POWERPOINT 17th NTC FOR 14th-15th JUNE 2012 [Compatibility Mode].pdf

7/27/2019 POWERPOINT 17th NTC FOR 14th-15th JUNE 2012 [Compatibility Mode].pdf

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ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY OF

RESIDENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN KAMPALA CITY PERI-URBAN

:

Paper presented at the 17th National Technology Conference (NTC) of the Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers

(UIPE) on the 14th and 15th June 2012 at Golf Course Hotel in Kampala

By Michael Pande

JUNE, 2012


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POSITIVE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY. The theme wording ie

strategic, positioning, positive transformation and society, can never refer to

anyt ng ese n e/nature ot er t an to peope/ umans!

Therefore, consideration of human behavior is very central, specifically in the

deliberations of this 17th NTC, and/but also very imperative in any

development related endeavors, generally.

This paper is a presentation of a study into some of the Kampala City

administrative/ management factors and certain corollary response factors of

e res en s o ampa a y n rea on o en orcemen an comp ance,and how the interaction of these factors ultimately impact on the quality of

infrastructure in the city.


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S ecificall , the stud examined the enforcement and com liancefactors affecting quality of residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas

of Kampala City using Mutungo Parish as a case study.

This was after establishing via literature review that Kampala City

remains plagued with suboptimal residential infrastructure in its

suburbs, notwithstandin the man h sical lans in lace. The stud

was undertaken between November 2010 and August 2011 with field

data collection being undertaken over a period of three months from

.


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Introduction

The purpose of the study was to examine enforcement and compliance

factors affecting the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in

per -ur an areas o ampa a y - gan a, y us ng u ungo ars

as a case study.

,

residential infrastructure (NDP, 2010) while the rest, 75%, wallow in

suboptimal neighborhoods largely in the peri-urban residential areas

y ounc , .


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The study was conducted, in Mutungo Parish of the City and among

key stakeholders who are knowledgeable about urban residential

n rastructure an constructon n ustry n Ugan a. T e Mutungo per -

urban area was selected because, it is among the latest of residential

neighborhoods to sprout and, it borders two optimally developed

neighborhoods of Mbuya and Bugolobi (Parkin, 1969).

The study background was structured under the four-perspective

approac o s orca , eore ca , concep ua an con ex ua

background(s) as recommended by Amin (2005).


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Background

Currently, only 25% of Kampala city residents live in areas that have optimal residential

infrastructure NDP 2010 while the rest 75% wallow in subo timal nei hborhoods

largely in the peri-urban residential areas (City Council, 2001).

Historical

World over, towns and cities are growing at a rate of more than 1.2 million people

.

Presently more than 3.3 billion people live in towns and it is expected by 2030 theworlds urban population will have swollen to almost 5 billion (UNFPA, 2007) with

most of the urban growth taking place in developing countries.

In Africa, the urban population of the year 2000 is expected to double by 2030,from 294 million to 742 million (UNFPA, 2007).


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Background contd

There has never been urban growth like this in history in terms of speed and scale yetsurprisingly little is being done to maximize the potential benefits or to reduce itspotentially negative consequences such as growth of suboptimal residential areas

, , , .

Globally, more than 1 billion people are living in suboptimal residential areas. In subSaharan Africa the number is about 305 million accounting for 72% of the urbanpopua on , .

In Kampala, 1.13 million people, are living in suboptimal neighborhoods (NDP, 2010).

This, represents 75% of the Citys current total population.

When it was started in 1890 by Sir Frederick Lugard, population was less than 2850

people and occupied less than 170 acres of land (IHC, 2009, Rakodi, 2007).

Today, the City occupies an area of 839km2 on more than 24 hills (KCC Profile, 2007,UN-Habitat 2007 IHC 2009 as result of s rawl and o ulation increase over theyears (United Nations World Urbanization Prospect, 2009) and, annexation of adjacent

townships (IHC, 2009).


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Background contd

Notwithstanding the changes in population size and physical extent, to this dayKampala principally and essentially relies on the infrastructure plan of 1951.

e one y an a was ac ua y ever mpemen e s a o ,

implemented in 1956. The City Plan at that time catered for only 100,000 people(City Council, 2001, IHC, 2009).

Since 1956 a number of other city plans including: the 1968 Greater Kampala plan;the 1968 Kampala Transport Master Plan; the 1972 Kampala Master Plan; and

recently the 1994 Structure Plan (KCC, 2001, IHC, 2009) have been drawn.

None of these however, has actually ever been implemented.

The Cit rowth thus has rimaril been or anic and not directed UN-Habitat

2007) with the greatest contributor to the expansion being the ever sproutingresidential areas/ houses (NDP, 2010).


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Background contd

It can be seen therefore that whereas physical plans have periodically been

, ,

quality of residential infrastructure.

This study therefore was an attempt to examine factors affecting the realization of

optimal residential infrastructure in the context of enforcement and the corollary

.


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Background contd

Enforcement of regulations and laws is a complex activity (Gawande & Bohara,

2005)

Is the set of actions that governments or others take to achieve compliance withinthe regulated community and to correct or halt situations that contravene there uirements U.S. Environment Protection A enc 1992 .

However, sometimes societal norms of compliance can be a powerful force

compelling compliance with any form of legal requirement

. .

Compliance on the other hand, is the full implementation of obligatory requirements, , , , , , . . ,

are communicated in non-legal form (Etienne, 2010).

Compliance occurs when requirements and expectations are met and or desiredc anges are ac eve .


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Enforcement and the corollary (non)compliance therefore, are a blend of a complex

activit b the enforcin a enc Gawande & Bohara 2005 and com lexbehaviors (Etienne, 2010) that are motivated, according to the Goal Framing Theory(GFT), by emotional, material and normative goals of the people within thecommunity concerned.

Thus, neither enforcement nor compliance can be examined independent of theother.

It was conceived in this study that factors affecting the realization of optimalresidential infrastructure are the factors that affect enforcement of, and compliancewith, residential housing regulatory requirements and that, if physical plans andrelated statutory requirements are implemented, optimal residential infrastructurewould be realized.

Otherwise, given that Kampala city has a backlog of 50,000 new housing units with, , , ,

that, its population is growing at the annual rate of 5.4% (NDP, 2010, IHC, 2009), allthe citys peri-urban areas such as Mutungo shall, soon and effortlessly, betransformed into slums, ie. heavily populated urban areas characterized by

.


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Background contd


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Background contd

Theory contd

Enforcement of regulations and laws is a complex activity (Gawande & Bohara,2005) which may include: inspections to determine the compliance status of the

( and owners) or individual tenants who are out of compliance to develop mutually

agreeable schedules and approaches for achieving compliance; legal action, wherenecessary, to compel compliance and to impose some consequence for violatingthe law or posing a threat to public health or environmental quality; compliancepromotion (educational programs, technical assistance, subsidies among others) toencourage voluntary compliance and; making financiers such as the banking andinsurance industries to be indirectly involved in enforcement by requiring assurance

of compliance with obligatory requirements before they issue a loan or insurance. . , .

Compliance on the other hand, is the full implementation of obligatory requirements(May, 2004, Hutter, 1997, The Business Roundtable, 1989, U.S. EnvironmentProtection Agency, 1992) and or expectations that are communicated in non-legalform (Etienne, 2010). Compliance occurs when requirements and expectations are

met and or desired changes are achieved. Enforcement and the corollary(non)compliance therefore, are a blend of a complex activity assumed by theenforcing agency (Gawande & Bohara, 2005) and complex behaviors (Etienne,2010) that are motivated, according to the Goal Framing Theory (GFT), by

,concerned.


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Background contd

The ability for humans to selectively engage and disengage theirmoral standards helps explain how people can be barbarically cruel

, .

mental architecture of human beings is modular meaning that

humans have functionally specific subroutines such as facerecognition, word recognition, learned modules and habits among

others, that make individuals particularly sensitive to a narrow range

of information from both inside and outside


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Background contd Theory GFT contd

oa s are e mos mpor an crea ors o mo ues a con a n osensual and mental submodules. They determine what a personattends to, what information one is sensitive to, what information aerson ne lects what chunks of knowled e and what conce ts

are being activated at a given moment, what one likes and dislikes,what criteria for goal achievement are being applied, and so on(Lindenberg & Steg, 2007). Submodules coalesce into large

.overarching goals are identified as hedonic, gain, and normativegoals. At every given moment one of them is focal (a goal-frame)and self-re ulation is the rocess b which humans balance thedominance of goal-frames. In turn, self-regulation, depends muchon social circumstances (Lindenberg & Steg, 2007), and also onregulatory circumstances (Etienne, 2010). This is the basis for

- .Choice Theory (RCT) which was the first theory of action that trulyintegrated aspects of the person (preferences) and of the situation(constraints).


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Background contd

GFT is a theory of goal-oriented action wherein, actors

anticipate and evaluate the consequences of theoptons ava a e to ac eve a goa , an c oose t e one

that is likely to best satisfy their purpose. It assumesthat ones oals and the wa one defines the situationare interrelated: perception and motivation tend to

harmonize in a to-and-fro process and therefore goals

across situations, and preferences are constructedrather than revealed. It also accepts the idea that actors

cus omar y assess op ons w re erence o severa ,heterogeneous goals hedonic, gain or normative(Etienne, 2010) before acting or taking action.


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Background contd

Theory GFT contd A hedonic goal-frame activates one or more subgoalsthat promise to improve the way one feels in a

-

subgoals having to do with ones resourcesimprovement or preservation. A normative goal-frame

appropriateness such as behaving the right way,showing exemplary behavior and so forth (Lindenberg

-, .realization of optimal residential infrastructure as theyinfluence enforcement activities (Gawande & Bohara,

,(enforcement agent) and or the corollary(non)compliance behaviors of the regulated people

, ,residential infrastructure.


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Background contd


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Statement of the problem

From literature (and possibly by observation), it is undeniable that Kampala Cityis plagued with suboptimal residential infrastructure (NDP, 2010, UN-Habitat2009, UBOS, 2002, Rakodi, 2007) especially in the peri-urban areas.

Consequently, various reasons including: deficiency in formal housing (NH&CC,2000, NSSF, 2004, KCC, 2001, Rust, 2008); rapid urban population growth(UNFPA, 2007, KCC, 2001); land (tenure) (NDP, 2010, Rakodi, 2007, Land Act,

, , ,2007) have been advanced as the cause(s) of this situation.

However, physical plans intended to guide and control urban development haveperiodically been designed except that all, apart from one, have remainedunimplemented (IHC, 2009, Rust, 2008, UN-Habitat, 2007, KCC, 2001).

Similarly, the Land Act of 1998 intended to regulate the ownership and use ofland and simplify ownership and occupancy systems has largely remainedunimplemented (Rakodi, 2007, NDP, 2010).


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Development of, and in, residential areas therefore has principally been organic

- ,regulatory requirement, ultimately affecting the quality of residential infrastructure

So far no empirical study intended to uniquely examine the role of enforcementof and the corollary compliance with the regulatory requirements had been done.

To fill this knowledge gap this study was undertaken. The study examined

residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Kampala City.

This study was imperative because, since Kampala city has a backlog of 50,000new ous ng unts wt , unts o t e exstng ue or repacements ,2000, NSSF, 2004) and that, its population is growing at the annual rate of 5.4%(NDP, 2010, IHC, 2009), If the problem of non-enforcement and ornoncompliance is not fixed, all the citys peri-urban areas such as Mutungo shall,

soon an e or ess y, e rans orme n o s ums, e. eav y popua e ur anareas characterized by substandard housing and squalor.


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Purpose of study

The purpose of the study was to examine the enforcement and compliance factorsaffecting the realization of optimal residential infrastructure for peri-urban areas ofKampala City by using the Mutungo residential neighborhood as a case study.

Objectives

1. To examine the effect of enforcement administration by KCC on the realization ofoptimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City.

.optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City.

3. To examine how the gain goals of the city residents affect the realization of optimal

residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City.

4. To examine the effect of the normative goals of the city residents on the realization- .


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Research Hypotheses

1. If enforcement administration by KCC is improved, then optimal residentialinfrastructure will be realized.

2. The more the behaviors of KCC residents are based on hedonic goals the less likely its o rea ze op ma res en a n ras ruc ure n e per -ur an areas o ampaa y.

3. The more the behaviors of KCC residents are based on gain goals the less likely it is torealize optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City.

4. If the behaviors of KCC residents are based more on normative goals, then optimal-


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The Modified Conceptual frameworkIVs DVs

Enforcement and Compliance Factors Quality of Residential Infrastructure

Enforcement management style of KCCA Quality of utilities/services

Compliance promot ion by KCCA

Hedonic goal 1 (Disdainful Indif ference by residents) Durability of shelter

Incapacity of KCCA enforcers

Hedonic goal 3 (Inertial Optimism by residents)

Adequacy of residential functional space

Position of buildin s/houses

Hedonic goal 4 (quest for Freedom by residents)

Hedonic goal 4 (Inequitable enforcement of rules)

Gain goal (of city residents)

Unavailability of structure plan

Lack of appraisal by KCCA

Normative goal (of residents)

Accessibi li ty to adequate water

IVs = Independent variables;

DVs = Dependent variables


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Significance

By simultaneously examining enforcement and the corollary compliance and their resultant

-has made the following categorical contributions:

Both, the conceptual framework which was developed through extensive literature reviewand, the modified framework that was generated by study findings after rigorous statistical

. ,(modified) framework provide important areas for further research and practical

considerations.

The study has revealed certain peculiar hedonic subgoals of the city residents which arecritical factors in the effective enforcement and com liance c cle. Notwithstandin theirapparent oddness, these (sometimes subliminal) factors present precise diagnosis uponwhich effective prescriptions pertaining to effective enforcement and compliance should bebased.

The study survey instrument statements are an original work of this research based on theexens ve era ure revew. e researc er s rongy e eves mo e survey ns rumen , a erfactor and reliability analyses shall form a good template for adaptation for subsequentscholarly and practical studies particularly for those studies recommended in section 5.7.

This study has made a contribution in making recommendations for subsequent scholarly,

quality of residential infrastructure in the urban areas of Uganda.

Based on findings and the subsequent conclusions of this study, a number ofrecommendations that have policy, management, sociological and studious implications have

. ,governments of Uganda with respect to residential infrastructure development within andaround urban centres and; add new knowledge to the existing body of knowledge in the urban

and physical planning sector of Uganda.


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Scope

Geographically, the study covered Mutungo residential area located at the easternperiphery of Kampala City - in Nakawa Division. With an approximate land area of2km by 2km.

Content and epoch, the research was confined to the realization of optimalresidential infrastructure including; houses, accesses, services, utilities andenvironment and covered the period between 1941 and 2011.


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LITERATURE REVIEW


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METHODOLGY

, , ;the area and location of study; methods and instruments of data collection; proceduresof data collection and for ensuring validity and reliability; and measurement andanalysis of variables, were as follows:

Research design

a correlational cross-sectional study design was adopted because: (1) the study was, ,

establish whether the independent variables predicted the dependent variables; (2)field data were collected within a period of two months only and; (3) of the cost, timeand effort requirements for the data collection.

e researc u ze o quan a ve an qua a ve approac es. ese approac eswere adopted so as to achieve more valid and reliable findings and to balance betweenlogic and stories (Sekaran, 2000, J aeger, 1997). This also increases confidence inresearch data, creates innovative ways of understanding phenomena, reveals uniquefindings and or challenges, integrates theories, and provides a clearer understandingo e pro em c , . e un o ana ys s or e s u y was n v ua s(persons).

The unit of analysis was individuals (persons).


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Study population

While the target population was all city residents, all the (hired and elected)public servants of Kampala City and all other public and private practitionersassoc a e w ur an res en a n ras ruc ure pannng an eve opmen n

Kampala. The practitioners included are staff of utility establishments; NationalEnvironment Management Authority (NEMA); Ministry of Lands, Housing andUrban Development; Civil and Electrical corporate members of the Ugandans u on o ro ess ona ngneers ; regs ere arc ec s n gan a;Corporate members of the Institute of Physical Planners of Uganda and; CertifiedEnvironmental Assessors and Auditors, the sampled population actually was all

residents of Mutungo; all (appointed and elected) public servants of KCC ando er pu c an prva e prac oners escr e a ove.


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Sample size and selection

population

population (N) Sample size (s)

10000 250 152es en s o u ungo

KCC (Works &h sical lannin units)staff, Other

687 140 103

practitioners (including MLHUDUEDCL, NWSC, NEMA, UIPE, IPPU,USA, EA)

Total 10687 390 255


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Sampling technique and procedure

pro a y samp ng es gn was a op e or e res en s o u ungo oun nMutungo during the administration of questionnaires so as to increase on therepresentativeness of the sample and for generalizability purposes. This samplingwas random.

On the other hand, a disproportionate stratified random sampling technique was

Mutungo during the administration of questionnaires. This was because some ofstrata identified for the study in this category were too small while others were too

large (Sekaran, 2001).

With respect to qualitative approach, selection (of interviewees) was purposive tobenefit from their central role and or their expert knowledge in the area of the study.

The above technique was chosen because of: (i) viability reasons; (ii) the envisagedlevel of information to be sought; (iii) its efficiency and; (iv) the envisaged

, .


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Methods of data collection

In-depth face-to-face interviews which were conducted by the researcheron the identified key people with expert knowledge on the study area;

telephone communication was used only for appointments;

review of relevant documents throughout the study period ie beforedata collection, during data collection and during analysis.

Questionnaire schedule

interview guides

tape recorder (whenever allowed during interviews)

document review checklist.


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Data analysis

Used P and M Excel

Factor Analysis with descriptive statistics

Reliability tests

Correlation analysis of all retained (12 independent & 6 dependent) variables

ANOVA

egress on ana ys s

Paired sample t-test analysis


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Study findings

Response rate was 82.7% 205 participated in the quantitative approach while 6 in the qualitative approach and the total

response rate was 82.7%.

Demographic profile of the sample: Out of the total of 211 respondents who

included ordinary city residents and experts mentioned above: 65.4% were males while 34.6% females;

. were res en s o u ungo w e . were no ;

43.6% stayed in own-houses and 56.4% stayed in rented houses;

39.4% were below 25 years of age, 43.1% between 25 and 50, and 17.5% above 50

ears;

10.9% O-level, 22.3% A-level, 18.0% ordinary Diploma level and 38.4% Universitydegree level and 10.4% other.

14.7% were employed by government, 58.3% in private sector while 27.0% were under, .

This mix of respondents helped to moderate extreme biases since the study was measuringperception and opinions.


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Empirical findings for the study:

.

Demographic characteristics did not have statistically significant relationship with the Dvs


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Conclusions:

, ,and execution of, physical infrastructure within its geographical area of governance, hasthe greatest effect among the enforcement and compliance factors on the ultimate qualityof residential infrastructure in the city suburbs.

omp ance promo on was oun , o e mos cr ca ac or n e ermn ng e u ma equality of residential infrastructure in the suburbs of Kampala City. Via the study however,it was revealed that KCCA has neither a mechanism in place nor carries out actionsintended to harness benefits of voluntary (or even subtly compelled) compliance.

The study established that the ultimate quality of residential infrastructure in the citysuburbs is significantly affected by city residents being contemptuously indifferent to anyintervention or regulatory mechanism by KCCA with respect infrastructural planning

requirements. The city residents yen for contentmentwas established by the study as having a

significant effect on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure.

Incapacity of KCCA enforcers was established in this study as being another determinantfactor in the realization of o timal residential infrastructure in the eri-urban areas of

Kampala City.


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Conclusions Contd:

, ,comfort in the belief that their circumstances were not worse than those for theircontemporaries elsewhere in the city and, the disinclination to rapid change, wasestablished in this study as being significantly related to the ultimate quality of residential

infrastructure in the city suburbs.

The quest for freedomby city residents was established by the study as having asignificant effect on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure. The combination of;

e ws y c y res en s or ree om rom o er an ear an ; e c y res en sdisinterest in bothering others were found to have a very significant effect on five of the sixdimensions that measured residential infrastructure.

Inequitable enforcementwas a determinant factor in the realization of optimal residentialinfrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City. This factor was found to significantlyaffect five of the six dimensions that measured quality of residential infrastructure in citysuburbs.

The city residents gain goals were established to have a significant effect on the

realization of optimal residential infrastructure. The goals to save money, to increase onesincome, to deal with threats to ones financial security et cetera has a very significant effecton all dimensions that measured residential infrastructure


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Recommendations:

effects on the quality of residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Kampala city and,based on the available literature regarding rate of population increase in Kampala City, itis imperative that a comprehensive review should be made on the way physical planning

.

Since the study revealed that, the corollary response to enforcement via compliance ornoncompliance highly depends on the goal frames of the people at whom enforcement istargeted, improvement in enforcement management style, improvement in KCCA clientrelations, capacitating of KCCA enforcers and the knowledge by the enforcers of thehedonic, gain and normative goals of the city residents are key to successful realization of

optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban residential zones of the city.


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Recommendations contd:

This study recommends that all KCCA staff involved in enforcement of planningregulations and laws should first, be made to know what they are required by law to do,secondly, they should know what the planning regulations and laws prescribe and thirdly,

they should ensure that the requirements of the law are fulfilled.

statutory bodies such as NEMA, MoWT, MoLHUD et cetera, whose activities and orresponsibilities either overlap or are potentially contra to those of KCCA. Review incoordination should also be considered for service providing bodies such as NWSC,

Lastly, KCCA should continually educate city residents about the planning regulations andclearly communicate to the residents whenever decisions with adverse implications are (toe ma e.


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Programmes and or activities tailored for compliance promotion should be undertaken.These should include and involve: provision of compliance educational programmes forproperty developers; provision of technical support to city residents to help them comply

with planning regulations; collaboration with funding and insurance institutions to demandcompliance with approved plans during execution (1) before loan facilities are granted and(2) so as to pay lower premiums respectively and; impartial, predictable and consistentapplication of legal action against violators of building regulations.

Disdainful indifference;

From the revelation by the study that city residents are scornfully indifferent about KCCAsrequirements, it is imperative that KCCA aggressively and protractedly engages cityresidents with respect to planning regulations, clearly underscoring expected benefits to

e res en s an erea er ensurng a e pannng requremen s are ac ua y pu o

ground. The actual implementation will demonstrate the will by KCCA while protractedengagement shall help shift the mindset of residents towards KCCA initiatives andendeavors.

R d ti td


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For the City residents crave for emotional goals such as the desire to be in control of oneshouse of residence; the desire to have peace and to feel good; et cetera, the studyrecommends that KCCA should design and rollout a technical support programme to these

residents who may actually be well intentioned but are focused on short-term benefits andignorant about the midterm and longterm consequences of their approaches. The technicalsupport should be augmented by the educational programmes on the benefits of adhering

to the planning requirements.

This study recommends that KCCA should design and rollout educational and technicalsupport programmes to the peri-urban city residents who are emotionally comfortable withan are s nc ne o accep any c ange n e s a us quo. e e uca ona programme

should be tailored to, educating residents about what is optimal in terms of residentialinfrastructure and, discouraging them from settling for what is merely better in comparisonto other areas. The technical support on the other hand should be available and affordableo a comp ance y e w ng an we - n en one .

R d ti td


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On the basis of the study findings that the number of KCCA staff in charge of enforcementis incongruously insufficient and ludicrously under facilitated, the study recommends asfollows:

first, KCCA undertakes the enforcement needs assessment for and within itsgeographical area of governance;

, ,enforcement approach clearly specifying expected stage benchmarks;

thirdly, determine the level of resources (human, fiscal, time and logistical)

requirements in terms of quantity and capability scales and; na y ro ou e programme o rea ze e se enc mar s. e s age enc mar swill provide a self monitoring and appraisal mechanism for achievement progress.



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Based on the revelation by the study that there is a pursuit for freedom by city residentsfrom both KCCAs planning requirements and the bother from societal expectations, it iscrucial that KCCA aggressively and protractedly engages city residents with respect toplanning regulations, clearly underscoring ultimate benefits to the residents when theyadhere to building requirements. This should be followed by ensuring that the planningrequirements are actually put to ground. The actual implementation will provide examplesof the expected benefits to the residents while protracted engagement shall help shift themindset of residents towards regulations.

Inequitable enforcement;

First, KCCA should improve and increase on its education about the physical planningrequirements to city residents;

secondly, penalties for noncompliance, and incentive (if any) for compliance, should beunms a a y spe ou an communca e o c y res en s.

Thirdly, any KCCA staff found to act unjustly in the enforcement of building requirementsshould be held liable.



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Recommendations cont d:

KCCA should undertake to collaborate with banks/ financing institutions to demand thatresidents comply with planning rules before giving them house loans and, with insurers tolower insurance premiums for the compliant.

Further incentives such as technical support should be put in place to induce compliance. Finally, KCCA should design an enforcement model that clearly shows benefits of

,reduced by noncompliance.

Lack of appraisal;

First, KCCA should undertake the enforcement needs assessment for and within itsgeographical area of governance;

secondl based on the findin s of the needs assessment desi n an a ro riate

enforcement approach clearly specifying expected stage benchmarks; thirdly, determine the level of resources (human, fiscal, time and logistical) requirements in

terms of quantity and capability scales and;

na y ro ou e programme o rea ze e se enc mar s. e s age enc mar s wprovide a self monitoring and appraisal mechanism for achievement progress.



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Recommendations cont d:

Deliberate and protracted education of city residents should be undertaken by KCCA torevive societal norms setting communal values with respect to physical infrastructureand teaching residents to espouse such community values.

Area champions of societal norms should be recognized by say naming certain communityaccesses (paths and roads) after them and while also protecting them from maligners.

Client relations; KCCA should:

always give residents reasons for adverse decisions made;

ensure that decisions are not hurriedly taken but rather consultatively made; dialogue with developers who have violated the regulations on the way of how to

eventually comply as first option before legal action;

conduct regular general inspections aimed at projecting KCCA presence and maintainingra ort with residents. Care should be taken however not to trade firmness for client-

relations a prudent balance must be struck.

Contributions of the study:


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Contributions of the study:

Contributions of the study contd:


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Contributions of the study cont d:

scholarly research efforts aimed at enhancing the knowledge of enforcement andcompliance and, the quality of residential infrastructure in the urban areas of Uganda.

Based on findings and the subsequent conclusions of this study, a number ofrecommendations that have policy, management, sociological and studious implicationshave been generated. The study thus, should: inform policy makers at both local andcentral governments of Uganda with respect to residential infrastructure developmentwithin and around urban centres and; add new knowledge to the existing body ofknowledge in the urban and physical planning sector of Uganda.

Summary


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Summary

This paper is a presentation of a study into some of the Kampala City administrative/

management factors and certain corol lary response factors of the residents of Kampala Cityin relation to enforcement and compliance and how the interaction of these factors ultimately

impact on the quality of infrastructure in the city.

Specifically, the study examined the enforcement and compliance factors

affecting quality of residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Kampala Cityusing Mutungo Parish as a case study. This was after establishing v ia literature

review that Kampala City remains plagued with subopt imal residential

infrastructure in its suburbs, notwithstanding the many physical plans in place.

The study was undertaken between November 2010 and August 2011 with f ield

data collection being undertaken over a period of three months from December

2010 to March 2011. The study was guided by four questions; (1) what effect doesenforcement administration by KCCA have on the realization of optimal

residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City (2) how do

hedonic goals (emotional goals) of the city residents affect the realization of

optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City (3) how

do gain goals (economic motives) of the city residents affect the realization of

optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City and (4)

what effect do normative goals (societal norms) of the city residents have on the

realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala

City?

Summary


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Summary

The study adopted a correlational cross-sectional study design and used bothquanti tative and qualitative approaches. A total of 211 respondents (a response

rate of 82.7%) partic ipated in the study. The responses to the quantitative

approach was based on a 5 point Likert scale survey instrument while the

qua a ve was ase on a e a e n erv ews w exper s n aca em a, pr va e

practice in the built environment, Ministry of Lands Housing & Urban

Development, and KCCA) on Kampala City. Out of the total of 211 respondents

who included ordinary city residents and experts mentioned above: 175 (82.9%)

were res en s o u ungo w e . were no ; . s aye n own-

houses and 119 (56.4%) stayed in rented houses; 83 (39.4%) were below 25 years

of age, 91 (43.1%) between 25 and 50, and 37 (17.5%) above 50 years; 31 were

employed by government, 123 in private sector. The reliabili ty coefficient for theovera survey ns rumen was oun o e = . an s ns rumen nc u e

124 items that measured both the enforcement and compliance factors. The

survey data were analyzed using factor analysis, descript ive statistics,

correlation results, ANOVA, regression analysis and paired-sample T test

ana ys s.

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The study found that: enforcement management style of KCCA, compliancepromotion by KCCA, incapacity of KCCA enforcers, lack of appraisal by KCCA,

and client-relations by KCCA as an enforcing agency; and, the hedonic goals,

,

have very significant relation with quality of residential infrastructure in the City.

The study concluded thus that, overhaul and improvement in KCCA enforcementmanagement style, introduction and roll-out of compliance campaigns by KCCA,

, ,

knowledge by the enforcers of the hedonic, gain and normative goals of the City

residents are key to effective realization of optimal residential infrastructure in

the suburbs of the City. The study recommends therefore that, overall, a holist ic

a totally new system, that takes cognizance of and responds to the contemporary

hedonic, gain and normative goals of the city residents, set up.

Documents

POWERPOINT 17th NTC FOR 14th-15th JUNE 2012 [Compatibility Mode].pdf