c cr in~aii:arian :n~, ma, ~ inciin s:ric: acn~r~nc~:crui~s.ra:icnincn~s~ilancnc:cispia,inan,n~~cs).In :nis ~.ampi~. scm~ cl :n~ s:rain cl :nis pcsi:icn :n~ m~ss, su:urin cl :raci:icnai anc n~cii~rai cisccurs~s can ~ s~~n ~r, ci~ari, in c:n :n~ n~~c :c cisacw ~.piici:i, a pc:~n:iai r~acin :na: ,cu wcuic ~ ccin oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1:nis :c pi~as~ a man. anc :n~ a::~mp: :c icss i~ain nim wan:in mcr~ scm~ncw as a mcc~rn anc pcw~rlui pcsi:icn.Self-survellance and dscglneIn:ima:~i, r~ia:~c :c :n~ s:r~ss upcn p~rscnai cncic~ is :n~ n~w ~mpnasis cns~ilsur~iiianc~.s~ilmcni:crinancs~ilciscipiin~inpcs:l~minis: m~ciacui:ur~.Xruai,.mcni:crinancsur~,in:n~s~ilna~icn ~~nr~quir~m~n:scl:n~p~rlcrmanc~clsucc~ssluil~minini:,wi:n ins:ruc:icninrccmin.a::ir~.pcs:ur~.~iccu:icnancmann~rs~in cll~r~c :c wcm~n :c aiicw :n~m :c ~muia:~ mcr~ cics~i, :n~ upp~rciass wni:~ ic~ai. In wcm~ns maazin~s l~minini:, nas ~~n pcr:ra,~c aiwa,s as ccn:in~n: r~quirin ccns:an: an.icus a::~n:icn. wcrk anc iiianc~. lrcm :cucnin up ,cur mak~up :c packin :n~ p~rl~c: capsui~ warcrc~. lrcm nicin unsin:i, pimpi~s. wrinki~s. a~ spc:s cr s:ains :c ncs:in a succ~sslui cinn~r par:,. Hcw~~r. wna: marks cu: :n~ pr~s~n: mcm~n: as cis:inc:i~ ar~ :nr~~ l~a:ur~s. iirs:. :n~ crama:icaii, incr~as~c in:~nsi:, cl s~ilsur~iiianc~. incica:in :n~ in:~nsi:, cl :n~ r~uia:icn cl wcm~n (aicnsic~ :n~ cisacwai cl sucn r~uia:icn). >~ccnc. :n~ ~.:~nsi~n~ss clsur~iiianc~c~r~n:ir~i,n~wspn~r~scliil~ancin:ima:~ccncuc:. 1nirc. :n~ lccus upcn :n~ ps,cncicicai :n~ r~quir~m~n: :c :ranslcrm cn~s~il anc r~mcc~i cn~s in:~ricr iil~.>cm~:nin cl :n~ in:~nsi:, anc ~.:~nsi~n~ss cl :n~ s~ilsur~iiianc~ anc ciscipiin~ ncw ncrma:i~i, r~quir~c cl wcm~n can ~ s~~n in wcm~ns maazin~s in wnicn ccii, snap~. siz~. musci~ :cn~. a::ir~. s~.uai prac:ic~. car~~r. ncm~. linanc~s. ~:c. ar~ r~nc~r~c in:c prci~ms :na: n~c~ssi:a:~ cncinancccns:an:mcni:crinanciacur.\~:.inan~.:racrcinar, ic~cicicai si~in: cl nanc. :nis iacur mus: ~ unc~rs:ccc n~~r:n~i~ss aslun.pamp~rincrs~ilincui~nc~ancmus:cc~ciscics~c. Maazin~s cll~r :ips :c iris anc ,cun wcm~n :c ~nai~ :n~m :c ccn:inu~ :n~ wcrk cl l~minini:, u: s:iii app~ar as ~n:ir~i, ccnlic~n:. car~lr~~ anc unccnc~rn~cacu::n~irs~ilpr~s~n:a:icn(as:nisisncwanimpcr:an: asp~c: cl l~minini:, in i:s cwn rin:). lcr ~.ampi~. :n~ sciu:icn :c ccn:inuin a ci~: wnii~ a: an impcr:an: usin~ss iuncn wn~r~ ~~r,cn~ ~is~ iscrinkinis:ccrc~raspri:z~r(ancsurr~p:i:icusi,ask:n~wai:~r:c mak~ i: iar~i, min~rai wa:~r). '1 inciuc~s :n~ lciicwin acic~ :c iris :~.:in a iac ic~.Dc. ~ liir:a:icus nc iac can r~sis: an ~c massa~. :~.: nim ~lcr~ n~ c~s :c ~c ,cuii ~ :n~ ias: :nin cn nis minc. pu: in a c~ii~ra:~ mis:ak~ :c i~ i: :na: Im nc: sc c:n~r~c acu:cna air. wai: a minimum cl 1u minu:~s ~lcr~ ,cu r~pi, ,~s. 1u minu:~s: ('1. Marcn 2uu1)ircms~ncinari~l:~.:m~ssa~:ccrc~rinacrink.ncar~acla wcmans iil~ is immun~ lrcm :n~ r~quir~m~n: :c s~ilsur~, anc wcrk cn :n~ s~il. Mcr~ anc mcr~ asp~c:s cl :n~ cc, ccm~ unc~r sur~iiianc~. ,cu :ncun: ,cu w~r~ ccmlcr:ai~ wi:n ,cur cc,. \~ii :nink aain: \n~n r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )1owas :n~ ias: :im~ ,cu cn~ck~c ,cur upp~r arm c~lini:icn. Ha~ ,cu ~~n n~i~c:in ,cur armpi:s cr :n~ sci~s cl ,cur l~~:. Dc ,cu scm~:im~s na~ (an~m) unpi~asan: cccurs.8u: i: is nc: cni, :n~ surlac~ cl :n~ cc, :na: n~~cs cncin iiianc~ :n~r~ is aisc :n~ s~il. wna: kinc cl lri~nc. ic~r. caun:~r cr ccii~au~ ar~ ,cu. Dc ,cu iaun ~ncun. Hcw w~ii cc ,cu ccmmunica:~. Ha~ ,cu c: ~mc:icnai in:~iii~nc~. In a cui:ur~ sa:ura:~c , inciicuaiis:ic s~iln~ipcisccurs~s.:n~s~ilnas~ccm~aprcj~c::c~~aiua:~c.acis~c. ciscipiin~c anc imprc~c cr rcun: in:c r~cc~r,. Hcw~~r. wna: is sc s:rikinisncwun~~ni,cis:riu:~c:n~s~quasi:n~rap~u:iccisccurs~s ar~.Inmaazin~s.ccn:~mpcrar,lic:icnanc:~i~isicn:aiksncws.i:is wcm~n. nc: m~n. wnc ar~ accr~ss~c anc r~quir~c :c wcrk cn anc :ranslcrm :n~s~il.>inilican:i,.i:app~ars:na::n~ic~aiciscipiinar,suj~c:cl n~cii~raiism is l~minin~.The makeover garadgmMcr~ rcaci,. i: min: ~ aru~c :na: a mak~c~r paracim ccns:i:u:~s pcs:l~minis: m~cia cui:ur~. 1nis r~quir~s p~cpi~ (pr~ccminan:i, wcm~n) :c ~ii~~. lirs:. :na: :n~, cr :n~ir iil~ is iackin cr liaw~c in scm~ wa,. s~ccnc. :na: i: is am~nai~ :c r~in~n:icn cr :ranslcrma:icn , lciicwin :n~ acic~ cl r~ia:icnsnip. c~sin cr iil~s:,i~ ~.p~r:s anc prac:isin apprcpria:~i,mccili~cccnsump:icnnai:s.:c:cni,is:nis:n~impiici: m~ssa~ cl man, maazin~s. :aik sncws anc c:n~r m~cia ccn:~n:. u: i: is :n~ ~.piici: lccus cl :n~ mak~c~r :ak~c~r (Hciicws. 2uuu) :na: ccmina:~s ccn:~mpcrar, :~i~isicn. I: ~an wi:n lccc. ncm~s anc arc~ns. u: nasncw~.:~nc~c:ccic:nin.ci~aniin~ss.wcrk.ca:in.s~..ccsm~:ic sur~r, anc raisin cniicr~n.>ucn sncws ~in wi:n :n~ prccuc:icn cl :c.ic snam~ (I~ck. 1) in :n~ir par:icipan:s :nrcun numiiia:icn inac~quaci~s in :n~ warcrc~. ci~aniin~ss.ca:incrcniicr~arinc~par:m~n:.aicnsic~:n~i~~lui anc c,~uris:ic cispia, cl :n~ir laiiins :c :n~ auci~nc~ (Cn m, tCD wna:is1HX1.:c.:C:\na:ssn~DCI:t.:).Iar:icipan:sar~:n~n aricusi, acis~c. cajci~c. uiii~c cr ~cuca:~c in:c cnanin :n~ir wa,s anc ~ccmin mcr~ succ~sslui ~rsicns cl :n~ms~i~s (icckin ,cun~r. ~::in pas: :n~ lirs: ca:~. nain a ~::~r r~ia:icnsnip wi:n :n~ir cniicr~n.~:c.).Xlr~qu~n::nirccnap:~rcl:n~sncwslcrma:aiicws:n~ napi~ss ic:im :c ~ s~: lr~~ :c c i: aicn~ (cn a ca:~ cr u,in cic:n~s) wnii~. ~ninc :n~ wa:cnlui ~,~ cl :n~ nicc~n cam~ra. :n~ ~.p~r:s cll~r :n~ir juc~m~n:s.Xs H~i~n \ccc anc 8~~ri, >k~s (2uu+) na~ aru~c. :n~ uiqui:, cl sucn sncws prccuc~ n~w ~:nicai s~i~s in wnicn par:icuiar lcrms cl mcc~rniz~cancuprac~cs~ilncccar~pr~s~n:~cassciu:icns:c:n~ cii~mmasclccn:~mpcrar,iil~.1n~sc~naricsar~prclcunci,ciass~c anc~nc~r~canc.asXn~iaMcRci~(2uu+a)pcin:scu:.raciaiiz~c :cc (il iar~i, :nrcun ~.ciusicn). sinc~ :n~ kinc cl ncs:ii~ juc~m~n:s oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1rcu:in~i,mac~clwni:~wcrkinciasswcm~nwcuicrisk~inn~arc as racis: il mac~ , wni:~ ~.p~r:s acu: iack cci~s. prac:ic~s anc ii~s. 1n~sncwsr~inicra:~ciassan:acnismswnicn.in:nismcm~n:cl ccmpuiscr,inciicuaii:,.ncicn~rwcrkcnsucncruc~ca:~cri~sas cccupa:icn cr scciai icca:icn. u: pia, cu: cn :n~ wcm~ns cci~s. ncm~s. ccckin skiiis anc aiii:, as mc:n~rs. :nrcun nc:icns cl ccc :as:~ anc cui:urai capi:ai.Cncic~ m~cia:~s :as:~. cispia,in :n~ succ~ss anc :n~ laiiur~ cl :n~ s~il :c mak~ i:s~il. lcr ins:anc~ in iil~s:,i~ prcramm~s sucn as hoi Rm (88C). H.c Dc: (Cnann~i +) anc Bc::c Hmc (I1\) wn~r~ :n~ ccm~s:ic anc :nus :n~ ~~r,ca, is :ranslcrm~c :nrcun apprcpria:in ~::~r :as:~. (\ccc anc >k~s. 2uu+. 2uo)McRci~pcin:s:c:n~appaiiinnas:in~ssancicicusn~sscl:n~ ~nc~r~c anc ciass animcsi:i~s ~nac:~c. as :n~ auci~nc~ is ~nccura~c :c iaun a: :ncs~ i~ss lcr:una:~. Hcw~~r. in a prcramm~ sucn as Uifc Suo. in wnicn :wc marri~c wcm~n (usuaii, lrcm crama:icaii, cill~r~n: ciass ackrcuncs)swapii~s.:n~crcn~s:ra:~cmcraii:,isscm~:im~smcr~ ccmpiica:~c.wi:nmicci~ciasscar~~rwcm~n:n~:ar~:cla::acklcr c~c:in :cc ii::i~ :im~ cr a::~n:icn :c :n~ir cniicr~n (aicnsic~ :n~ a::acks cnwcrkinciasswcm~nspccrlcccpr~para:icncrinccmp~:~nc~a: n~ipin wi:n ncm~wcrk. wnicn McRci~ c~scri~s). \na: is ci~ar lrcm ~~n a curscr, i~win cl sucn sncws is :na: wcm~n simpi, cannc: win. in~i:ai,. :n~, wiii aiwa,s laii. 8u: ra:n~r :nan in:~rrca:in l~minini:, cr scciai r~ia:icns. cr wna: w~ as a scci~:, ~.p~c: cl wcm~n. :n~ sncws cll~rncwa,clunc~rs:ancin:nisc:n~r:nan:nrcun:n~crama:iz~c sp~c:aci~ cl ccnliic: ~:w~~n :wc wcm~n.Xs nas ~~n nc:~c pr~icusi,. mcs: cl :n~ par:icipan:s anc a iar~ par: cl :n~ assum~c auci~nc~ lcr mak~c~r sncws ar~ wcm~n. Cn~ ~.c~p:icn is Q.cc L,c f :hc S:oih: G.,. in wnicn li~ a, prcl~ssicnais in lasnicn. rccmin. in:~ricr c~sin. cui:ur~. lccc anc win~ ccm~ :c~:n~r as a :~am :c n~ip s:rain: m~n cl :n~ wcric linc :n~ jc. ~: :n~ icck anc ~: :n~ iri (~.~cu:i~ prccuc~r. quc:~c in Xiia:scn. 2uu+. 2u). H~r~. a, m~n cccup, an ~.piici:i, l~miniz~c pcsi:icn. cll~rin acic~ as~c cn :n~ir cui:urai capi:ai as w~ai:n,. succ~sslui. micci~ciass anc. ac~ aii. s:,iisn. 1n~r~ is nc spac~ n~r~ :c r~li~c: cn :n~ c~a:~s acu: :n~ sncw. sucn as i:s ~iisicn cr ~qua:icn cl a,n~ss wi:n s:,iisnn~ss. i:s ~racica:icn cl an, l~mai~ qu~~r p~rsp~c:i~s.anci:srci~incis:~rinancmain:aininan~:~rcs~.is: ~ccncm,. 8u: i: is wcr:n pcin:in :c :n~ cill~r~nc~ in :cn~ ~:w~~n :nis sncw anc simiiar lcrma:s aim~c a: :ranslcrmin wcm~n in par:icuiar. :n~ ircnic cis:anc~ anc iack cl a s~ns~ cl puni:i~ r~uia:icn :na: marks cu: Q.cc L,c. 1nis is aisc nc:ai~ in c:n~r sncws l~a:urin mai~ par:icipan:s. :n~, ar~ mark~c in su:i~ wa,s as i~ss s~ricus anc as cll~rin a kinc cl s,mciic r~~n~ aains: m~n. 1nis can ~ s~~n mcs: ci~ari, in :n~ ncw iccnic mcm~n: in ~acn sncw (sucn as 1o Yco Y.c) in wnicn mai~ r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )18ic:ims ar~ :cic :na: :n~, mus: na~ :n~ir ack (cr scm~:im~s cn~s:) nair r~mc~c. 1nis prcc~cur~ is iin~r~c c~r , :n~ cam~ra in a wa, :na: s~~ms c~sin~c:capp~ai:cl~mai~i~w~rs.lcrwncmwa.incr~i~c:rci,sis is assum~c :c ~ rcu:in~. 1n~ 2uu c.cllic~ ni:Hi:ch. in wnicn \iii >mi:npia,saiil~ancr~ia:icnsnipccacn:c:n~sw~~:u:in~p:i~in Jam~s. l~a:ur~s a simiiar sc~n~. wnii~ aisc ~in wrapp~c in a narra:i~ :na: r~assur~s mai~ i~w~rs :na: sucn s~il:ranslcrma:icns ar~ nc: r~aii, n~c~ssar,. ~in cn~s~il (unmac~c~r) is aii :na: is r~quir~c :c win :n~ wcmans n~ar:. anc au:n~n:ic mascuiini:, wins :n~ ca,.The reasserton of sexual dfferenceicr a sncr: :im~ in :n~ 1us anc 18us. nc:icns cl mai~ anc l~mai~ ~quaii:, anc :n~ asic simiiari:, cl m~n anc wcm~n :cck ncic in pcpuiar cui:ur~. ~lcr~ :nis was r~sciu:~i, cisp~ns~c wi:n in :n~ 1us. X k~, l~a:ur~ cl :n~ pcs:l~minis: s~nsiiii:, nas ~~n :n~ r~sur~nc~ cl ic~as cl na:urai s~.uai cill~r~nc~ acrcss aii m~cia lrcm n~wspap~rs :c ac~r:isin. :aik sncws anc pcpuiar lic:icn. Cn~ ar~na in wnicn :nis pia,~c cu: was :n~ m~cia c~a:~ acu: mascuiini:,. in wnicn :n~ liur~ cl :n~ :~w Man was a::ack~c , c:n wcm~n anc m~n as as~.uai anc nc: mani, ~ncun. :~wmanwasccnc~mn~casinau:n~n:icanclak~.ancunc~rs:ccc, man, as an ac: cr pcs~ :na: nac aris~n :nrcun wna: was pr~s~n:~c as :n~ n~~mcnic ccminanc~ cl l~minism. u: nac ii::i~ :c cc wi:n wna: m~n w~r~ac:uaii,iik~.Xains::nis.:n~ris~cl:n~:~wIacin:n~1us was wic~i, r~pcr:~c as an ass~r:icn cl lr~~ccm aains: :n~ s:rani~ncic cl l~minism anc cruciaii, as an unasnam~c c~i~ra:icn cl :ru~ cr au:n~n:icmascuiini:,.ii~ra:~clrcm:n~snacki~sclpcii:icaiccrr~c:n~ss. :~w iac cnampicn~c anc r~ass~r:~c a ~rsicn cl mascuiini:, as iiicincus. pcw~rlui anc. cruciaii,. cill~r~n: lrcm l~minini:,.Impcr:an:i,.:n~s~cisccurs~scls~.uaicill~r~nc~w~r~ncurisn~c c:n , :n~ rcwin in:~r~s: in ~ciu:icnar, ps,cncic,. anc c~~icpm~n:s in ~n~:ic sci~nc~ wnicn n~ic cu: :n~ prcmis~ cl icca:in a ~n~:ic asis lcraiinumancnarac:~ris:ics.>ucnc~~icpm~n:s.lrcmccnc~rnacu: :n~ ~.is:~nc~ cl a a, ~n~ :c a::~mp:s :c ic~n:il, :n~ par:s cl :n~ rain r~spcnsii~ lcr risk:akin (anc :c c~mcns:ra:~ :na: :n~, w~r~ iar~r in m~n :nan in wcm~n). w~r~ acccrc~c a nu~ amcun: cl cc~ra~ in :n~ pr~ss anc cn :~i~isicn. anc i: is sinilican: :na: :nis in:~r~s: ccincic~c wi:n a mcm~n: in wnicn :n~ iil~s:,i~ s~c:icns cl n~wspap~rs w~r~ ~.pancin anc prciil~ra:in. liii~c in iar~ par: , ar:ici~s lccusin cn :n~ na:ur~ cl ~nc~r anc ~nc~r r~ia:icns (s~~ tiii. 2uuo).In acci:icn. nc:icns cl s~.uai cill~r~nc~ w~r~ l~c , :n~ ~.picsicn cl s~iln~ip ii:~ra:ur~ wnicn accr~ss~c a: i~as: as i:s su:~.: :n~ qu~s:icn cl wn, :n~ a::i~ cl :n~ s~.~s ccn:inu~c c~spi:~ (cr. in scm~ i:~ra:icns. ~caus~ cl) l~minism. Cn~ answ~r ran cu: icuc anc ci~ari, lrcm man, :~.:s. ~caus~ m~n anc wcm~n ar~ luncam~n:aii, cill~r~n:. i~minism was c~~m~c :c na~ ics: i:s wa, wn~n i: :ri~c :c impcs~ i:s ic~cicicai oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1pr~scrip:icns cn a na:ur~ :na: cic nc: li:. wna: was n~~c~c. sucn ii:~ra:ur~ aru~c. was a lrank ackncwi~c~m~n: cl cill~r~nc~ ra:n~r :nan i:s c~niai. >p~arn~acin:n~mc~m~n:(cra:i~as::n~puiisninpn~ncm~ncn) was Jcnn tra,. wncs~ Mars anc \~nus :~.: (2uu2) sccn ~cam~ a wnci~ incus:r,. tra,s ~nius was in icca:in s~.uai cill~r~nc~ as a ps,cncicicai ra:n~r :nan ~ss~n:iaii, icicicai ma::~r. anc :ranspcsin cic anc ciicn~c nc:icns :nrcun :n~ n~w anc lr~sn m~:apncr cl in:~rpian~:ar, cill~r~nc~. wnii~ (sup~rliciaii, a: i~as:) acicin iam~ anc cri:icism (a cics~r r~acin :~iis a cill~r~n: s:cr,).tra,swcrknas~ccm~animpcr:an:par:clpcs:l~minis:m~cia cui:ur~ in i:s cwn rin:. as w~ii as in i:s ci:a:icns in c:n~r pcpuiar cui:urai :~.:s lrcm maazin~s :c cnick ii:. anc i:s inauura:icn cl :n~ nc:icn cl (in:~rpian~:ar,) :ransia:icn. 1n~ ic~a (aisc lcunc in mcr~ ~.pr~ssi, l~minis::~.:ssucnasD~cran1ann~ns(12)wcrkcnianua~).is:na: m~n anc wcm~n jus: cc nc: unc~rs:anc ~acn c:n~r. X iar~ rci~ lcr :n~ pcpuiar m~cia. :n~n. is :ransia:in cr m~cia:in m~ns anc wcm~ns ccmmunica:icn.cus:cmsanclunn,wa,s:c~acnc:n~r(inamann~r.cn~ ccuic aru~. :na: s:iii s,s:~ma:icaii, priii~~s mai~ pcw~r).Disccurs~s cl s~.uai cill~r~nc~ aisc s~r~ :c (r~)~rc:iciz~ pcw~r r~ia:icns ~:w~~n m~n anc wcm~n. Cn cn~ i~~i :nis simpi, m~ans :na: cill~r~nc~ is ccns:ruc:~c as s~.,. Cn anc:n~r. cisccurs~s cl na:urai ~nc~r cill~r~nc~ can ~ us~c :c lr~~z~ in piac~ ~.is:in in~quaii:i~s , r~pr~s~n:in :n~m as in~i:ai~ anc il r~ac ccrr~c:i, as pi~asurai~.Irong and knowngness:c ciscussicn cl :n~ pcs:l~minis: s~nsiiii:, in :n~ m~cia wcuic ~ ccmpi~:~ wi:ncu: ccnsic~rin ircn, anc kncwinn~ss. Ircn, can s~r~ man, lunc:icns. I: is us~c in ac~r:isin :c accr~ss wna: tcicman (12) caiis sin la:iu~. , naiiin auci~nc~s as kncwin anc scpnis:ica:~c ccnsum~rs. lia::~rin :n~m wi:n :n~ir awar~n~ss cl in:~r:~.:uai r~l~r~nc~s anc :n~ nc:icn:na::n~,cans~~:nrcuna::~mp:s:cmanipuia:~:n~m.Ircn, is us~c aisc as a wa, cl ~s:aiisnin a sal~ cis:anc~ ~:w~~n cn~s~il anc par:icuiar s~n:im~n:s cr ~ii~ls. a: a :im~ wn~n ~in passicna:~ acu: an,:nin cr app~arin :c car~ :cc mucn s~~ms :c ~ unccci. Xs Ian Iark~r nas nc:~c in r~ia:icn :c c~ciara:icns cl ic~. :n~ pcs:mcc~rn anc ircnic ~rsicn cl I ic~ ,cu min: ~. as 8arara Car:ianc wcuic sa,. I ic~ ,cumaci,(Iark~r.18.1).H~r~:n~quc:a:icncrr~l~r~nc~s~:s up a prc:~c:i~ cis:anc~ ~:w~~n :n~ sp~ak~r anc :n~ ~.pr~ssicn cl ic~. Jackscn ~: ai. (2uu1) na~ aru~c :na: ircn, ma, cll~r an in:~rnai c~l~nc~ aains:amiai~n:l~~iins.asw~iiascu:warci,r~u::incnar~scl :akin scm~:nin (cr wcrs~ s:iii. cn~s~il) :cc s~ricusi,.Mcs: sinilican:i,. ncw~~r. in pcs:l~minis: m~cia cui:ur~ ircn, nas ~ccm~ a wa, cl nain i: c:n wa,s. cl ~.pr~ssin s~.is:. ncmcpncic cr c:n~rwis~ unpaia:ai~ s~n:im~n:s in an ircniz~c lcrm. wnii~ ciaimin :nis was nc: ac:uaii, m~an:. I: wcrks in aricus wa,s. Xs \n~i~nan (2uuu) r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )1ouanc \iiiiamscn (2uu) na~ aru~c. :n~ us~ cl r~:rc ima~r, anc ncs:aiia is a k~, c~ic~ in :n~ ccns:ruc:icn cl ccn:~mpcrar, s~.ism. R~l~r~ncin a pr~icus ~ra ~ccm~s an impcr:an: wa, cl su~s:in :na: :n~ s~.ism is sal~i, s~ai~c in :n~ pas: wnii~ ccns:ruc:in sc~narics :na: wcuic arn~r cri:icism il :n~, w~r~ r~pr~s~n:~c as ccn:~mpcrar,. In :n~ r~c~n: Ho, Do,ac~r:lcrCi:rc~nCcars.lcr~.ampi~.:n~lirs:lram~sncwsa ,cunwcmannainn~rcr~ss~n:ir~i,ripp~cclln~rcc,:cr~~ai n~r rin: r~c unc~rw~ar (wnicn ma:cn~s :n~ car). >n~ scr~ams. u: :n~ ac:icn sccn mc~s cn as :n~ in:~r~s: is in n~r cc,. nc: n~r cis:r~ss. 1n~ 1us iccncrapn, anc scunc:rack lrcm :n~ Ho, Do, sncw prc:~c:s :n~ ac~r: lrcm pc:~n:iai cri:icism. i: is as il :n~ wnci~ :nin is in ircnic anc numcrcus quc:a:icn marks.1n~r~:urnancr~naiii:a:icncl:n~wcrc:c::,inpcpuiarcui:ur~ marks anc:n~r ~.ampi~ cl :nis. aiicwin micci~ciass :~i~isicn pr~s~n:~rs :c r~l~r :c wcm~n in an ~n:ir~i, c~numanizin anc cj~c:il,in mann~r. wnii~ su~s:in :na: :n~ s~.ism is nc: m~an: s~ricusi,. 1n~ wcrc nas a ncs:aiic quaii:,. r~cci~n: cl naun:, s~asic~ pcs:carcs.Ircn, can cp~ra:~ :nrcun siii, n~cicisms. 1nis napp~ns rcu:in~i, in :n~ iacs maazin~s. icr ~.ampi~. in ~aiua:in pnc:crapns cl r~ac~rs irilri~ncs r~as:s. IHM mak~s sucn ccmm~n:s as il w~r~ ~in luss,. rin: cn~s:ici~ is a :ac iar~r :nan :n~ i~l: :n~ sn~~r siiiin~ss cl :n~ :~rm cn~s:ici~ rais~s a smii~ sc :na: cn~ min: aimcs: c~ricck :n~ lac: :na: :nis is a ccmp~:i:icn (r~as: qu~s:) :c linc :n~ ~s: pair cl :i:s in 8ri:ain (in 2uu).Ircn, aisc lunc:icns :nrcun :n~ ~r, ~.:r~m~n~ss cl :n~ s~.ism ~.pr~ss~c. as :ncun :n~ m~r~ lac: :na: wcm~n ar~ ccmpar~c :c rus:, cic an~rs cr pcs~c aains: ~acn c:n~r in :n~ cum~s: irilri~nc ccmp~:i:icn is (p~r~rs~i,) ~ic~nc~ :na: :n~r~ is nc s~.ism (:n~ ~.:r~m~n~ss cl :n~ s~.ism is ~ic~nc~ :na: :n~r~ is nc s~.ism). Maazin~ ~ci:crs rcu:in~i, :rc: cu: :n~ iin~ :na: i: is aii narmi~ss lun (wn~n cic narmi~ss anc lun ~ccm~ ,ck~c :c~:n~r sc pcw~rluii,.). Xnc scm~ acac~mic ccmm~n:a:crs ar~~. Daic taun:i~:: aru~s :na: :n~ s~.ism in sucn maazin~s is kncwini, ricicuicus. as~c cn :n~ assump:icn :na: i:s siii, :c ~ s~.is: (anc :n~r~lcr~ is lunn, in a siii, wa,) (2uu2. 1o8).\~: il w~ susp~nc cur cis~ii~l in :n~ nc:icn :na: i: is jus: a iaun. w~ ar~ i~l: wi:n a las:rcwin ar~a cl m~cia ccn:~n: (wnicn prclcunci, inliu~nc~sc:n~rm~cia):na:iscniiiini,misc,nis:.ini:inm~n:c ~aiua:~ wcm~n cni, as s~.uai cj~c:s. X r~c~n: issu~ cl IHM asks m~n. Hcw mucn ar~ ,cu pa,in lcr s~.. R~ac~rs ar~ ini:~c :c caicuia:~ :n~ir cu:cins cn i:~ms sucn as crinks. cin~ma :ick~:s anc uncn~s cl licw~rs. anc :n~n :c ciic~ :n~ :c:ai , :n~ num~r cl snas :n~,~ nac :na: mcn:n in crc~r :c caicuia:~ :n~ir pa, p~r ia,. inc~r a li~r p~r sna is :cc cn~ap sn~ is acu: :n~ sam~ pric~ as :n~ Camccian wncr~. arcunc L11 :c L2u is acu: :n~ cin ra:~ lcr a C,pric: :ar:. anc ~acn sna sncuic ~ ccmpar~c wi:n :n~ aiu~ anc pi~asur~ :c ~ c:ain~c lrcm purcnasin a n~w CD. oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1o1Xn, mcr~ ~.p~nsi~ :nan :nis anc :n~ iac sncuic ~.p~c: a p~rlcrmanc~ wcr:n, cl a nini,:rain~c. s~., sncwiri (1urn~r. 2uu).I: is narc :c imain~ an, c:n~r rcup in scci~:, ~in sc s,s:~ma:icaii, cj~c:ili~c. a::ack~c anc iiili~c wi:n sc ii::i~ cppcsi:icn wnicn :~iis us scm~:nin acu: :n~ pcw~r cl ircn,. Xn, a::~mp: :c cll~r a cri:iqu~ cl sucn ar:ici~s is cismiss~c , r~l~r~nc~s :c :n~ cri:ics pr~sum~c uiin~ss. s:upici:,crm~m~rsnipcl:n~l~minis::ncun:pciic~.ir~qu~n:i,. cri:icisms ar~ pr~~mp:~c , ccmm~n:s wnicn su~s: :na: :n~ ar:ici~s wri:~r is ~.p~c:in iunc~rin ran:s lrcm :n~ ccuncii cl wcm~n. In :nis ccn:~.:. cri:iqu~ ~ccm~s mucn mcr~ cillicui: anc :nis. i: wcuic s~~m. is pr~cis~i, wna: is in:~nc~c.Pemnsm and ant-femnsmiinaii,. :nis ar:ici~ wiii :urn :c ccns:ruc:icns cl l~minism. wnicn ar~ an in:~rail~a:ur~cl:n~pcs:l~minis:s~nsiiii:,ccnsic~r~cn~r~.Cn~cl :n~ :nins :na: mak~s :n~ m~cia :cca, ~r, cill~r~n: lrcm :n~ :~i~isicn. maazin~s.raciccrpr~sscl:n~1ous.1usanc~ari,18us.is:na: l~minismisncwpar:cl:n~cui:uraili~ic.1na:is.l~minis:cisccurs~s ar~ ~.pr~ss~c wi:nin :n~ m~cia ra:n~r :nan simpi, ~in ~.:~rnai. inc~p~nc~n:. cri:icai cic~s. i~minis:inspir~c ic~as urs: lcr:n lrcm cur racics. :~i~isicn scr~~ns anc prin: m~cia in 1\ ciscussicns acu: ca:~ rap~ anc s~.uaiiz~c ima~r,. in n~wspap~r ar:ici~s acu: wcm~ns ~.p~ri~nc~s cl war cr :n~ incr~asin ~au:, pr~ssur~s cn ,cun iris. in :aik sncws acu: ccm~s:ic ici~nc~ cr ancr~.ia. Inc~~c. i: min: ~ aru~c :na: mucn cl wna: ccun:s as l~minis: c~a:~ in w~s:~rn ccun:ri~s :cca, :ak~s piac~ in :n~ m~cia ra:n~r :nan cu:sic~ i:.Hcw~~r.i:wcuic~~n:ir~i,lais~:csu~s::na::n~m~cianas scm~ncw ~ccm~ l~minis: anc nas accp:~c unprci~ma:icaii, a l~minis: p~rsp~c:i~. Ins:~ac i: s~~ms mcr~ accura:~ :c aru~ :na: :n~ m~cia cll~rsccn:racic:cr,.u:n~~r:n~i~sspa::~rn~c.ccns:ruc:icns.In:nis pcs:l~minis: mcm~n:. as Juci:n >:ac~, (18) nas pu: i:. l~minis: ic~as ar~ simui:an~cusi, inccrpcra:~c. r~is~c anc c~pcii:icis~c. anc i~: us acc n~r~ a::ack~c. Xn~ia McRci~ (2uu+) nas r~l~rr~c :c :nis as :n~ ccn:~mpcrar, ccui~ ~n:ani~m~n: cl n~cii~rai aiu~s in r~ia:icn :c ~nc~r. s~.uaii:, anc lamii, iil~. anc a l~minism :na: is par: cl ccmmcn s~ns~ ,~: aisc l~ar~c. na:~c anc li~rc~i, r~pucia:~c.\na:mak~sccn:~mpcrar,m~ciacui:ur~cis:inc:i~i,pcs:l~minis:. ra:n~r :nan pr~l~minis: cr an:il~minis:. is pr~cis~i, :nis ~n:ani~m~n: cl l~minis: anc an:il~minis: ic~as. 1nis can ~ s~~n ci~ari, in :n~ mui:imiiiicn cciiar puiisnin pn~ncm~ncn cl cnick ii: in :n~ wak~ cl :n~ succ~ss cl Bidc: 'c` Dio, In ccn:~mpcrar, scr~~n anc pap~rack rcmanc~s. l~minismisnc:incr~ccr~~na::ack~c(asscm~ackiasn:n~cris:s min: na~ i:). u: is simui:an~cusi, :ak~n lcr ran:~c anc r~pucia:~c. X c~r:ain kinc cl ii~rai l~minis: p~rsp~c:i~ is :r~a:~c as ccmmcns~ns~. wnii~ a: :n~ sam~ :im~ l~minism anc l~minis:s ar~ ccns:ruc:~c as narsn. r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )1o2puni:i~ anc inau:n~n:ic. nc: ar:icuia:in wcm~ns :ru~ c~sir~s (1ask~r anc:~ra.2uu).Inscm~ins:anc~sl~minismiss~:upaspciic~man. cisaiicwinwcm~n:n~pi~asur~scl:raci:icnail~minini:,.Inar~c~n: in:~ri~w. Marian i~,~s. au:ncr cl a s~ri~s cl succ~sslui cnick ii: nc~is. r~l~rs :c n~rs~il as par: cl a pcs:l~minis: ~n~ra:icn :na: r~w up in l~ar cl ~in :cic cll , l~minis:s anc nain ~~r,:nin pink :ak~n cu: cl m, ncus~ (S:o: :hc Uccl. 88C Racic +. Jun~ 2uu+). 1nis carica:ur~ cap:ur~s w~ii wna: Ls:n~r >cnn~: nas caii~c :n~ naun:, u: nic~ ~ll~c:. wn~r~ cisapprcai lrcm 8i >is:~r in:~nsili~s :n~ s~cr~:,uii:, pi~asur~s cll~r~c :c :n~ pcs:l~minis: ccnsum~r cl :n~ lcricc~n pi~asur~s cl :n~ unr~ccns:ruc:~c l~minin~ (>cnn~:. 2uu2. 1).I~rnaps :nis aisc r~ia:~s :c :n~ pi~asur~s cl :n~ s~.ism in iac maazin~s. :ar~:~cas:n~,ar~a:m~nwncsncuickncw~::~r(:cus~Lodcds s:rapiin~). I: is pr~cis~i, :n~ kncwinn~ss cl :n~ :ransr~ssicn. aicnsic~ :n~ c~ii~ra:~ ar:icuia:icn cl l~minis: anc an:il~minis: ic~as. :na: sinili~s a pcs:l~minis: s~nsiiii:,.In sucn rcmanc~s. pcs:l~minis: n~rcin~s ar~ cl:~n mucn mcr~ ac:i~ prc:acnis:s :nan :n~ir ccun:~rpar:s in pcpuiar cui:ur~ lrcm :n~ 1us anc 18us. 1n~, aiu~ au:cncm,. ccii, in:~ri:, anc :n~ lr~~ccm :c mak~ inciicuai cncic~s. Hcw~~r. wna: is in:~r~s:in is :n~ wa, in wnicn :n~, s~~mccmp~ii~c:cus~:n~ir~mpcw~r~cpcs:l~minis:pcsi:icn:cmak~ cncic~s :na: wcuic ~ r~arc~c , man, l~minis:s as prci~ma:ic. icca:~c as :n~, ar~ in ncrma:i~ nc:icns cl l~minini:,. 1n~, cnccs~. lcr ~.ampi~. wni:~w~ccins.ccwnsizin.iinupwcrkcr:akin:n~irnusancs nam~ cn marria~ (McRci~. 2uu+). Cn~ r~acin cl :nis ma, niniin: :n~~.ciusicnscl>~ccnc\a~l~minism.su~s:in:na:i:r~pr~s~n:s :n~ r~:urn cl :n~ r~pr~ss~c. :n~ pi~asur~s cl ccm~s:ici:, cr :raci:icnai l~minini:,(Hciicws.2uu).Xnc:n~r(nc:n~c~ssarii,ccn:racic:cr,) r~acin min: wan: :c s:r~ss :n~ wa,s in wnicn pr~l~minis: ic~ais ar~ ~in (s~cuc:i~i,) r~packa~c as pcs:l~minis: lr~~ccms (Irc,n. 1) in wa,s :na: cc nc:nin :c qu~s:icn ncrma:i~ n~:~rcs~.uai l~minini:,. 1wc :nins ar~ ci~ar. ncw~~r. pcs:l~minism ccns:ruc:s an ar:icuia:icn cr su:ur~ ~:w~~n l~minis: anc an:il~minis: ic~as. anc :nis is ~ll~c:~c ~n:ir~i,:nrcunarammarclinciicuaiism:na:li:sp~rl~c:i,wi:n n~cii~raiism.Concluson1nisar:ici~nasa::~mp:~c:ccu:iin~:n~~i~m~n:sclapcs:l~minis: s~nsiiii:,. aains: a ackcrcp in wnicn pcs:l~minism is rcu:in~i, inck~c u: rar~i, ~.picr~c cr sp~cili~c. Cl n~c~ssi:,. :nis cu:iin~ nas ~~n ri~l ancscn~ma:ic.niniin:inaari~:,cl:n~m~s:na:.:ak~n:c~:n~r. ccns:i:u:~ a cis:inc:i~i, pcs:l~minis: s~nsiiii:,. I am ccnscicus cl nain paic insullici~n: a::~n:icn :c cill~r~nc~s cl aricus kincs. anc wcuic ~ in:~r~s:~cin~.picrin:n~~.:~n::cwnicnapcs:l~minis:s~nsiiii:, oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1or~c~n:r~s c:n n~:~rcs~.uaii:, anc wni:~n~ss. as w~ii as l~:isnizin a ,cun. ai~cci~c. li: (unc~rs:ccc as c:n n~ai:n,. anc in i:s mcr~ ccn:~mpcrar, s~ns~ as a::rac:i~) l~mai~ cc,. 1n~ wa,s in wnicn pcs:l~minism marks araciaiiz~cancn~:~rcs~.uaiiz~cmcc~rniza:icncll~minini:,r~quir~ mucn mcr~ anai,sis :nan was pcssii~ n~r~. In ccnciusicn. ncw~~r. :nis ar:ici~ niniin:s :wc k~, pcin:s acu: :n~ s~nsiiii:, sk~:cn~c n~r~. i:s in:ima:~ r~ia:icn :c l~minism anc :c n~cii~raiism.\na: mak~s a pcs:l~minis: s~nsiiii:, qui:~ cill~r~n: lrcm c:n pr~l~minis: ccns:ruc:icns cl ~nc~r anc l~minis: cn~s. is :na: i: is ci~ari, a r~spcns~ :c l~minism. In :nis s~ns~. pcs:l~minism ar:icuia:~s a cis:inc:i~i, n~w s~nsiiii:,. >cm~ wri:~rs na~ unc~rs:ccc :nis as a ackiasn (iaiuci. 12. \n~i~nan. 2uuu. \iiiiamscn. 2uu) u: cn~ ccuic aru~ :na: i: is mcr~ccmpi~.:nan:nis.pr~cis~i,~caus~cli:s:~nc~nc,:c~n:ani~ l~minis: anc an:il~minis: cisccurs~s. i~minis: ic~as ar~ a: :n~ sam~ :im~ ar:icuia:~c anc r~pucia:~c. ~.pr~ss~c anc cisacw~c. I:s ccns:ruc:icns cl ccn:~mpcrar, ~nc~r r~ia:icns ar~ prclcunci, ccn:racic:cr,. Cn :n~ cn~ nanc. ,cun wcm~n ar~ naii~c :nrcun a cisccurs~ cl cancc iri pcw~r. ,~: cn :n~ c:n~r nanc. :n~ir cci~s ar~ pcw~rluii, r~inscri~c as s~.uai cj~c:s. wcm~n ar~ pr~s~n:~c as ac:i~. c~sirin scciai suj~c:s. u: :n~, ar~suj~c::cai~~iclscru:in,ancncs:ii~sur~iiianc~wnicnnasnc nis:cricai pr~c~c~n:.\~: :n~s~ ccn:racic:icns ar~ nc: ranccm. u: ccn:ain :n~ s~cim~n:s cl c:n~r cisccurs~s in a wa, :na: is pa::~rn~c anc am~nai~ :c ~iacra:icn mucn as :nis ar:ici~ nas :ri~c :c cc. I: is pr~cis~i, in :n~ appar~n: ccn:racic:icnscl:n~pcs:l~minis:s~nsiiii:,:na::n~~n:ani~m~n:cll~minis: ancan:il~minis:cisccurs~scan~s~~n.1n~pa::~rn~cna:ur~cl:n~ ccn:racic:icns is wna: ccns:i:u:~s :n~ s~nsiiii:,. cn~ in wnicn nc:icns cl au:cncm,. cncic~ anc s~ilimprc~m~n: si: sic~,sic~ wi:n sur~iiianc~. ciscipiin~anc:n~iiilica:icncl:ncs~wncmak~:n~wrcncncic~s (~ccm~ :cc la:. :cc :nin cr na~ :n~ aucaci:, cr ac juc~m~n: :c rcw cic~r).1n~s~ nc:icns ar~ aisc c~n:rai :c n~cii~raiism anc su~s: a prclcunc r~ia:icn ~:w~~n n~cii~rai ic~cici~s anc pcs:l~minism. In r~c~n: ,~ars a num~r cl wri:~rs na~ ~.picr~c n~cii~raiism in crc~r :c niniin: :n~ wa,s in wnicn i: nas snil:~c lrcm ~in a pcii:icai cr ~ccncmic ra:icnaii:, :c a mcc~ cl c~rnm~n:aii:, :na: cp~ra:~s acrcss a ran~ cl scciai spn~r~s (8rcwn. 2uu. Rcs~. 1o). :~cii~raiism is unc~rs:ccc incr~asini, as ccns:ruc:in inciicuais as ~n:r~pr~n~uriai ac:crs wnc ar~ ra:icnai. caicuia:in anc s~ilr~uia:in. 1n~ inciicuai mus: ~ar luii r~spcnsiiii:, lcr :n~ir iil~ icrapn,. nc ma::~r ncw s~~r~ :n~ ccns:rain:s upcn :n~ir ac:icn.Hcw~~r.wna:nasnc:,~:~~n~.amin~cis:n~r~ia:icnsnipcl n~cii~raiism:c~nc~rr~ia:icns.8u:i:app~arslrcm:nisa::~mp::c map:n~~i~m~n:sclapcs:l~minis:s~nsiiii:,:na::n~r~isapcw~rlui r~scnanc~ ~:w~~n pcs:l~minism anc n~cii~raiism. 1nis cp~ra:~s cn a: i~as: :nr~~ i~~is. iirs:. anc mcs: rcaci,. c:n app~ar :c ~ s:ruc:ur~c r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + tui r s 1 u ( 2 )1o+, a curr~n: cl inciicuaiism :na: nas r~piac~c aimcs: ~n:ir~i, nc:icns cl :n~ scciai cr pcii:icai. cr an, ic~a cl :n~ inciicuai as suj~c: :c pr~ssur~s. ccns:rain:s cr inliu~nc~ lrcm cu:sic~ :n~ms~i~s. >~ccnc. i: is ci~ar :na: :n~au:cncmcus.caicuia:in.s~ilr~uia:insuj~c:cln~cii~raiism ~ars a s:rcn r~s~mianc~ :c :n~ ac:i~. lr~~i, cnccsin. s~ilr~in~n:in suj~c:clpcs:l~minism.1n~s~:wcparaii~issu~s:.:n~n.:na:pcs:l~minism is nc: simpi, a r~spcns~ :c l~minism u: aisc a s~nsiiii:, a: i~as:par:i,ccns:i:u:~c:nrcun:n~p~rasi~n~sscln~cii~raiic~as. 1nirc. ncw~~r. is a ccnn~c:icn wnicn min: impi, :na: :n~ s,n~r, is ~~n mcr~ sinilican:. in :n~ pcpuiar cui:urai cisccurs~s ~.amin~c n~r~. umc ar~ caii~c cn :c s~ilmana~ anc s~ilciscipiin~. 1c a mucn r~a:~r ~.:~n: :nan m~n. wcm~n ar~ r~quir~c :c wcrk cn anc :ranslcrm :n~ s~il. r~uia:~ ~~r, asp~c: cl :n~ir ccncuc:. anc pr~s~n: :n~ir ac:icns as lr~~i, cncs~n. Ccuic i: ~ :na: n~cii~raiism is aiwa,s air~ac, ~nc~r~c. anc :na: wcm~n ar~ ccns:ruc:~c as i:s ic~ai suj~c:s. iur:n~r ~.picra:icn cl :nis in:ima:~ r~ia:icnsnip is n~~c~c ur~n:i, :c iiiumina:~ c:n pcs:l~minis: m~cia cui:ur~ anc ccn:~mpcrar, n~cii~rai scciai r~ia:icns.Notes1. >~~ 1inckn~ii (2uu) lcr a nuanc~c ciscussicn cl :nis pn~ncm~ncn.2. 1n~ ianua~ cl l~minisms s~. wars is aisc unn~iplui in :nis r~sp~c:. ccun:~rpcsin :n~ an:ipcrncrapn, l~minis:s wi:n :n~ s~. pcsi:i~ l~minis:s. wi:n :n~ impiica:icn :na: :ncs~ wnc ar~ aains: pcrncrapn, ar~ scm~ncw i~ss :nan pcsi:i~ acu: s~..ReferencesXiic~. I. (1) \na: Is Ics:l~minism. Cr. Hain i: 8c:n \a,s. in I. Xiic~ anc I. >:ar (~cs) Icmiim/I:mdcim/I:fcmiim fcccc Icccdi. pp. 1. Xuckianc. Mass~, ini~rsi:, Ir~ss.Xiia:scn. I. (2uu+) Q.cc L,cs Irimpin anc Iimpin lcr Lmpir~ ~: ai. Icmii: Mcdio S:.dic +(2). 2u811.8rccks. X. (1) I:fcmiim Icmiim .t:.ot !hc, od .t:.ot Im. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.8rcwn. \. (2uu) :~cIi~raiism anc :n~ Lnc cl Ii~rai D~mccrac,. !hc, od Lc: (1). ,Xcc~ss~c + D~c~m~r 2uuo. n::p.,,mus~.jnu.~cu,jcurnais,:a~,Dcw. 8.J. (1o) Iimc!imc Icmiim !ctcii Mcdio .t:.c od :hc Umc` Mcmc: Sicc 1o. Iniiac~ipnia. ini~rsi:, cl I~nns,iania Ir~ss.iaiuci. >. (12) Bocltoh !hc Idcctocd Uo aoi: Umc. Icnccn. Cna::c \ \incus.ii~icin. H. (1) Bidc: 'c` Dio,. Icnccn. Iicaccr.taun:i~::. D. (2uu2) Mcdio Gcdc od Idc:i:, a I:d.c:i.Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~. tiii. R. (2uuo) Gcdc od :hc Mcdio. Camric~. Icii:, Ir~ss.tiii. R. (lcr:nccmin) R~in~n:in Rcmanc~. :~w i~minini:i~s anc Cnick Ii:. Icmii: Mcdio S:.dic o(+).oi r r . ro s + r r :i i s + :r ui x c tr+ t r r1otcicman. R. (12) Rcodi ad Sciott,. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.tra,. J. (2uu2) Mc ac fm Mo Umc oc fm c.. Icnccn. Harp~rCciiins.H~ci~. D. (188) Hidi i :hc Lih:. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.Hciicws. J. (2uuu) Icmiim Icmiii:, od I.to .t:.c. Mancn~s:~r. Mancn~s:~r ini~rsi:, Ir~ss.Hciicws. J. (2uu) i~~iin Iik~ a Dcm~s:ic tccc~ss. Ics:l~minism anc Ccckin. L.co '.ot f .t:.ot S:.dic o(2). 12u2.Jackscn. I.. :. >:~~nscn anc i. 8rccks (2uu1) Moli Scc f Mc` Moo.ic. Camric~. Icii:, Ir~ss.Ic:z. X. (2uu1) Ics:l~minis: 1~i~isicn Cri:icism. R~naiii:a:in Cri:icai 1~rms anc Ic~n:il,in Ics:l~minis: X::riu:~s. Icmii: Mcdio S:.dic 1(1). 1u21.Macccnaic. M. (1) Rccc:i Umc M,:h f Icmiii:, i :hc I.to Mcdio. Icnccn. Hccc~r.Mc:air. 8. (2uu2) S:i:coc .t:.c Sc+ Mcdio od :hc Dcmco:io:i f Dcic. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.Mc:a,. I. (12) I.co.t: od Icmiim Iuc Gcdc od :hc Sctf. Camric~. Icii:, Ir~ss.McRci~. X. (2uu+a) :c:~s cn Uho: ^: ! Uco anc Ics:i~minis: >,mciic \ici~nc~. in I. Xckins anc 8. >k~s (~cs) Icmiim of:c B.dic.. pp. 1u. C.lcrc. 8iackw~ii.McRci~. X. (2uu+) Ics: i~minism anc Icpuiar Cui:ur~. Icmii: Mcdio S:.dic +(). 2o+.Mcs~i~,. R. anc J. R~ac (2uu2) Hain i: att,. Icpuiar 1~i~isicn anc Ics:l~minism. Icmii: Mcdio S:.dic 2(2). 21u.:ara,an. :. (1o) Ci~aa~ Diic~s Ics:l~minis:s. O/cc (2 Xu.). 1.Iark~r. I. (18) !hc ii i Mdc Sciot I,cht, od Hu : Ld I:. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.I~ck. J. (1) 1\ 1aik >ncws as 1n~rap~u:ic Disccurs~. 1n~ Ic~cicicai Iacur cl :n~ 1~i~is~c 1aik Cur~. mm.ico:i !hc, (1). 881.Irc,n. L. (1) :~w 1raci:icnaiism anc Ics:i~minism. 1\ Dc~s :n~ Hcm~. in C. 8runsccn. J. DXcci anc I. >pi~i (~cs) Icmii: !ctcii i:icim a Rcodc. pp. 12o. C.lcrc. 8iackw~ii.Rainci:z. I. (1) MsR~pr~s~n:a:icn. 1n~ Icii:ics cl i~minis: >i:ccms. in M.8. Haraici:cn anc I. Rainci:z (~cs) !ctcii Hi:, od amcico .t:.c. pp. 1++1o. Durnam. :C. Duk~ ini~rsi:, Ir~ss.Racn~r. H. (1) Qu~~rin :n~ tiri. in H. Racn~r anc M. Iuck~:: (~cs) Suii Sitc. pp. 18. Minn~apciis. M:. ini~rsi:, cl Minn~sc:a Ir~ss.Rcs~. :. (1o) Ic:i O.ctc I,cht, Iuc od Ichd.:~w \crk. Camric~ ini~rsi:, Ir~ss.>cnn~:. L. (2uu2) Lrc:ic iic:icn , \cm~n lcr \cm~n. 1n~ Ii~asur~s cl Ics:i~minis: H~:~rcs~.uaii:,. Sc+.oti:ic 2(2). 1o8.>:ac~,. J. (18) >~.ism , a >u:i~r :am~. Ics:incus:riai Ccnci:icns anc Ics:i~minis: Ccnscicusn~ss in :n~ >iiiccn \aii~,. Scioti: Rcicu 1(o). 28.1ann~n. D. (12) Y. '.: D`: Idc:od Umc od Mc i co:i. Icnccn. \irac.r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c t r+ trx r s + t ui r s 1 u ( 2 )1oo1ask~r. \. anc D. :~ra (2uu) In iccus Ics:l~minism anc Ccn:~mpcrar, M~cia >:uci~s. !hc icmo '.ot ++(2). 1u1u.1a,icr. i. (2uuo) 1cca,s ii:ima:~ i~minis:s ar~ :n~ Cnicks in Crcp 1cps. G.odio (2 Marcn). ,Xaiiai~ a:. n::p.,,www.uarcianuniimi:~c.cc.uk1inckn~ii. L. (2uu) Mcdio:i :hc Iomit, Gcdc .t:.c od Rccc:o:i. Icnccn. Hccc~r Xrncic.1inckn~ii. L.. C. Cnam~rs. J. \an Iccn anc :. Hucscn (2uu) 8~in lcr I:. :~w i~minini:i~s. >cciai X~nc, anc Mcrai Disccurs~ in Ccn:~mpcrar, 1~~na~ anc M~ns Maazin~s. Icmii: Mcdio S:.dic (1). +o.1urn~r. J. (2uu) Dir:, \cun M~n. G.odio Ucclcd (22 Cc:.),Xcc~ss~c + D~c~m~r 2uuo. n::p.,,www.uarcian.cc.uk,w~~k~nc,s:cr,,u..1o8+.uu.n:mi\aik~rcin~. \.. H. Iuc~, anc J. M~icc, (2uu1) Gui I Git I,chciot L+to:i f Gcdc od to. 8asins:ck~. Iaira~.\n~i~nan. I. (2uuu) Octodcd I.to .t:.c od :hc I.:.c f Icmiim. Icnccn. \cm~ns Ir~ss.\iiiiamscn. J. (2uu) >~.ism wi:n an Xiii. G.odio (1 Ma,). ,Xcc~ss~c + D~c~m~r 2uuo. n::p.,,www.uarcian.cc.uk,ccmm~n:,s:cr,,u.ou+.oo18.uu.n:mi\ccc. H. anc 8. >k~s (2uu+) :c:~s cn L:nicai >c~narics cl >~il cn 8ri:isn R~aii:, 1\. Icmii: Mcdio S:.dic +(2). 2u8.\~a:man. X. (1+) I:mdc Rciii f :hc Iti:icot. :~w \crk. Rcu:i~c~.Bograghcal noteRcsaiinctiiiisas~ca::n~t~nc~rIns:i:u:~.Icnccn>cncciclLccncmics. >n~ is cc~ci:cr (wi:n i~i:n trin:) cl !hc Gcdc !ccht, Rcto:i (1a,icr ancirancis.1)ancau:ncrclGcdcod:hcMcdio(Icii:,Ir~ss.2uuo). anc nas mac~ :wc cccum~n:ari~s lcr :n~ 88C as~c cn n~r r~s~arcn. Curr~n:i, n~r r~s~arcn is as~c in :nr~~ li~ics. pcs:l~minism anc m~cia cui:ur~. cnanin r~pr~s~n:a:icns cl mascuiini:,. anc wcrkin prac:ic~s in n~w m~cia. X D D R L > > . t~nc~r Ins:i:u:~. Icnccn >cncci cl Lccncmics anc Icii:icai >ci~nc~. Hcun:cn >:r~~:. Icnccn \C2X 2XL. ii. ,~maii. r.c.iii_is~.ac.uk