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Soil Organisms
• Classification schemes for organisms• Basis for classification• How classifications relate to each other• What classification says about an
organism’s role in environmental processes and vice versa
How are life forms and their activity in soil categorized?
• Physical identification of organisms, their description and naming
• Biochemical characterization of organisms and naming (microbes)
• Identification of soil processes and organisms’ role(s) in these
• Ecosystem function – producers, consumers
• Trophic (physiological) group– e.g., aerobe, anaerobe, denitrifiers, etc.
• Phylogenetic/taxonomic identification– e.g., Proteobacteria, Pseudomonas, etc.
Categories
Ecological classification: Producers
– Generate organic materials that consumers and decomposers feed on
• Plants • Green algae, Cynaobacteria (Blue-green algae)• Mineral-oxidizing bacteria (lithotrophs)
Ecological classification: Consumers
– Feed directly on plants or on other consumers
– Animals including• Macrofauna (moles, snakes)• Mesofauna (ants, worms)• Microfauna (nematodes, protozoa)
Ecological classification: Decomposers
Microflora• Bacteria (including actinomycetes)• Fungi (including yeasts)
Trophic categories
• Defined by:– Source of carbon for cell synthesis – mechanisms used to generate energy
• Define majority of transformations that comprise element cycles
Organic carbonCarbon dioxide
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
(Producers)
(Consumers & Decomposers)
Carbon source categories
• Energy harnessed during the movement of electrons (e-)– Requires a reduced e- donor & oxidized e-
acceptor• Dissimilatory reaction
– Energy is extracted – Materials are released (oxidized e- donor,
reduced e- acceptor)
Energy generation
Energy generation categories: Electron donor types
• Organotroph– Organic compounds
• Consumers and decomposers• Invariably use organics for cell synthesis
Energy generation categories: Electron donor types
• Lithotroph – Inorganic compounds
• Producers• Invariably use carbon dioxide for cell synthesis
Energy generation categories: Electron donor types
• Phototroph– Light
• Producers• Invariably use CO2 for cell synthesis
Trophic category summary
• Organoheterophs– Often abbreviated to “heterotroph”
• Photoautotrophs– Often abbreviated to “phototroph”
• Lithoautotrophs– Often abbreviated to “autotroph”
• Oxygen • Oxidized forms of:
– nitrogen– sulfur– metals
• Halogenated organic compounds
Energy generation categories: Electron acceptor types
• Aerobes• Facultative anaerobes• Anaerobes
Energy generation categories based on electron acceptor use
• Use of oxygen only• “obligate” or “strict”
– Includes:• Macro-, meso- , micro-fauna• Microflora: most fungi, many bacteria including
all actinomycetes
Aerobes
• Use O2 if available• If O2 is absent, use alternate acceptor or
ferment• Alternate electron acceptors include
– Nitrate (most common)– Iron/manganese/sulfate (less common)
• Includes:– Bacteria– Eukaryotes (capable of limited fermentation)
Facultative anaerobes
• Unable to use O2 as electron acceptor• Use:
– oxidized metals (Fe, Mn, others), S– CO2– Halogenated organics
• Lack protection against toxic oxygen species• “obligate” or “strict”• Include Bacteria and Archaea
Anaerobes
PLANT DEBRIS
FUNGI BACTERIANEMATODES
MITES PROTOZOANS
PREDATORY NEMATODES
PREDATORY MITES
OLIGOCHAETES
MAMMALS/ BIRDS
PLANT ROOTS
NEMATODESCOLLEMBOLA
PREDATORY COLLEMBOLA
PREDATORY COLLEMBOLA
PLANT-FEEDING
PREDATORY INSECTS
ROOT DEPOSITIONS
Soil organisms & ecosystem function: Bottom-up
primary
secondary
tertiary
Autotroph Heterotroph
Phototroph Lithotroph Organotroph Organotroph
Producer Producer Consumer Decomposer
AerobeBacteriaEukarya
Fac. AnerobeBacteria
Anaerobe Bacteria
AerobeBacteriaArchaea
Fac. AnerobeBacteria
Anaerobe
Aerobe Eukarya
AerobeBacteria PEukarya
Fac. AnerobeBacteriaEukaryaArchaea
AnaerobeBacteriaArchaea
BacteriaArchaea
Integrated functional and taxonomic classification road maps link food chain, trophic, and
biogeochemical functions with common and genomic names of biological community members
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* Photosynthetic:
Oxygenic Water oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
Org C oxidizers
* O2
reducers
* Plants. Eukarya :
* Green algae. Eukarya :
Chlamydomonas ,
Chlorella
* Diatoms. Eukarya :
* Cyanobacteria. Bacteria:
Anabaena, Calothrix ,
Gloeocapsa , Microcystis ,
Nostoc
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Photosynthetic (only anaerobic):
Anoxygenic H2
, Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
H2
, Org C oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C
reducers if no O2
* Purple S bacteria. Bacteria:
Chromatium , Thiocapsa
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* Photosynthetic:
Anoxygenic H2
, Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
H2
, Org C
oxidizers
* Org C
reducers
* Green S bacteria. Bacteria:
Chorobium , Pelodictyon
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* H2
, CO oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria: Acidovorax ,
Hydrogenophaga , Paracoccus ,
Variovorax
* Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* O2
reducers
* Bacteria : Beggiatoa , Bosea ,
Thiobacillus
* Archaea : Acidianus
* Ferrous, Manganous oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria : Gallionella ,
Leptothrix , Planctomyces ,
Spharotilus , Thiobacillus
* Ammonium to nitrite oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria :
Nitrosococcus , Nitrosomonas,
Nitrosospira
* Nitrite oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria : Nitrobacter ,
Nitrospira
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* H2
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Nitrate denitrifiers if no O2
.
* Bacteria : Bacillus , Paracoccus
* Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Nitrate denitrifiers if no O2
.
* Bacteria : Thiobacillus ,
Thiomicrospira
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* H2
oxidizers
* Thiosulfate , S0
reducers
* Bacteria :
Desulfurococcus
* Archaea : Archeoglobus ,
Pyrobaculum
* CO2
reducing methanogens
* Archaea : Methanobacterium ,
Methanococcus , Methanosaeta ,
Methanosarcina ,
* CO2
reducing acetogens
* Bacteria: Acetobacterium ,
Clostridium, Sporomusa
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* Org C
oxidizers
* O2
reducers
* Fungi. Eukarya :
* Oomycetes : Pythium ,
Phytophthora ,
Saprolegnia
* Zygomycetes :
Glomus ,
Mucor , Rhizopus
* Ascomycetes /
Deuteromycetes :
Acremonium ,
Alternaria ,
Aspergillus ,
Blastomyces ,
Chaetomium ,
Cladosporium ,
Coccidioides ,
Colletotrichum ,
Fusarium ,
Histoplasma ,
Paecilomyces ,
Penicillium ,
Rhizoctonia ,
Sclerotium ,
Trichoderma
* Basidiomycetes:
Mushrooms, Lignin
degraders
* Yeasts. Eukarya :
C andida, Rhodotorula
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Org C
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C reducers if no O2
* Yeasts. Eukarya :
Saccharomyces
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* Org C
oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Actinomycetes . Bacteria:
Actinomadura , Micromonospora ,
Nocardia , Rhodococcus , Streptomyces ,
Frankja
* Org C, H2
oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria2
: Acidovorax ,
Alcaligenes , Agrobacterium , Agromyces ,
Arthrobacter , Cellulomonas , Cytophoga ,
Deinobacter , Flexibacter , Haloferax ,
Myxococcus , Paracoccus ,
Pedomicrobium , Planctomyces ,
Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas
Azoarcus , Azospirillum , Azotobacter ,
Bradyrhizobium , Rhizobium
* Org C1
oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria3
: Methylobacillus
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Org C, H2
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
* Nitrate denitrifiers i f no O2
.
* Bacteria4
: Acidovorax , Bacillus,
Haloferax , Paracoccus
* Archaea : Haloferax
* Nitrate denitrifiers , Ferric, Manganic , Org C
reducers i f no O2
. Bacteria: Shewanella
* Org C oxidizers ± H2
producers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Nitrate, Org C reducers i f no O2
* Bacteria5
: Erwinia , Escherichia,
Pantoea , Proteus, Prosthecobacter ,
Serratia , Verrumicrobium ,
Aeromonas , Bacillus, Klebsiella
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* Org C oxidizers ± H2
producers
* Org C, Org Cl , Org N, Nitrate, Proton
reducers. Bacteria: Acidobacterium ,
Clostridium, Dehalobacter ,
Dehalococcoides , Dehalospirillum ,
Fibrobacter , Lactobacillus, Sarcina ,
Clostridium
* Sulfate, S0
reducers
* Bacteria6
Desulfotomaculum ,
Desulfovibrio ,
* Org Cl reducers. Bacteria :
Desulfitobacterium , Desulfomile ,
Desulfuromonas ,
* Archaea : Archeoglobus , Pyrobaculum ,
Sulfolobus
* Org C1
oxidizers
* Org C1ox
reducing methanogens
* Archaea7
: Methanobacterium ,
Methanosaeta , Methanosarcina
* Acetate splitting methanogens
* Archaea : Methanosarcina
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Photo & nonphotosynthetic
Anoxygenic Org C, CO, H2
,
Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C
, Heavy metal (Se,
Te) anion reducers if no O2
* Purple non S bacteria
* Bacteria:
Rhodobacter ,
Rhodopseudomonas ,
Rhodospirillum ,
Rhodovibrio
* Photosynthetic (only
anaerobic)
Anoxygenic Org C oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
Org C oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C
reducers if no O2
* Filamentous green bact
* Bacteria:
Chloroflexus ,
Heliothrix
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* Photo & nonphotosynthetic
Anoxygenic Org C oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic
* Org C
reducers
* Bacteria with bchl g
* Bacteria:
Heliobacillus
Organisms producing organic C for biomass by reducing
CO2
( autotrophs ) with inorganic e-
donors ( lithotrophs )
Organic Matter Producers
PRIMARY
PRODUCERS
BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
Plants, Algae, Bacteria
CHEMO
PRODUCERS
DECOMPOSERS CONSUMERS
Animals1
Fungi, Yeasts Actinomycetes , Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria
MIXOTROPHS
1 Animals : OBLIGATE AEROBES, Org C
oxidizers, O
2 reducers. Eukarya .
Macrofauna : Groundhogs, Moles, Snakes
Mesofauna : Ants, Centipedes, Grubs, Millipedes, Mites, Spiders, Springtails, Worms
Microfauna : Nematodes:
Protozoa: Small flagellates, Naked amoebae, Slime molds - Dictyostelium , Physarum , Ciliates, Testacea
2 Also, Acetobacter , Flavobacterium , Hyphomicrobium , Kocuria , Leptohtrix , Pirella , Sphaerotillus , Xanthomonas
3
Also, Methylobacter , Methylobacterium , Methylocystis , Methylomonas , Methylophaga , Methylosinus
4 Also, Blastobacter , Brachymonas , Bradyrhizobium , Halomonas , Hyphomicrobium , Jonesia , Roseobacter , Thiomicrospira
5
Also, Enterobacter ,
6 Also, Desulfobacterium , Desulfobulbus , Desulfohalobium , Desulfonatrum , Desulfurella , Desulfurococcus , Desulfuromonas
7
Also, Methanococcus , Methanocorpusculum , Methanoculleus , Methanospirillum ,
Organisms using organic C for biomass ( heterotrophs ) , and mineralizing it to
CO2
as organic e-
donor ( organotrophs ) for chemical energy ( chemotrophs )
Organisms using light as primary
energy ( phototrophs ), and
supplemental chemical energy with
endogenous org or inorg e-
donors
Organisms using chemical
energy ( chemototrophs ) with
inorganic e-
donors ( lithotrophs )
Food-ingesting
organisms
Predigested food-
absorbing organisms
Color coding
Green: C assimilators, and
N2
fixing organisms
Red: e-
donor oxidizers
Blue: e- acceptor reducers
CO2
Regenerators
How might organo(hetero)trophic soil microbes obtain carbon?
Passive acquisition from by-products
Active acquisition
How might decomposers obtain carbon from producers?
• Passivelly from dead biomass, excretions and secretions– Saprotrophs
• Actively from living biomass– Necrotrophs, attack and decay biomass – Biotrophs, obtain carbon from plant in
exchange for a microbe-supplied nutrient
Saprotrophs
• Consume inanimate organic material – Plant: litter, exudates– Animal: bodies, excretions– Microbial: cells, exudates
Necrotrophs
• Plant pathogens• Attack and decompose living plant parts• Fungi (Pythium)• Bacteria (Erwinia)
Biotrophs
• Plant symbionts• Bacteria = Nitrogen fixation
– Rhizobia (legumes)– Actinorhiza (trees)
• Fungi = Phosphorus uptake– Mycorrhizal fungi (woody and non-woody
plants)
Learning Goals
• Classification schemes for organisms• Basis for classification• How classifications relate to each other• What classification says about an
organism’s role in environmental processes and vice versa
• What can we infer from element’s redox transitions in biogeochemical cycles about the microbial driving force underlying the individual transformations?– What do the microbes get out of reaction?– What ecological/ tropic categories of would
mediate such a reaction?
Coupled Redox Reactions and Oxidation Numbers
•Dissimlatory processes: Oxidation of one element is coupled to reductionof another.
•Recognizing which element is oxidized and which is reduced allows identification of trophic classification.
•Knowing the trophic classification is key to understanding the microbiology and biochemical basis of any transformation.
•The oxidation number indicates the relative oxidation state of an element andcan be used to identify electron donor/electron acceptor pairs
Classification according to growth characteristics
• Two general pools of organic carbon in soil
• Resistant to degradation– Soil organic matter (humus, humic materials)– Amounts are relatively constant
• Labile to degradation– Fresh inputs(root exudates, soluble components released from
dead cells)– Amounts are highly variable (spatially and temporally)
• Soil organisms may adapt to exploit one or the other of these pools
Zymogenous v. autochthonous Winogradski (~1900)
•zymogenous: “ferment-producers”
•Attack readily available carbon sources
•Population densities fluctuate widely
•Large (1-3 um diam), spore-forming bacilli
•autochthonous: “self-feeders of the earth”, “humus degraders”
•Attack more resistant materials
•Population densities are relatively stable.
• Small (1-1.5 um diam), cocci
.
Oligotrophs and copiotrophs(Sources?)
•Copiotrophs (aka, eutrophs): “abundant [resource] feeders”.
•Activity adapted for the presence of abundant, readily-available carbon sources.
•Oligotrophs: “scant [resource] feeders”. •Activity adapted for the presence of low amounts of readily-degradable carbon sources or compounds not readily-degradable.
•Aerobic, but lack catalase and/or superoxid dismutase, • lack full protection against toxic oxygen species
•High nutrient uptake capacity• high surface/volume (S/V) ratio (small diameter) • high density of transporter sites
•Efficient nutrient management to allow growth• formation of reserve polymers (poly--hydroxybutyrate)• biosynthesis regulation
Characteristics of an oligotroph
Arthrobacter: a possible soil oligotroph
Morphology: coccoid cells (high S/V) under low nutrient conditions, rod-shaped (lower S/V) under high nutrient levels.
Uptake systems favor organic acids, amino acids. Reduces competition for sugars
Endogenous metabolism of starving cells 10% of that of starving copiotrophs (e.g., E. coli, Pseudomonas)
Cells are resistant to dessication (% survival similar to Bacillus endospores)
r- and K-strategists
• Mathematical model developed from studies on population dynamics of animals and plants
• r = rate of population increase, K = carrying capacity of the environment (carrying capacity = density of organisms that can be supported
•K -strategists: optimized to function at high population sizes (high K), but low growth rate (low r).
•r-selected: optimized to function at low population sizes (low K), but high growth rates (high r)
Organism type r value K value
r-strategist high low
K-strategist low high
rate of population
growth
population densityresource density (availability)
lowhigh
highlow
rI
rII
KI KII
competitive cross-over density
r-strategist favored when resources are high relative to populationK-strategist favored when resources are low relative to population
r wins K wins
Growth types: Equivalent terms
Zymogenous = copiotroph = r-strategist
Autochthonous = oligotroph = K-strategist
Integrated functional and taxonomic classification road maps link food chain, trophic, and
biogeochemical functions with common and genomic names of biological community members
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* Photosynthetic:
Oxygenic Water oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
Org C oxidizers
* O2
reducers
* Plants. Eukarya :
* Green algae. Eukarya :
Chlamydomonas ,
Chlorella
* Diatoms. Eukarya :
* Cyanobacteria. Bacteria:
Anabaena, Calothrix ,
Gloeocapsa , Microcystis ,
Nostoc
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Photosynthetic (only anaerobic):
Anoxygenic H2
, Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
H2
, Org C oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C
reducers if no O2
* Purple S bacteria. Bacteria:
Chromatium , Thiocapsa
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* Photosynthetic:
Anoxygenic H2
, Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
H2
, Org C
oxidizers
* Org C
reducers
* Green S bacteria. Bacteria:
Chorobium , Pelodictyon
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* H2
, CO oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria: Acidovorax ,
Hydrogenophaga , Paracoccus ,
Variovorax
* Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* O2
reducers
* Bacteria : Beggiatoa , Bosea ,
Thiobacillus
* Archaea : Acidianus
* Ferrous, Manganous oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria : Gallionella ,
Leptothrix , Planctomyces ,
Spharotilus , Thiobacillus
* Ammonium to nitrite oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria :
Nitrosococcus , Nitrosomonas,
Nitrosospira
* Nitrite oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria : Nitrobacter ,
Nitrospira
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* H2
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Nitrate denitrifiers if no O2
.
* Bacteria : Bacillus , Paracoccus
* Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Nitrate denitrifiers if no O2
.
* Bacteria : Thiobacillus ,
Thiomicrospira
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* H2
oxidizers
* Thiosulfate , S0
reducers
* Bacteria :
Desulfurococcus
* Archaea : Archeoglobus ,
Pyrobaculum
* CO2
reducing methanogens
* Archaea : Methanobacterium ,
Methanococcus , Methanosaeta ,
Methanosarcina ,
* CO2
reducing acetogens
* Bacteria: Acetobacterium ,
Clostridium, Sporomusa
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* Org C
oxidizers
* O2
reducers
* Fungi. Eukarya :
* Oomycetes : Pythium ,
Phytophthora ,
Saprolegnia
* Zygomycetes :
Glomus ,
Mucor , Rhizopus
* Ascomycetes /
Deuteromycetes :
Acremonium ,
Alternaria ,
Aspergillus ,
Blastomyces ,
Chaetomium ,
Cladosporium ,
Coccidioides ,
Colletotrichum ,
Fusarium ,
Histoplasma ,
Paecilomyces ,
Penicillium ,
Rhizoctonia ,
Sclerotium ,
Trichoderma
* Basidiomycetes:
Mushrooms, Lignin
degraders
* Yeasts. Eukarya :
C andida, Rhodotorula
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Org C
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C reducers if no O2
* Yeasts. Eukarya :
Saccharomyces
OBLIGATE AEROBES
* Org C
oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Actinomycetes . Bacteria:
Actinomadura , Micromonospora ,
Nocardia , Rhodococcus , Streptomyces ,
Frankja
* Org C, H2
oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria2
: Acidovorax ,
Alcaligenes , Agrobacterium , Agromyces ,
Arthrobacter , Cellulomonas , Cytophoga ,
Deinobacter , Flexibacter , Haloferax ,
Myxococcus , Paracoccus ,
Pedomicrobium , Planctomyces ,
Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas
Azoarcus , Azospirillum , Azotobacter ,
Bradyrhizobium , Rhizobium
* Org C1
oxidizers
* O2
reducers. Bacteria3
: Methylobacillus
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Org C, H2
oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
* Nitrate denitrifiers i f no O2
.
* Bacteria4
: Acidovorax , Bacillus,
Haloferax , Paracoccus
* Archaea : Haloferax
* Nitrate denitrifiers , Ferric, Manganic , Org C
reducers i f no O2
. Bacteria: Shewanella
* Org C oxidizers ± H2
producers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Nitrate, Org C reducers i f no O2
* Bacteria5
: Erwinia , Escherichia,
Pantoea , Proteus, Prosthecobacter ,
Serratia , Verrumicrobium ,
Aeromonas , Bacillus, Klebsiella
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* Org C oxidizers ± H2
producers
* Org C, Org Cl , Org N, Nitrate, Proton
reducers. Bacteria: Acidobacterium ,
Clostridium, Dehalobacter ,
Dehalococcoides , Dehalospirillum ,
Fibrobacter , Lactobacillus, Sarcina ,
Clostridium
* Sulfate, S0
reducers
* Bacteria6
Desulfotomaculum ,
Desulfovibrio ,
* Org Cl reducers. Bacteria :
Desulfitobacterium , Desulfomile ,
Desulfuromonas ,
* Archaea : Archeoglobus , Pyrobaculum ,
Sulfolobus
* Org C1
oxidizers
* Org C1ox
reducing methanogens
* Archaea7
: Methanobacterium ,
Methanosaeta , Methanosarcina
* Acetate splitting methanogens
* Archaea : Methanosarcina
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
* Photo & nonphotosynthetic
Anoxygenic Org C, CO, H2
,
Sulfide, S0
oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C
, Heavy metal (Se,
Te) anion reducers if no O2
* Purple non S bacteria
* Bacteria:
Rhodobacter ,
Rhodopseudomonas ,
Rhodospirillum ,
Rhodovibrio
* Photosynthetic (only
anaerobic)
Anoxygenic Org C oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic :
Org C oxidizers
* O2
reducers if O2
present;
Org C
reducers if no O2
* Filamentous green bact
* Bacteria:
Chloroflexus ,
Heliothrix
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
* Photo & nonphotosynthetic
Anoxygenic Org C oxidizers
* Nonphotosynthetic
* Org C
reducers
* Bacteria with bchl g
* Bacteria:
Heliobacillus
Organisms producing organic C for biomass by reducing
CO2
( autotrophs ) with inorganic e-
donors ( lithotrophs )
Organic Matter Producers
PRIMARY
PRODUCERS
BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
Plants, Algae, Bacteria
CHEMO
PRODUCERS
DECOMPOSERS CONSUMERS
Animals1
Fungi, Yeasts Actinomycetes , Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria
MIXOTROPHS
1 Animals : OBLIGATE AEROBES, Org C
oxidizers, O
2 reducers. Eukarya .
Macrofauna : Groundhogs, Moles, Snakes
Mesofauna : Ants, Centipedes, Grubs, Millipedes, Mites, Spiders, Springtails, Worms
Microfauna : Nematodes:
Protozoa: Small flagellates, Naked amoebae, Slime molds - Dictyostelium , Physarum , Ciliates, Testacea
2 Also, Acetobacter , Flavobacterium , Hyphomicrobium , Kocuria , Leptohtrix , Pirella , Sphaerotillus , Xanthomonas
3
Also, Methylobacter , Methylobacterium , Methylocystis , Methylomonas , Methylophaga , Methylosinus
4 Also, Blastobacter , Brachymonas , Bradyrhizobium , Halomonas , Hyphomicrobium , Jonesia , Roseobacter , Thiomicrospira
5
Also, Enterobacter ,
6 Also, Desulfobacterium , Desulfobulbus , Desulfohalobium , Desulfonatrum , Desulfurella , Desulfurococcus , Desulfuromonas
7
Also, Methanococcus , Methanocorpusculum , Methanoculleus , Methanospirillum ,
Organisms using organic C for biomass ( heterotrophs ) , and mineralizing it to
CO2
as organic e-
donor ( organotrophs ) for chemical energy ( chemotrophs )
Organisms using light as primary
energy ( phototrophs ), and
supplemental chemical energy with
endogenous org or inorg e-
donors
Organisms using chemical
energy ( chemototrophs ) with
inorganic e-
donors ( lithotrophs )
Food-ingesting
organisms
Predigested food-
absorbing organisms
Color coding
Green: C assimilators, and
N2
fixing organisms
Red: e-
donor oxidizers
Blue: e- acceptor reducers
CO2
Regenerators