Power and Place (Language Attitudes Spanish)

7/28/2019 Power and Place (Language Attitudes Spanish)

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Power and place

Laguag atttu twar Spah a blgual

acamc cmmuty Suthwt xa*

Maraa Achugar a Slva Pa

T papr xplr th rl Spah a acamc cmmuty Suthwt

xa rr t mtrat hw pwr, htry a plac act lgutc at-

ttu. T chagg tatu Spah rm bg a x lw wag payg

jb t bg a markr mmbrhp a xcluv acamc cmmuty

rv a a ca t vtgat hw pwr rlat a htry tract t hap

lgutc atttu vual a grup. Mmbr th Blgual Cratv

Wrtg Grauat Prgram at th Uvrty xa, El Pa, wr trvw

t ty th prvalt atttu twar blgualm, Spah th cmmu-ty a Spah laguag ur. A cur aaly th trvw rval

that partcpat th cmmuty valu Spah u a blgualm th

acamc ctxt, but hav mtly gatv atttu twar lcal vart

Spah a mlgual pakr. T tuy mtrat th mprtac

htry, pwr a plac urtag laguag atttu a har valua-

t laguag ur a u.

Keywords: blgualm, cur aaly atttu, laguag atttu,

Spah th U.S.

1. Introduction

Spah a a mrty laguag th U.S. ha tratally b acat wth

lwr cm wag arr a wrkg cla mmbr cty a t u ha

b rlgat t prvat a l-valu ma. Hwvr, rct mgraphc

h hav rult chag th lgutc lacap. Amrca Hpac

hrtag ar th largt grwg mrty th Ut Stat. Accrg t th

Cu Burau Amrca Cmmuty Survy, 44 mll Hpac lv


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200 Maraa Achugar a Slva Pa

Tr tmat buyg pwr a t xc $ bll (USHCC ). T

grwg umbr Spah pakr ha ma t th c mt pk la-

guag th cutry, whl grwg cmc pprtut acat wthSpah hav rult a hghr tatu r t a w ma u. T -

ma clu tachg, juralm, pltc a avrtg, amg thr. T

t btw th crag umbr Spah pakr a th xpa

ma u ctrat harply wth th mplmtat ucatal pl-

c a laguag lg that prmt mlgualm, makg th t a

mprtat phm t vtgat. Prvalt laguag lg th U.S.

hav mphaz th mprtac Eglh rr t ucc cmc a

ucatal ma (.g. Uz tatv a th Eglh Oly mvmt, Hu-

tgt charactrzat Hpac mmgrat, amg thr). T bat

hw t trprt a what valu t attrbut t Spah th U.S. tralat t

cctg a ctractry atttu twar laguag u a vlpmt

vual a cmmut.

Laguag atttu ar har valuat that acat partcular laguag

vart wth partcular valu (Wlar ). T acatv jugmt ar

part ur habtu, lar a mb practc that tguh u a -

uc hw w ract t thr ur a u laguag (Buru ). T

lgutc atttu x ur tatu a mmbrhp a grup a mark u tr-grup rlat. I gral, th u mrty r -taar vart

mark pakr a l pwrul a l cmptt tha majrty laguag pak-

r (Wlar ). But, what happ wh thr ar macr-lvl cal chag

(.. mgraphc, cmc rwar, tatu) that my tratal acat

btw a laguag a t valu r cal a ccupatal mblty?

I th tuy, w xplr th u a cal atur lgutc atttu by -

cug th lgutc atttu prvalt a acamc cmmuty cmp

blgual pakr Eglh a Spah. T acamc cmmuty lcat

th brr rg th U.S. a Mxc, a uch t a culturally a lgut-

cally vr ara. T rg charactrz by Spah matac a u

all ara l. T ctrat wth prvalt laguag u a atttu th

rt th cutry whr th u a vlpmt Spah a a thrat t

atal tty (Hutgt 4; Sha ).

A a blgual cmmuty, th t ca bt b crb trm tw

trctg ctua that rag rm uctal blgualm t mlgual-

m (Baugh 4). T ma t all mmbr th cmmuty ar blgual;

m mmbr ar mlgual Eglh r Spah. T rag ablt alcmpa rt cmptc trm rgtr a rgal vart,


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Pwr a plac 201

cmmuty rlat t th largr cal ctxt whch thy ar mmr a

t th c-htrcal ctxt whch cmmut a pakr vlp. I

a plac whr c-cultural actr uch a mgraphc trgth, ttutalupprt a th cal tatu mmbr th lgutc grup avr a trg th-

-lgutc vtalty (Gl, Burh & aylr ), w wul xpct laguag at-

ttu twar Spah t b avrabl. T prt tuy cu th llwg

qut: What rl() laguag play ctructg lcal grup tt?

What th valu Spah a blgualm th w acamc cmmuty?

Hw ar lcal vart Spah valuat a u th blgual acamc

cmmuty?

Our tt t xam th mpact cal chag a th crb abv

vual atttu. W cr atttu a bg ctruct c-htr-

cally a th rult lar pattr valuat a tcat, cqut-

ly makg t pbl t ucat r trarm ppl atttu. T cmmuty

w vtgat rprt a xampl a plac whr thr a tp-w attmpt

t crat a ymmtrcal rlathp btw Eglh a Spah a uca-

tal ctxt. T pwr tuat ctt th htrcally hgmc rlat

btw th tw laguag whr Eglh ha b th laguag acat wth

tatu (pwr) a Spah wth cal l (larty). Our aaly th tr-

play btw ttutal a vual laguag atttu ha mplcat rblgual ucat a laguag plcy multlgual ttg. I atttu ca

b rctly hap a trarm thrugh ttutal prgram g, th

tut a ucatr ca vlp mr ptv laguag lg twar

blgualm a lcal vart.

2. Previous research on language attitudes towards Spanish in the U.S.

Mt th tu atttu twar Spah laguag th U.S. hav b

carr ut th tat brrg Mxc, partcular uthwt xa u

t th uqu th laguag ctact tuat th rg (.g. Amata &

Ela-Olvar ; Halg 4, ; Gal ). T ara, a crb by

Mja, Ar a Carl (: ), ha ha xtv laguag ctact by

cqut, mmgrat, a prxmty t Mxc r th lat hur a y

yar. I at, xa uqu bcau th umbr Spah pakr, th

currt plc that tll upprt blgual ucat a th ctat mvmt

ppl acr brr.Prvu tu laguag atttu amg th Chca ppulat th


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lct, (b) atttu Chca rgarg thr Chca laguag vart,

(c) atttu Agl rgarg Chca laguag vart a () atttu

Chca rgarg Agl laguag vart.Expag Pala typlgy, Gal tuy xam t ly

th atttu Chca alct twar thr w lgutc vart Spa-

h a Eglh (tra-thc atttu) but al th vart u by thr Arca

Amrca a Agl pr (tr-thc atttu). Rlvat t th prt cu-

ar Gal g rgarg tra-thc atttu amg Chca. Gal-

() cat that atttu twar Spah matac a u ar

a lgutc ctract. Whl m rmat xpr a gatv atttu

twar Spah a t pakr a rma mat ur Eglh, thy

al m t hav a laguag lyalty by watg t prrv Spah

r utur grat a a tgral part thr Mxca hrtag a a ymbl

thc tty (Gal : ). All th rmat lt that thy hul

t lmat Spah rm thr lgutc rprtr, but that thy hul lar

Eglh r cmc a cal urvval. T g crrbrat Gal

() cclu rm hr tuy laguag u a laguag atttu amg

brr wm Lar, xa. T wm vw Eglh a th laguag

that mrt rcgt a prmt (Gal : ). I bth tu Sta-

ar Spah wa cr mr crrct a rmal tha Brr Spah aCal (a lcal Spah varty).

T laguag atttu that Hpac hav twar Brr Spah, Cal a

c-wtchg hav b th cu may tu (Gal , ; Halg

4, , ). I Gal tu Brr Spah wa a bg br-

k bcau uttrac tart laguag a h athr (: ). I

at, th vart Spah ar uually crb a bg pk by th

lwr ccmc cla, r by th l ucat. Ngatv atttu twar

lcal vart Spah a th prrc r Staar Spah al rprt

Halg (4) tuy. Halg argu that ppulat alg th Mxca-

U.S. brr ar vry tv t laguag varat a t t avr th Spah

varty pk Mxc Cty, a pp t lcal vart pk Cua

Jurz, Mxc r El Pa, xa. T Cua Jurz rt Halg tuy

vw c-wtchg vry gatvly, artg that c wtchg may wll -

rg up thr tty a may mak thm trpa th brr thcty

(4: ). T cmbat gatv atttu twar th laguag practc

Mxca Amrca, thr ctat xpur t Mxca mlgual ta-

ar vart Spah a ccu a uccu l-cmpar wthMxca atal may thrat Mxca Amrca. A a rult, m Mxca


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Pwr a plac 203

rm rct mmgrat by hwg that thy ca pak Eglh wthut a Spah

acct (Gal ). T lgutc practc al ha a pttal gatv m-

pact th atttu Mxca atal wh pt ut that Mxca Amrcahav btray thr allgac t what cr mexicano ( trm bhav-

r, cultur a laguag) a hav pt ta t amlat r acculturat t

th mat cultur (Gal : ). Dpt th vrall gatv atttu

twar lcal vart Spah th brr, bth Gal a Halg

tu m partcpat tat that ar th brr c-wtchg a ralty a

m pruly accpt t.

Althugh thr ar clarly gatv atttu twar th Spah pk th

brr a Hpac hw a crta gr lyalty t Eglh (Halg ),

t mprtat t pt ut that Hpac al hw a tcy twar Spah

laguag matac. T clarly Mja t al. tuy () ba

a prjct (publh ) xamg th atttu twar Spah

laguag matac r h uthwt xa. A prct th tuy,

Hpac uvrty tut th ara mtrat a grat r t mata

Spah thrugh thr utur pla t ra blgual chlr a by ug Spah

varu ma th prt. T ma ra r matag Spah ar

laguag lyalty a xpr by Slva-Crval (4) a r cmmucatg

wth thr mmbr th cmmuty (Mja & Ar ). MatagSpah r cmmucatv purp al brv chr () cu-

th u Spah at wrk, bu a ucat ara El Pa,

xa. Du t t prxmty t th mlgual Cua Jurz Mxc, El Pa

a rmarkably blgual cty whr rt, pcally Mxca Amrca pak

Eglh but cat ar t l thr Spah.

O th thr ha, tu lgutc atttu twar pakr Staar

Spah by ml cla Agl wh ha tu Spah a a rg laguag

thr rg th U.S. u that th pakr acat Spah wth th

hm ctxt a Eglh wth th chl ctxt (Carraza & Rya ). Stu-

valuatg th atttu ml cla Agl twar Spah-Eglh bl-

gual pakr wth acct Eglh pch hw that th jug rat th mr

Spah acct pch gatvly (Rya & Carraza ; Rya, Carraza &

Mf ). T tu prv a htrcal prpctv lgutc atttu

that ar tll prvalt th rgal cmmuty. T g tu att-

tu twar Spah a Spah pakr th U.S. hw that ltr t t

a pakr mat laguag r taar vart mr ptvly tha

pakr -taar r -mat laguag.


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3. Te study: Place, program and participants

T Suthwt xa brr rg ha alway tguh tl by th u x-chag ppl a pruct (Garca ; Martz 4; Rchar ;

Schz ; Staut & Cra ). Faml a bu hav tablh

twrk that ur a crcular mgrat pattr. Tr ar ppl th ara

that wrk a lv th thr a abut tut that cr th

brr rm Jurz vryay t att th uvrty. Tr uty a tr-

pc btw bth . T tract a xpur t bth cultur

ha rult aaptat a trarmat that hlp cttut a partcular

brr cultur, thr Mxca r Amrca (Garca ; Schz ).

Rctly, th brr ara ha urg athr majr mgraphc a

cmc h u t NAFA, th prc maquilas (xprt prcg act-

r) a th war rug. T rultg c-cmc tuat ha pruc

pprtut t u a valu Spah th ara (Staut & Cra ; -

chr ). Nwaay th ppulat Mxca r Spah-pakg rg

cttut th majrty th ara El Pa, aru % accrg t th

Cu.

T chag th lgutc a c-pltcal lacap hav tralat

t rt atttu a a trgr lgutc marktplac r Spah. Althughth Hpaphba (Crawr ; Hutgt 4) that charactrz th U.S.

tll lt, th xpa ma u Spah t th mr valu publc

phr challg th tgma attach t Spah a a mrty laguag. Tr

ar w mr pprtut r ml cla pral th brr t u

thr blgual talt a kwlg tw cultur, bu a lgal ytm.

Ev thugh Spah ca lgr b av, a th pat, Agl a Eglh

tll mat th gvrmt, majr bu a chl (Staut & Cra

; chr ). Accrg t chr (), w Agl lar Spah

by mr urvval cmptc. Hwvr, th mgraphc a c-c-

mc chag hav ma blgualm mr rabl r all.

I trm ucatal pprtut, th chag th c-pltcal c-

txt hav tralat t th crat a r ml blgual prgram. At

th prmary chl lvl, Alca Chac Itratal Schl a ual-laguag

mmr magt K- chl that al truc tut t a thr laguag

at t Spah a Eglh. At th trtary lvl, th uvrty ha a Blgual

Pral Wrtg Crtcat, a Spah Juralm Prgram (wth a ur-

grauat majr a M.A.) a th Blgual Cratv Wrtg Prgram (wth aurgrauat majr a a Matr F Art). T mrgc ucatal


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Pwr a plac 205

T Blgual MFA Cratv Wrtg a xampl vatv currcu-

lum a prgram rg. T prgram u th lgutc a cultural rurc

avalabl th cmmuty whl tablhg a tratal cal twrk tupprt th vlpmt a pral tty xplrg vral cultural a

lgutc trat that rm what t ma t b a wrtr. T Cratv Wrtg

MFA prgram apt a w blgual prl v yar ag. T mplmta-

t a blgual ml rp t a ttutal gal t captalz th

charactrtc th ara a crat a prl that mak th mt t brr

lcat. At th tm th pha th tuy wa cuct, thr wr 4 tut

(abut rm Lat Amrca) a v ull-tm aculty mmbr. I th pr-

gram, tut ca ch t wrt a tak cla Eglh r Spah r bth

laguag a raw vral ltrary cultural trat.

T tut ppulat, a wll a th aculty, rprt a w varty

laguag calzat xprc. Tr ar ppl wh grw up th brr

rg pakg Eglh publc ma a Spah at hm a th wh

cm rm thr part th U.S. a lar Spah a a c laguag r a

a hrtag laguag thr rg. Tr al a grup Spah-pakg m-

mgrat t th U.S. that ca b ubv t th rct mmgrat wh cm

rctly rm Lat Amrca t tuy r wrk th U.S. a th wh arrv

wth thr aml at a arly ag a hav b ucat th U.S. I at,thr a grup ppl rm th Mxca th brr wh ctatly

mv back a rth a hav t rally rlcat t th U.S. T lat grup

cmp maly ml cla Mxca wh ctu lvg Mxc but

att uvrty a chl th U.S. a may hav amly bth th

brr. T tr grup rm by mmbr wth rt t xprc

a kll th laguag, cultur a pral rurc u th aca-

mc cmmuty.

T papr rprt g rm a gg lgtual rarch prjct

th vlpmt blgualm r pral u th U.S. T prjct a

th-lgutc tuy that bga Jauary 4 that am t track th vl-

pmt th prgram a partcpat pral tty rmat thrugh

tm.

4. Data collection

Accrg t Garrtt, Cupla a Wllam () thr ar thr ma ap-prach t th tuy laguag atttu: (a) rct lctat thrugh urvy


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tuy (atttu a ctruct cur). I th papr w cu hw la-

guag atttu ar ctruct cur. T tuy wa g t xplr

th lgutc atttu th tut partcpatg th acamc cmmutywhr th prr a th amtrat hav prgrammatcally put rth a

atv ml blgualm. T xplrat laguag atttu ca hlp

xpla th pattr tract that hav vlp th prgram trm

th-lgutc grup mmbrhp.4

T ata u r th aaly ar trvw wth tut lct t b

rprtatv th rag laguag backgru ppl th prgram. T

umbr partcpat lct r th aaly atttu wa c ba

tw crtra: rct th rag blgualm th ppulat a atura-

t rmat. T trvw cuct thrughut th prg mtr

4 clu tut (thr Spah-mat, tw Eglh-mat a

ur blgual a l-rprt). T trvw carr ut th all mtr

4 clu tut (ur Spah-mat, ur Eglh-mat, tw

blgual a Eglh mlgual a l-rprt). T trvw lat a

avrag mut ach. T trvw wr by th rt authr, a

Spah-mat blgual Lat Amrca wth xtv xprc lvg a

wrkg th U.S., kw th cmmuty a a rarchr tuyg blgual-

m. T trvwr ha b truc t th cmmuty a th tr th tut th prgram a ha upprt rm th rctr th prgram t

cuct th tuy. T trvwr tr t th trvw Spah rr

t rcr xampl Spah bg u th cmmuty but llw tr-

vw prrc. It mprtat t t that th trvw u a ata th

papr cm rm th rt thr grup tut wh ha tr th prgram

c th apt a blgual ml. Hwvr, thr trvw thy al

rrr t tut wh wr tll partcpatg th prgram a ha tr

wh t ha tw paralll track Spah a Eglh. All th am u th

artcl ar puym.

5. Analysis and ndings

T trvw ata wr aalyz ug cur aaly (Mart & R ;

Mart & Wht ). Frt, w a rugh tracrpt th trvw cu-

g ctt. W xam th mat thm ctruct th rp

a t th llwg ara valuat t cu ur aaly: (a) cal ac-cptablty a (b) valu laguag vart a thr ur. By cal accptabl-


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Pwr a plac 207

ular c. T ma hw laguag ar pt cmpar t athr

a what pwr th vart ar thr ur th mtc lacap.

T th tracrpt wr rvw a th trvw aalyz ug aappraal ramwrk (Mart & Wht ). Fllwg a appraal ramwrk,

w vtgat hw pakr valuat th blgual cmmuty, th prgram

laguag practc a thr tut a laguag ur actv, jugmtal r

athtc trm. T typ aaly cu hw matc chc ctruct

pakr atttu twar th rmat thy ar cvyg. T trvw

ata wa trprt cmparg a ctratg th atttu prvalt th aca-

mc cmmuty wth th th largr cal ctxt th rg a th U.S

a Lat Amrca. T g th aaly ar prt blw.

5.1 Data aaly

xam hw atttu ar ctruct cur, w llw Mart a

R () a Mart a Wht () wh vtgat atttu a valua-

t gtat a txt t ctruct cal rlathp (appraal aaly).

W cu th lxc-grammatcal chc that ctruct xplct r mpl

valuatv mag trm act (mt: atact, happ, cu-

rty), cal r mral jugmt (bhavr: rmalty, tacty, capacty, vrac-ty r prprty) a apprcat (th wrth thg/prc/phma:

ract, cmpt, valuat). Appraal aaly cu what valu

(thg, ppl charactr r thr lg), who the source th valuat

(pakr r thr urc) a th strength that valuat (ptv r ga-

tv). T aaly wa rm th bttm-up prpctv that t th

lxc-grammatcal ralzat a wrk back t th pr th txt. W

u a tabl t c th aaly clug th ata ampl, th urc, what wa

bg valuat a th typ atttu (act, jugmt a apprcat). W

trprt pakr a th urc th valuat ul th atttu wr

a prjct a rprt pch r thught thr. W al tguh

btw gatv a ptv atttu a clu vk atttu that rly

culturally har ctat phra r lxcal tm t pruc ptv

r gatv valuat th rar. abl xmpl th catgr a th

way th aaly wa carr ut.


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able . Exampl appraal aaly

Excerpt Who

evaluates?

What is

evaluated?

Kind o attitude

Afect Judgment Appreciation[Spah ] Every-

where, cause almost

everyone seems to

be bilingual a ar a

grwg up pakg

bth laguag. A t

surprised me. (Olva)

Stut

Eglh-

mat

Spah

th cm-

muty

Satact

(pt)

Nrmalty

(amr)

t l m

hablan perectamenteingls y espaol y

escriben perectamente

ingls y espaol, bueno

no perectamente

pero todo el mundo lo

entiende y lo maneja

bien. (Marcl)

Stut

Spah-mat

Blgual

tut th prgram

Capacty

(amr)

se siente la energa

del Spanglish a vc

l cal, se siente(Humbrt)

Stut

blgual

C-

wtchg

th cla-rm

Satact

(pt)

Valuat

(ptv)

5.2 Fg

T appraal aaly th trvw hw that valuat jugmt (b-

havr) ar mtly trm capacty. T trvw valuat th capacty

thr clamat, thr prr a th rt th cmmuty by amr-

g thr blgual kll a crtczg th wh ar mlgual. Hwvr, th

grally ptv valuat th grup capacty a blgualm, a r-

ct thrugh th ablty t u a urta Spah th clarm a th

cmmuty, mtgat by a mr tal lk at th way crta vart

Spah ar valuat. I gral, trvw apprv a valu th practc

c-wtchg, but ar vry crtcal th lcal varty Spah (mtm

call Spaglh, Fronterizo, Brr Spah r El Pa Spah). T valuat

trm apprcat hw a lw valrzat th lcal varty Spah, al-

thugh thr ar a w trvw wh t har th vw. T typ cm-mt a acat ma btw th lcal varty a t ur mtrat


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Pwr a plac 209

tha th laguag pr . Evaluat act ar u mtly t rval lg

atact r atact btw th-lgutc grup. T ma that

wh makg mag that rprt lg r actv vlvmt, trv-w uually crb th atmphr a vrmt whr Spah a bl-

gualm ccur. Actv valuat al rct th pakr mtal cc-

t t th laguag, partcular wh talkg abut thr lg amlarty

r curty/curty wth th laguag (.. Spah). T llwg paragraph

wll llutrat th g wth xampl rm th trvw.

5.2.1 Language value and use in the community

I gral all trvw valuat th u Spah th cmmuty a prv-

alt a rmal trm rqucy u, althugh thr ar varyg p

th cal gcac a valu Spah th rgal cmmuty. Tr

wa al a trtg partt th cmmuty alg laguag l. T abl-

ty t u Spah a partcular a crta varty Spah u t r-

tat ppl th cmmuty. T llwg xampl llutrat th valuat

th u a mag Spah th cmmuty.

() El Pa, el espaol se usa para todo casi igual que el ingls.

(Marcl, Spah-mat)

T xampl hghlght th prprty Spah a t rmalty th cm-

muty (jugmt). It almt a qual th mat laguag, Eglh. T

th valuat m wh cm rm Chhuahua a a rqut vtr

t th cty El Pa, but r Mxc.

() Wll, tvery interesting El Pa bcau, yu kw the population is

predominantly bilingual, I thk.

(Ruby, Eglh-mat)

Fr Ruby, a Agl rm ut th rg, th cu th valuat thprmac blgualm, whch a uuual charactrtc th rt

th cutry. I (), th charactrtc th cmmuty valuat a ptv

by th Eglh-mat tut wh appra t a a apprcat qualty,

trtg, a a a jugmt rmalty, prmatly blgual.

Exampl () al ctruct a valuat Spah u th cmmuty a

mthg rmal (jugmt), hwvr t rgru th prblmatc tatu th

laguag ha th cmmuty.

() Haymuchsimo espaol, pr p qu no le han dado el valor esteal espaol no lo han como decir no lo han valorizado lo suciente y lo


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Ev thugh t hghly u, t m pakr t cr t apprprat r

at th am lvl a Eglh. It appra trm cal tm (jugmt) a

a laguag lw valu. Cmmt () cm rm a rct arrval t El Pa at th U.S., whch wul xpla th rt amt th tatu th la-

guag cmpar t th r prvu xampl. Fr Marla, t har

t urta a accpt th mag a valu Spah th U.S. ctxt

whr t a mrty laguag, c h cm rm a plac whr Spah th

mat laguag. A a ctratg ca, xampl (4) hw hw th tuat

El Pa al uqu r Spah pakr rm th U.S.

(4) E l ctr El Pa oyes ms el espaol, l m pal, pr y h

tra al xa Ca l ctr, y m v a cm u student y shellstart talking in English, a y I awr t hr Spah a lug m

habla gl, m gu habla gl, m c, thak yu a ar yu

kay, y cm qu m a cm, qu m v qu y prt y habl

pal, pr , cm qu hay a la a l mjr its a class issue,

that yur a tut yull jut pak Eglh v yur Mxca

cm ura a Bar & Nbl y qur hablar a pal pu y ah m

ja a m, habla pal a thy jut kp talkg Eglh

(Humbrt, blgual)

I xampl (4), w brv hw thr al a rgrug th hgh rqucy

u a rmalty Spah u th cmmuty (jugmt). Hwvr, r

th blgual Chca rm th uthwt, th tatu Spah al prblmat-

c th cmmuty. T rmalty ug Spah publc pac prt

a xpct a th ctrat thrugh th u pr wth a cutr-xpct

tuat, th chc ug Eglh v wh all th ctxtual atur pt t

a Spah-mat pakr. T whl xprc valuat a a cla thg

apprcat trm t cal valu. H valuat hghlght th cct

btw Spah a wrkg cla practc th cmmuty. H appraal th tuat pt t a cmmuty whr thr a clar v pac, that

rtat whr Spah can a cannotb u.

T valuatr trprtat ralty r a ar act by thr pt

rrc a prvu htry wth th laguag. Hwvr thy all ctruct

atttu that appra laguag a thr u trm jugmt a appr-

cat. I th partcular ctxt, Spah a prvalt a valuabl r

th wh hav ha a htry th rg r cutry cmparg t t th tuat

lwhr th atal lacap. But, r th cmg rm Lat Amrca,whr Spah th mat laguag a th mt valu , th ctxt

t t t t th t t F th


13/26

Pwr a plac 211

Spah vart th blgual ctxt challg thr prccv t

laguag rm a valu.

T xt t xampl llutrat th prvalg vw vr th tatu avalu th lcal Spah varty. Ev thugh t all tut agr wth th

valuat lcal Spah a a lwr rm Spah, thy agr thr

trprtat what th prvalt vw th cmmuty ar.

() I thk thatyou pretty much hear it all the time, I ma Iv b hr a

Iv ha a lt rt typ jb whr Iv ha t kw m Spah

a b abl t hav lk a bac back a rth wth mby, a um, I

ma,you pretty much always hear it. I mean I cant remember a time

where like Ive been anywhere and havent heard any Spanish, a th cur, th u a t what proper Spanish

(aa, Eglh-mat)

Exampl () hw aga th prvalc valuat trm jugmt that

cu th rmalty Spah u th cmmuty whl ptg t th

cct vr hw t valu th lcal varty u th cmmuty. T t

prpr Spah pt t a valuat th valu th varty a wll a t t

accptac th cmmuty. T m t b a u ctt.

T urtmat th valu th lcal varty ha b tralz,t ly by pakr taar vart, but al by th wh pak th varty

a thr hm laguag. Tr a that th lcal varty rt t

cmpt cmpar t th taar (apprcat).

() Siempre hablaba espaol en la casa y de vez en cuando en el trabajo pr

ra u pal m cm c, del barrio, ms slang, pu ms

chistoso, tp mara pra cr, pr nos entendamos.

(Jrg, Blgual)

I xampl (), th pakr valuat th lcal varty trm t appr-cat, valug t a a pruct th cmmuty. T Spah varty crb

a l barr, m lag, pu m cht. T atur crrp t mr

larty a rval a lk t th prvat phr whr th varty t t b

u. T crpt th varty a lag a cht acat t wth

-taar a pcular atur ptg t a rt. Hwvr, th Spa-

h varty al crb a uctal c -grup mmbr urta

ach thr. S thr a mplct ctrat btw th taar a th actual

varty u th cmmuty.I xampl (), w brv aga a valuat trm apprcat pt-

t th t th t t S h k th t t b t


14/26


() O qu l ha habla much pal la caa y qu t habla con

cierta dicultad el espaol, ? C muchos errores y mezclan el espaol

y el ingls auqu parcra absolutamente mexicanos.

(Mara, Spah-mat)

T prvu xampl al pt t th cct btw laguag a -

tty. Fr th tut t mprtat t pt t th parax a ca whr bl-

gual pakr th cmmuty ar t ay t pt trm atal a

cultural allgac. Bcau thy t pak Spah lk mat pakr,

thy ar valuat a utr, pt thr cultural charactrtc that lk thm

t th grup. T ualty crat a fculty r th accutm t partcpatg

mr hmgu cmmut whr thr a clar lk btw laguaga grup mmbrhp.

T xampl hav hw that th varty Spah pk th ara

valu, trm t cal a cmpt valu (jugmt a apprcat),

a lwr by all th partcpat, clug blgual pakr, a wll a Eglh

a Spah mat. I th cmmuty, thr a ctat t btw

hmgzg laguag lg that quat laguag a thcty a la-

guag lg that valu htrgty accptg a mr cmplx rlathp

btw laguag a thc grup mmbrhp.

5.5.2 Language and ethnic identity

T llwg xampl pt t th cct btw laguag a th-

cty. I xampl (), w brv hw a blgual pakr rm th Jurz ara

prcv th laguag tty cct th cmmuty.

() Famlar m, prm, qu pu, m ta y m t, ellos hablan espaol pero

mis primos, ellos no saben y c what ar yu tllg m? y pr

u qu y he aprendido mucho ingls porque tengo muchos primos y

todo, pero claro que s lo saben, se hacen o se quieren creer muy gringos, pr qu yno lo hablan. Dpu qu l habla pal t c qu

no te entendieron t rp gl.

(Mart, blgual)

T xampl ctruct th valuat cal act trm (jugmt) hgh-

lghtg th mprtac vracty ag th-lgutc mmbrhp

t a grup. T wh t pak Spah, but hav t t Mxca cultur,

ar valuat a authtc by tyg thm a grg. T rta-

t wth th Mxca Amrca grup al brv by wcmr t thcmmuty.


15/26

Pwr a plac 213

() Ocurr u m muy curioso br t ahra qu ty tamb a

cla, qu la gente que ya naci aqu muchas veces se siente muy tmida al

hablar espaol. L entienden perectamente pero casi no lo hablan, ?

Igual qu la matra y h tc alg mmt siento que el

espaol ue como no debes de hablar espaol. Etc pr no lo

saben, no lo saben bien, lo saben bastante mal, deciente. Etc, h

y p qu antes se tenan que reprimir y l trat qu v la

cmua rlac c pr jmpl m alum qu todos quieren

hablarlo bien. U ll m ca, qu m prm Mxc se burlan

de m, qu no hablo bien espaol yyo quiero aprenderlo bien. Etc

hay ese inters por los menos. Y me parece bueno, ?

(Mram, Spah-mat)

I xampl (), a rct arrval t th cmmuty tc that lcal Spah pak-

r hav a lg rrty a tguh thmlv rm Mxca at-

al by th act that thy pak a rt a lwr varty Spah. It al

trtg t pt ut that th valuat ar ctruct actv trm

a cal jugmt trm. T atttu ar crb a actv ract by th

lcal cmmuty a a cal valuat th prrmac lcal Spah u-

r. Mram, a taar Spah pakr, ha a gatv valuat th lcal va-

rty a cr lcal Spah pakr, ba r ct (apprcat). Tmpl t bh th valuat that thr one Spah. Varat t

th alz vr th laguag ar cr vat. T lcal varty

a th prblmatc ctruct a th-lgutc tty that talz

th rlathp btw laguag a thc grup mmbrhp ar th rult

plc that rpr th u Spah th cmmuty. T rpr

actually cumt by lglat a pral accut th lcal rt

Spah-pakg hrtag that wr trvw th prjct.

Exampl () aga hw th prblmatc cct btw laguag a

tty th cmmuty a rval a t btw rt Mxca

hrtag rm El Pa a Jurz.

() Y ty arrba l charc, no me quieren Mxc yno me quieren

l Eta U y ty isolated. Y a muchas personas estn as

prqu m amlar Mxc, prqu y ac l Eta U,

mpr no nos queran tanto [ra] ynos pelebamos, pero siempre nos

trataban como si nosotros ramos mejores. Dca, qu cm c? Qu

ponemos la impresin que ramos mejores pr y uca l trat a. Pr

ll me trataron como si yo no uera parte de la amilia.

(Jrg, blgual)


16/26


I th prvu xampl, a lcal rt ctruct a actv atttu rp

t taar laguag lg. T valuat h laguag u xprc

pt t h fculty bg rcgz a a authtc mmbr thr cmmu-ty, Agl r Mxca, c bth cmmut har a hmgzg lgy

that t accpt vrty r htrgty. A hybr tty t rcgz

a val th ctxt (jugmt). T t btw grup a th rlat-

hp btw laguag a tty al rgru xampl ().

() thr yu kw I hav mt some Chicanos here that dont speak any

Spanish but that m t b bcau thr part cam rm m thr

part th cutry whr they try to be white or something a thy

dont speak any Spanish, but hpully Iv mt m wht ppl thathav lv hr all thr l and they dont know any Spanish, like none.

A Im lk, hw ca yu t kw ay?, I ma t yu har ppl

talkg vr? Lk I t urta that. S, yah, thy jut mut b vry,

lk, secluded like all their riends are white

(aa, Eglh-mat)

I th xampl, w al brv hw thr a aumpt that laguag -

x a tty a that th that t ab by th prcpl ar cr

prblmatc r abrmal (jugmt). T Chca that t pak Spah ar

valuat a aturalz, whl th Agl wh hav t lar Spah ar

a clu a lat rm thr rgal cmmuty.

I th ca, laguag uct a a way t pt a grup rlat t

th thr a t gal thr mmbrhp a authtc partcpat a htrg-

u cmmuty. T cmplx lgutc a cultural mak up th cmmuty

crat a ctxt whr th talzg vw that lk laguag a tty ar

ctatly challg. T llwg ct xplr th partcpat valuat

laguag valu a u wth th prgram.

5.2.3 Language value and use in the program

T valuat th cal gcac a valu blgualm, Spah a

laguag ur th prgram hav crta mlart wth th that charactr-

z tut valuat rgal cmmuty practc. T ma rc

m t b that th prgram rprt a ctxt whr blgualm a a varty

alct Spah ar u a valu by th pwr (.. th prr).

T rc pwr balac allw r rt yamc tract a

valuat th acamc cmmuty. T valu a practc th acamc

cmmuty challg th hmgzg laguag lg that mat vw

th rgal cmmuty T llwg xampl llutrat th pt


17/26

Pwr a plac 215

() wll rght w, thr a Clmba, ppl rm Argta, Uruguay,

Mxc, a that, that prtty much all, and here El Paso, the Spanish in

El Paso is diferent than in Mexico too, uh, I thk that r the most part

the language o the academics, which would be the students rom Latin

America who are very intellectual, that Spanish is more ormal I wul

thk. Um, t jut p whch grup yur talkg abut, lk r

tac the local people who speak Spanish theyre, I dont see them as

intellectual; they dont have the same intellectual background, a yu kw

ucatal ytm r a th jut, t a prcpt m that I eel

the people rom South America have a higher level o education, or theyre

just more well read.

(Marta, blgual)

I xampl (), th blgual tut ctruct a valuat th pakr

trm apprcat by cmparg th vrty Spah alct rprt

th prgram. T pct a valuat ctrat wth th mr bary v-

jugmt prvuly crb a charactrtc th cmmuty; that

, that thr a taar Spah a lcal Spah. T thr trtg apct

hghlght by th xampl that th v amg th-lgutc grup

w rprt brar atal trm. Ita cug rc

tatu btw Mxca a lcal ppl Spah-pakg hrtag, th v- th prgram by Lat Amrca v--v lcal rt. T

amt trm jugmt Lat Amrca a mr tllctual a wll-

ra pt thm a havg a avatag th acamc cmmuty. Tr

al a mpl rtat btw th lcal Spah-pakr a th Agl

Eglh-pakr, whch rult a mplct hrarchy wth th prgram whr

Lat Amrca ar t a th mt tllctual llw by th Agl a

ally th lcal Spah-pakr. T hrarchy rval th rtal pwr

tructur that xt th acamc cmmuty, whr lcal rt partcularlyppl Spah-pakg hrtag ar tll a mrty.

I th llwg xampl, w ca brv hw th prgram tr t challg

th tablh lgutc a cultural pwr tructur U.S. acamc cmmu-

t by allwg, curagg a valug blgualm a laguag vrty.

() Icluv l papl qu p y l h crt mta gl y mta

pal y aceptable para l.

(Jul, Blgual)

Exampl () mtrat th valty a prprty c-mxg th pr-

gram (jugmt). T pakr hghlght th act that v wrtg c-mxg


18/26


a actv valuat th vrmt a curagg a valug c-

mxg a hybr rm.

(4) cua llgu aqu, me sent tan libre, que puedo comenzar a hablar en

espaol y I can nish talking in English, even though the class might just

be Anglos. A th I t hav t, I dont eel that restriction, prqu,

cm qu l programa me da, gives me a validation to speak my tongue

cm c Glra Azala th rk tgu, y t, no me preocupo

tanto por lo que me van a entender.

(Humbrt, Blgual)

Exampl (4) llutrat rm a ctt hw laguag xprmtat a

varat ar valat th acamc cmmuty. T pakr t thprgram a prvg th cary valat a authrty t challg pr-

ccv a aturalz valuat -taar rm cmmucat

(jugmt). Exampl () al upprt th rmalty blgual tract

th prgram (jugmt).

() sometimes it gets mixed and everyones talking in diferent languages,

th blgual apct I gu to speak and talk in whatever you want and

writing in whatever you want a everyone else will understand you.

(Olva, Eglh-mat)

T xampl, pt t th cmplxty th typ tract that ccur th

prgram a th lvl accptac t ha. Trugh th u pru a mal

that c a hgh gr cmplac, th rc th valuat cra.

T xt xampl hw urc cct th typ htrgu v-

rmt crat trm grup mmbrhp a th-lgutc tt. I

xampl (), th Spah-mat pakr crat a clar v btw th

Eglh-mat pakr, wh t t b l prct a l wllg t tr-

act th thr laguag, a th Spah-mat grup that t t bhavmr blgually (jugmt).

() Mra blg Hata l mmt es bilinge para todos los

latinoamericanos, para toda la gente que est de otro lado, y que habla

y que el espaol es su lengua materna, prqu para muchos de los de los

americanos que estn dentro del programa bilinge, no es bilinge porque

no saben ab pal. Much ab.

(Alca, Spah-mat)

I xampl (), w brv th urlyg t btw th-lgutc

grup ctruct a valuat jugmt trm capacty (kwg


19/26

Pwr a plac 217

t th prgram. Ev thugh th prgram attmpt t crat a acamc pac

whr blgualm accpt a valu, tut cm t th cmmuty wth

wll-tablh taar laguag lg (jugmt). Tr bl abut la-guag, thr habt tract a laguag ablt lmt th pttal crat-

g a acamc cmmuty whr vrty valu.

Fr Eglh-mat r Eglh mlgual tut th uqual tuat

vt al, but t crat a much cmrt trm thr ucat-

al xprc. Exampl () a () llutrat th grup vw th laguag

tuat th prgram.

() I mag that their situation when you learn a language is similar to mine ,

thyprobably understand more English than they can say, so we can havean entire conversation me speaking English them speaking Spanish a b

kay wth that. So I think it works.

(Tala, Eglh-mat)

T xampl pt t hw a Eglh-mat pakr trprt th laguag

prccy rc a atural a rmal (jugmt). Sh t l th

prur t accmmat t th thr , bcau th ctxt rc

accptabl a t t mp partcpat. T tuat ptvly valu-

at trm apprcat a wrkg.I ctrat r m, a llutrat xampl (), th lgutc gap rult

m rt prphral partcpat that act thr larg a put thm

at a avatag.

() S yu kw th language thing has not been a problem, I thk t been

interesting. I eel bad that you know, it sounds like there is some really

ascinating writing thats come up in Spanish and I cant do anything about

it; I cant read it; I cant understand it, so I do eel a little guilty, yu kw I

l that all o the native Spanish speakers know enough English that theycan read my work to comment on it but Im sort o like exempted rom like

thirty percent o the class because I just cant do anything with it, yu kw.

(Sa, Eglh mlgual)

I xampl (), w brv valuat apprcat a act that ctruct

th tuat a trtg but wth mtal mpact, gulty, th Eglh

mlgual tut. H ha bcm awar that h mg ut th uca-

tal xprc a th pttal th blgual cmmuty bcau h lack

Spah laguag ablt. T rc laguag ablt th acamccmmuty rult rtal acc a partcpat (jugmt).

T g rm th aaly th trvw pt t clar pattr


20/26


a thr ur th lcal a acamc cmmuty. Mt valuat ar c-

truct a jugmt that raw attt t th rmalty, authtcty a cal

tm Spah a t ur. Tr ar al m valuat apprcatthat hghlght th cmptal attrbut Spah a a c. I at, m

partcpat ctruct actv valuat th tuat a thr xprc

wth laguag th cmmuty. T actv valuat pt t th ct

laguag lg hav vual a cmmut. T cgurat

valuat gal hw lgutc bhavr, apprcat laguag a v-

ual xprc wth laguag rp t lk vw th mag a valu

laguag (.. laguag lg).

T aaly al mtrat that tut valuat pt thm a

mmbr partcular th-lgutc grup, cratg a clar v btw

Spah-mat pakr, Eglh-mat pakr wth a ub-v

Spah pakr t lcal Spah pakr a taar Spah pakr. T

grup t t har mlar valuat, .. atttu twar pakr crta

vart.

6. Conclusions

urta th gcac laguag atttu th acamc cmmu-

ty w t tuat t th c-htrcal ctxt th lcal cmmuty

a th atal lacap. I th acamc cmmuty, th lgutc prtg

Eglh prvalt th lcal a atal cmmuty ha b challg by

th chag th umbr Spah-mat pakr wh cm t th cm-

muty wthut th baggag bg a mmbr a lgutc mrty (Ogbu

). T Spah-mat pakr rm Lat Amrca hav hgh lvl

ltracy a ucatal backgru that mak thm qual r avatag cm-

pttr a acamc ttg that ha typcally acat pakg Spah wth

lw ucatal lvl a lw c-cmc cla. T Spah-mat

pakr m t accpt th blgual charactr th prgram, but hw am-

bguu atttu twar -taar vart Spah. At th am tm,

th Eglh-pakr ar abl t rv thr prccv t Spah

pakr acamc ablt a pral pttal, but ar t all wllg t

mak th rt t lar th Othr laguag. Fr th pakr lcal vart

Spah, th tuat ucrta. Ty m t hav mr ptv atttu

twar th u Spah acamc tuat. T pprtuty t u Spah a ma typcally acat wth Eglh p up th pblty xpa-


21/26

Pwr a plac 219

c-wtchg ar accpt a val matral r cratv purp. T mt

prblmatc u m t b th rl lcal vart, tratally acat

wth rmal rgtr, wh gagg acamc r pral actvt. Tu th vart acamc tuat appar t ctu bg acat

wth lwr ucat a l tllctual tt.

A th aaly ha mtrat laguag atttu ar hap a tra-

rm by chag th c-pltcal ct (Lpp-Gr ). Dm-

graphc a c-cmc chag wth Lat grup th U.S. a th

El Pa ara hav crat th ct r th blgual acamc cmmuty t

mrg. T ptv valuat blgualm w ma uually rrv

r Eglh ha ct chag th atttu vual.

T xpr atttu part th prc cttutg grup a t

part cal blgg (Garrtt t al. : ). T aaly hw hw

th acamc cmmuty ubgrup ar ctruct ba thr vw th

cal gcac laguag a laguag practc. T clarly llutrat

th ca aalyz hr whr th valuat a tut mak abut th laguag

chc thr a th valu /h attrbut t pakr th laguag p-

t th tut a mmbr a partcular th-lgutc grup. Tu t by

makg crta typ lgutc chc a valuat that pakr ctruct

thr th-lgutc tty th acamc cmmuty. S thr ar pattra aturalz t valuat that ar acat wth a partcular c-cul-

tural grup. T pattr valuat a laguag chc valu ma

uct a a rm clu r xclu th cmmuty.

Atttu rct pt tak by cal actr a argumt that part

a largr cal ctrvry (Bllg ). T argumt at ha btw

mat mlgual laguag lg that avr taar vart Eg-

lh a Spah vru htrglc laguag lg that valu vrty a

th xpa mag-makg rurc. T argumt bcm rlvat

th cmmuty thrugh th chc that ar ma at th prgram lvl, .. allw-

g th u bth laguag all actvt (atv ml blgualm) a

at th vual lvl (.. laguag tut u t gag acamc actvt).

Sm th qut r urthr lgtual xplrat ar: Hw th cm-

muty rccl th tral cultural rc btw laguag a btw

vart th am laguag? Hw valuatv jugmt act tut par-

tcpat a ucc th acamc cmmuty?

T qut t b ar by ucatr wrkg blgual r

multlgual ttg. A prvu tu hav hw, tachr xpctat avaluat tut prrmac ar uc by atttu t pakr a t


22/26


(Slgma, uckr & Lambrt ). Partcpat a acamc cmmuty pr-

rm accrg t hw thy trprt th tuat. T ma that urta-

g th lgutc atttu prvalt th lcal a largr cmmuty ca hlpucatr pla a urta what partcpat tructur (Phlp ) a

apprach t laguag a cultur ca b mr avatagu trg a mul-

tlgual a multcultural tvty a pral tty.

T awar th mprtac laguag atttu ca tralat t p-

aggcal trvt that mak laguag a pwr u xplct. T vlp-

mt crtcal laguag awar ca hlp tut a tachr urta

hw th curv pattr thy u a th lgutc chc thy mak cllu

wth r ctt mat laguag lg (Hllr & Mart-J ). I

th partcular ttg, th wul ma: Hw ca Agl tut bcm mr

prct th Othr laguag? Hw ca Spah pakr xpa thr l-

gutc rprtr? a Hw ca all partcpat qut th valu attach t

partcular laguag vart? Explct cu abut th rl laguag

larg a vlpg a acamc tty ca mak vry th cmmu-

ty mr awar th cal mag a valu th lgutc chc thy

mak a th prc thrugh whch thy ca challg thm.

Notes

* T rarch prjct wa ma pbl part by th Falk Faculty Dvlpmt Fllwhp

a th Brkma Faculty Dvlpmt Fu rm Carg Mll Uvrty. W wul lk

t thak th partcpat r thr tm a wllg t har thr xprc. W ar al

thakul t th tr a aymu rvwr r thr cmmt a uggt, ay prb-

lm l wth th artcl ar ur rpblty.

1. W blgual cmmuty llwg Rma (4) a Wgr () a cmmu-

t practc whr vual tract a cmmucat rgularly harg a rprtr cmmual rurc whl gagg actvt. I m ca, mmbrhp t

trm actual u tw r mr laguag, but trm pav kwlg a har

rm urtag. Althugh, a Sata Aa a Par () hav mtrat, v

call mlgual pch cmmut thr ar varat th u a valuat

rt laguag practc.

2. Hpac u th papr wh th authr ct u t a th am t rr t ppula-

t Spah-pakg rg. W hav rpct thr chc trm t rr t th grup

a latr u trm uch a Chca/a, Lat/a a Lat Amrca wh w ar crbg

th grup ba th way th grup hav labl thmlv th ata cllct r th cmmuty. T labl rr t th ctruct a th-lgutc tty a m

t b a mprtat atur partcpat crpt thr grup mmbrhp wth th


23/26

Pwr a plac 221

3. T PASE Prgram a rgal prgram vlp t cra th rllmt uvr-

t th ara by chargg -tat tut t Mxca ctz lvg th brr rg. Fr

mt Mxca v payg th -tat tut a rmu amut, th ppl wh

bt rm th prgram ar mtly rm th ml a uppr-ml cla. (Itrvw wthAtat Drctr PASE, th uvrty).

4. It mprtat t t lmt tut tty t thr th-lgutc grup mmbrhp a

t ackwlg that t vry wh rm Lat Amrca r Mxca Amrca bhav

th am way. I act, thr ar tut wh ar gl ut a rprtatv xcpt

t th rm wth th cmmuty. T mpl that thr a aum xpctat hw

ubgrup wth th cmmuty bhav a that th rc wth grup ar tc

al. Hwvr, th tct trm th-lgutc tty mrg rm partcpat

cur a ar u t tguh partcpat wth th cmmuty practc.

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Authors addresses

Maraa Achugar

Dpartmt Mr Laguag

Carg Mll Uvrty

Bakr Hall

Pttburgh, PA -

[email protected]

Slva Pa

Qatar Ofc, SMC

Frb Avu

Pttburgh, PA

[email protected]
http://www.ushcc.com/res-statistics.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ushcc.com/res-statistics.html


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Documents

Power and Place (Language Attitudes Spanish)