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Human Anatomy, First EditionMcKinley & O'Loughlin

Chapter 1 Lecture Outline: AFirst Look at Anatomy


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A First Look at Anatomy Anatomy is the study ofstructure.

The word anatomy is derived fromGreek and means to cut up orto cut open. Anatomists examine the relationships

among parts of the body along withthe structure of individual organs.


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Introduction to Anatomy Physiology

The scientific discipline that studies

the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be

completely separated.

Form is related to function.


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Levels of Organization in

the Human BodyThe simplest level of organization

within the body is the chemical

level, which is composed of atomsand molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of

matter.


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the Human Body Large molecules join in specific ways

to form cells, the basic units of

structure and function in organisms.The cell is the smallest structural unit

that exhibits the characteristics ofliving things (organisms), and it is thesmallest living portion of the humanbody.


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the Human BodyTissues

Groups of similar cells with a common

function form tissue.Tissues are precise organizations of

similar cells that perform specialized

functions.


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the Human Body Organs

Different tissue types that work together

to perform specific, complex functionsform an organ. Organ Systems

The organ system level consists of relatedorgans that work together to coordinateactivities and achieve a common function.

There are 11 organ systems in the humanbody.


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the Human Body Organism

All body systems function

interdependently in a single livinghuman being, the organism.


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The Four Types of Tissues in

the Human Body Are:

Epithelial tissue covers

exposed surfaces and linesbody cavities. Example: The inner lining of the

digestive system


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The Four Types of Tissues Connective tissue protects,

supports, and interconnects

body parts and organs. Can be solid (such as bone), liquid

(such as blood), or intermediate(such as cartilage).


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The Four Types of Tissues Muscle tissue produces

movement. Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle


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The Four Types of Tissues Nervous tissue conducts

impulses for internal

communication. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves


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Integumentary Provides protection

Regulates body

temperature Site of cutaneous

receptors

Synthesizes vitamin

D Prevents water loss


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Skeletal Provides support

and protection

Site ofhematopoeisis(blood cellproduction)

Stores calciumand phosphorus

Allows for bodymovement


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Muscular Produces body

movement

Generates heatwhen musclescontract


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Nervous

A regulatory systemthat controls bodymovement Responds to sensory

stimuli Helps control all other

systems of the body Also responsible for

consciousness,intelligence, memory


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Endocrine

Consists of glandsand cell clustersthat secretehormones, someof which regulate

body and cellulargrowth

chemical levels inthe body reproductive

functions


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Cardiovascular

Consists of a pump

(the heart) thatmoves bloodthrough bloodvessels in order todistribute

hormones,nutrients, gases,and pick up wasteproducts


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Lymphatic

Transports andfilters lymph

(interstitial fluid) Initiates an

immune responsewhen necessary


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Respiratory

Responsible forexchange of

gases (oxygenand carbondioxide) betweenblood and the air

in the lungs


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Digestive

Mechanically andchemically

digests foodmaterials Absorbs nutrients

Expels waste

products


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Urinary

Filters the bloodand removes

waste productsfrom the blood Concentrates

waste products in

the form of urine,and expels urinefrom the body

Male


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MaleReproductiveSystem

Produces malesex cells (sperm)and male

hormones (e.g.,testosterone) Transfers sperm

to the female

F l


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FemaleReproductiveSystem

Produces female sex cells(oocytes) and female hormones

(e.g., estrogen and progesterone) Receives sperm from male

Site of fertilization of oocyte

Site of growth and developmentof embryo and fetus


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AnatomicalTerminology

Anatomic position is aspecific body position inwhich an individual standsupright with the feet

parallel and flat on thefloor. The head is level, and the

eyes look forward towardthe observer.

The arms are at either

side of the body with thepalms facing forward andthe thumbs pointing awayfrom the body.


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Anatomical Terminology

A plane is an imaginary surfacethat slices the body into specific

sections.The three major anatomic planes

of reference are the coronal,

transverse, and sagittal planes.


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Sectionsand Planes

A coronal plane,

also called a frontalplane, is a verticalplane that dividesthe body into

anterior (front) andposterior (back)parts.


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Sectionsand Planes

A transverse plane,also called a cross-sectional plane or

horizontal plane, cutsperpendicularly alongthe long axis of thebody or organ

separating it into bothsuperior (upper) andinferior (lower) parts.


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Sectionsand Planes

A sagittal plane ormedian plane,

extends throughthe body or organvertically anddivides the

structure intoright and lefthalves.


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Sections and Planes

A sagittal plane in the body midline is amidsagittal plane.

A plane that is parallel to themidsagittal plane, but either to the leftor the right of it, is termed aparasagittal (or sagittal) plane.

A minor plane, called the oblique plane,passes through the specimen at anangle.


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Directional Terms of theBody

Directional terms are precise andbrief, and for most of them there is

a correlative term that meansjustthe opposite.


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Relative and DirectionalTerms of the Body

Relative to front (belly side)or back (back side) of thebody : Anterior = In front of; toward

the front surface Posterior = In back of; toward

the back surface

Dorsal =At the back side ofthe human body

Ventral = At the belly side ofthe human body


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Relative to the heador tail of the body: Superior = Toward the

head or above Inferior = Toward feet

not head

Caudal = At the rear ortail end

Cranial = At the head end


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Relative to the midline orcenter of the body: Medial = Toward the

midline of the body

Lateral = Away from themidline of the body

Deep = On the inside,underneath anotherstructure

Superficial = On theoutside


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Relative to point ofattachment of theappendage: Proximal = Closest to

point of attachment totrunk

Distal = Furthest frompoint of attachment to

trunk


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Body Regions

The human body is partitioned intotwo main regions, called the axial

and appendicular regions. the axial region includes the head,

neck, and trunk which comprise themain vertical axis of our body

our limbs, or appendages, attach tothe bodys axis and make up theappendicular region


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Body Cavities

and Membranes

The posterior aspectof the body has twoenclosed cavities A cranial cavity is

formed by the craniumand houses the brain.

A vertebral canal isformed by the individualbones of the vertebralcolumn and contains thespinal cord.


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Body Cavities

Both the thoracic and abdominopelviccavities are lined with thin serousmembranes, which are composed of two

layers: A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the

body wall. A visceral layer covers the external surface of

organs (viscera) within the cavity. Between the parietal and visceral layers of the

serous membrane is a thin serous cavity,containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.


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Body Cavities andMembranes

Constant movement of the organscauses friction.

The serous fluid reduces frictionand helps the organs movesmoothly against both one another

and the body wall.


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Body Cavities and Membranes

The medianspace in thethoracic cavity iscalled themediastinum.

It contains theheart, thymus,esophagus,trachea, andmajor bloodvessels thatconnect to theheart.


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Membranes

Within the mediastinum, the heart isenclosed by a two-layered serousmembrane called thepericardium.


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Insert Fig1.9d


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The Thoracic Cavity

The right and left sides of the thoraciccavity contain the lungs; they are linedby a two-layered serousmembrane called the pleura. The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines

the internal surface of the thoracic wall The inner layer is the visceral pleura; it covers

the external surface of the lung The narrow, moist, potential space between

them is called the pleural cavity


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Abdominopelvic Cavity

The abdominopelvic cavity

consists of an abdominal cavityand a pelvic cavity.


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The AbdominopelvicCavity

The peritoneumis a moist, two-

layered serousmembrane thatlines theabdominopelvic

cavity.

.

Insert figure1.9d


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Abd i l i R i


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Abdominopelvic Regions

The

abdominopelviccavity ispartitioned into 9

smaller,imaginarycompartments.

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