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Potable and Non-
Potable Wastewater
ReuseCOL. BHASKAR TATWAWADI
TUSPL, Mumbai10th November 2017
Potable and Non-Potable Wastewater Reuse
• INTRODUCTION
• DISCHARGE STANDARDS
• REUSE / RECYCLE STANDARDS
• INDUSTRY COMPULSIONS
• CASE STUDIES
• MUNICIPAL REUSE
• CASE STUDIES
• COST / BENEFITS
• CONCLUSION
Potable and Non-Potable Wastewater Reuse
• Water is a finite resource. Its management is asocial responsibility. As engineers it isincumbent upon us to diligently ensure goodwater use and reuse practices.
• Water supply is vested with municipal bodiesand regulatory industry organizations. Capitalcost of water infrastructure is high. O & M costvaries across regions.
• As freshwater availability from existing sourcesdepletes progressively, reuse of treatedwastewater emerges as a practical and viablealternative.
• Today’s AWWA India Conference is the mostappropriate forum to deliberate on this vitalissue for entire humanity.
Sr. No. Parameters
Standards as per CPCB, April 2015
Revised by MoEF Gazette Not. Oct. 17
1 pH 6.5-9.0 6.5-9.0
2 B.O.D. < 10 mg/l 20 to 30 mg/l
3
Chemical Oxygen Demand
< 50 mg /l
4 Suspended solids < 10 < 50 to 100
5 Oil & Grease
6 Ammonical Nitrogen < 5 mg/l
7 Phosphate < 2 mg/l
8 Total Nitrogen < 10 mg/l
9 Fecal Coliform < 100/ 100 ml < 1000/ 100 ml
Note : All units are in mg/l except pH.
DISCHARGE PARAMETERSThe CPCB enforced the treated wastewater discharge parameters
on 25th April 2015. These were revised by MoEF & CC in October
2017 as given in the Table below.
Potable and Non-Potable Wastewater ReuseTREATED WASTEWATER REUSE
QUALITY PARAMETERS (MANUAL OF SEWERAGE & SEWAGE TREATMENT, CPHEEO)
S. No. Quality Parameter Reuse for Toilet Flushing, Fire Protection, Vehicle Washing, Non-contact Storage, Horticulture
/Golf Courses 1 Turbidity (NTU) <2
2 Suspended Solids Nil 3 Total Dissolved Solids <2100 mg/l
4 pH 6.5 to 8.3
5 Temp 0C Ambient
6 Oil & Grease Nil
7 Min. residual Chlorine 1 mg/l 8 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen <10 mg/l
9 BOD <10 mg/l 10 COD As arising when all other
parameters are satisfied. 11 Dissolved Phosphorous <1 mg/l
12 Nitrate Nitrogen <10 mg/l
13 Fecal Coliform Nil 14 Helminthic Eggs As arising when all other
parameters are satisfied. 15 Colour Colourless
16 Odour Asceptic and no foul odour.
Potable and Non-Potable Wastewater Reuse
• Reuse of treated wastewater has been the
practice in industries across sectors due to
the following compulsions –
– Limited supply
– Expansion plans without additional water
– High / unsubsidized water cost
– Availability of ample wastewater generated within
premises
– Cost of treatment before disposal and -
– Marginal incremental cost of treatment for reuse
and recycle, overall economy.
– No dependence on external water sources
Potable and Non-Potable Wastewater Reuse
Industries generating polluting effluents have
switched over to recycle & reuse.
• Petroleum refining
• Textiles processing
• Iron and Steel
• Automotive
In the last decade the Zero Liquid Discharge
(ZLD) policy of PCBs has forced other sectors
to ensure complete assimilation of treated
effluents within their own premises. Some case
studies follow.
CASE STUDIES
INDUSTRIAL REUSE : TEXTILES & AUTO
– ABHISHEK INDUSTRIES, BARNALA, 2004
– WELSPUN GROUP, ANJAR, 2004
– ALOK INDUSTRIES, VAPI, 2005
– HIMMATSINHGKA SIEDE LTD., HASSAN,
2007
– BOMBAY DYEING, RANJANGAON, 2008
– MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA, NASHIK, 2008
– TRIDENT GROUP, BUDHNI, 2010
TEXTILE EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICSPRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY & RO
S. No. Parameter Raw Effluent PostSecondary
Post RO
1 pH 10 -11 7.5 7.5
2 Temperature 450– 500 C 350 C Ambient
3 Suspended solids 300 50 Nil
4 BOD5 600 30 Nil
5 COD 2000 250
6 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 30 12 Nil
7 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 20 8 Nil
8 Phosphorous 10 5 Nil
9 Surfactants 40 2 Nil
10 Chlorides 1500 1500 50
11 Sulphates 1500 1500 50
12 Oil and Fats 25 5 Nil
13 Phenols 5 0.5 Nil
14 Colour on Pt-Co scale 5000 300 Colourless15 Odour Strong low Odourless
ABHISHEK, BARNALA, 3.5 MLD, Textiles, 2004
WELSPUN ANJAR, 5 MLD, Textiles, 2004
ALOK VAPI, 10 MLD, Textiles, 2005
HIMMETSINGHKA S. L. HASSAN, 5 MLD, Textiles, 2006
BOMBAY DYEING RANJANGAON, 6 MLD, Textiles, 2008
MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA NASHIK, 1.5 MLD, Auto, 2008
TRIDENT BUDHNI, 15 MLD, Textiles, 2010
PDA LUDHIANA, 110 MLD, Textiles, 2012
CASE STUDIESTREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
(SEWAGE) RECYCLE
• SIPCOT, KOYAMBEDU STP, CHENNAI - 65 MLD, 2009
• RCF TROMBAY, STP, MUMBAI - 23 MLD, 2012
• HZL, STP, UDAIPUR, - 20 MLD, 2014
• NMMC, STP, NAVI MUMBAI - 42 MLD, 2016
• PCMC, STP, PIMPRI, PUNE - 42 MLD, 2016
• KEMPEGOWDA LAYOUT - 150 MLD 2016
SIPCOT, KOYAMBEDU CHENNAI, 65 MLD, 2009
RCF TROMBAY, 23 MLD, 2012
HZL UDAIPUR, 20 MLD, 2013
NAVI MUMBAI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION , 42 MLD, 2016
PIMPRI CHINCHWAD MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, 42 MLD, 2016
LOCATIONS
OF
EFFLUENT &
SEWAGE
RECYCLE
PLANTS IN
INDIA
COST - BENEFITS
CAPITAL COST in INR (Million)
Fresh water supply scheme cost Surya, 400 MLD: 20000.
SWRO Scheme Chennai, Minjur 100 MLD (2008) : 6500.
NMMC Recycle Project 40 MLD, 2017 : 1680.
OPERATING & MAINTENANCE COST
Surya Project : 10 / year / MLD
SWRO Chennai : Not available, PPP project
NMMC Recycle Project : 3.5 – 4.0 / year / MLD
Potable and Non-Potable Wastewater Reuse
These case studies represent a small fraction of the total
wastewater generated, treated and reused. The potential
for recycle in India is huge.
The advantages are obvious. The capital and O & M Cost
for recycled water is much lower than fresh water source
based green-field water supply schemes.
Water treated with UF & MBR may be used to restore the
freshwater sources. It may then be used for treated
municipal water supply. RO treated water is ultra-pure and
better in quality than municipal water. This may be used
for drinking and domestic use.
.
CONCLUSIONThe concept of reuse and recycle of treated wastewater
is old. Industries have benefitted with recycle
strategies. Recently Maharashtra State has decided
that MIDC estates and power generation plants shall
use recycled municipal wastewater (2nd Nov. 2017).
The municipal sector in India has now joined the
recycle revolution. This is an emerging market for
process and technology providers. As the treatment
cost reduces, more and more ULBs will come forward
to implement recycle projects.
AWWA India must convene a cell to focus on this
aspect and become a global leader and torch bearer for
water recycle and reuse.
THANK
YOU!