PP 05-XC Planning-COMM.ppt

Ground School 2017

CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGPREPARATION PHASE

1. Secure current charts (Sectionals, TACs), EB6,pencils, aircraft deviation card information fromaircraft, POH for aircraft performance information,and Navigation Log.

2. View and mentally evaluate the route on sectional todetermine general direction and altitudes you arelikely to fly (odd/even 1000’s +500)

3. View weather information (Mobile Apps such asForeflight, DUATS, NWS, AOPA) on computer, and/orcall FSS to get a forecast of the time period you areplanning the flight to appraise if is safe and legal.

Ground School 2017

CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGSETUP PHASEDetermine True Course (TC) and Distances.

Draw a line using a plotter and pencil (airport center to airport center, or airport to checkpoint, checkpoint to checkpoint, checkpoint to airport) Mark checkpoints perpendicular to the TC.

Ground School 2017

Determine TC using Plotter. Set midpoint of plotter on line and slide it until the grommet is centered on a meridian (longitude and latitude) line. Use some logic (and directional arrow on plotter) to read the correct scale for TC, then record for the entire flight, leg or until there is a change in course. Record TC.

Measure Distances. Total, leg, and segment. All segments should equate to total distance. Record Distances for each segment, leg and trip distance on navigation log.

CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNING

Ground School 2017

Other Factors must be calculated beyond True Course1. Remember that we used the front of the E6B to determine True Airspeed based on

Altitude and Temperature.2. THEN on the back we used Wind Direction and Wind Speed against our True Course

and True Airspeed to determine Wind Correction Angle and Ground Speed to get our True Heading.

3 Now we must account for Magnetic Variation to give us our Magnetic Heading, and4. The Deviation (from our instruments) to give us our final Compass Heading. Located on the lower portion of your compass.

We document all these values ona NAVIGATION LOG

Ground School 2017

Ground School 2017

Prepare on Navigation Log(In Jewel Box)

Ground School 2017


STUDENT GROUP EXERCISE. Determine the TC betweenSarasota Bradenton(SRQ) and Wauchula (CHN)Wauchula(CHN) and Venice(VNC)?Venice(VNC) and Sarasota Bradenton(SRQ)?

Ground School 2017 Created by Steve Reisser

Along any segment (portion of total trip) of flight you should include “Checkpoints”. These can be visual ground references, airports, and as you will see later navigational intersections.

Ground School 2017

LEG TC LEGDISTANCE

VARIATION(5W)

MC

KSRQ-KCHN 81 37 +5 86KCHN-KVNC 230 40 +5 235KVNC-KSRQ 343 20 +5 348

Mark “checkpoints” along the route (perpendicular hash marks). Now figuredistance by waypoints. Put the Airports and Waypoints int0 the Nav Log

Ground School 2017

CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNING:NAV LOG TEMPLATE – Reusable for later X/C

SRQtowerCHN

roadVNC

SRQtower

120

525SL

DDDD

DD

81

81

230

230

343

343

16+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

21

17

23

7

13

97


CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGWeather check 6 hours prior to flight. Get a “STANDARD BRIEFING.” You will get LOTS of information. If it still is feasible, safe and legal then proceed to prepare full cross country information. You want to fly between 3000-6000 MSL. What are the best (legal) altitudes?

CALCULATION PHASE

Determine True Airspeed (TAS)You know altitude you will fly (odd+500, even+500), IAS, wind and

temperature aloft from weather briefing.• Use EB6 “calculator side” to align temperature over altitude in

the pressure altitude window.• Find CAS on the “B” scale. TAS is directly above on the “A”

scale. For each leg (until altitude again changes), Record _______ for each leg

Leg ALT Wind Dir

VEL TEMP TAS

KSRQ-KCHN 3500 093 12 29 131KCHN-KVNC 4500 107 18 25 133KVNC-KSRQ 4500 107 18 25 133

Location 3000 6000PIE 09010+30 11020+24

Winds

Pressure = 29.92 CAS=120


CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGDetermine Wind Correction Angle (WCA) and Ground Speed (GS) Use the “wind side” of the EB6. Rotate the azimuth so the true index is on the wind direction. Adjust the sliding grid so the grommet rests above an even number (i.e., 100) Using a pencil, mark an “X” at a point representing the number of knots wind speed above the grommet. Rotate the azimuth to the TC. Slide the penciled “X” to the TAS. Read the WCA. Subtract if to left, or add if to right. Record _______ Ground speed is that speed indicated below the grommet. Record _______

Ground School 2017

SRQtowerCHN

roadVNC

SRQtower

120

525SL

DDDDDD

81

81

230

230

343

343

16+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

21

17

23

7

13

97

3500

35004500450045004500

093 12

093 12

107 18

107 18

107 18

107 18

29

25

29

25

25

25

WCA – TAS & CONFIG PRIOR TO WIND CALS BELOW:

133

131

131

133

133

133

+1

+6

+1

-7

-7

+6

+5

Ground School 2017

CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGDetermine True Heading (TH) by adjusting for WCA. TC +/- WCA Record _____Determine Magnetic Heading (MH). MH=TH +W/-E Record _______Determine Compass Heading (CH). The magnetic heading is adjusted on the deviation created by the aircraft. Adjust the MH +/– Deviation = Compass Heading Record _______FINALLY: Determine Time and Fuel for each segment, leg of the flight.TIME: Speed Index on GS on “A” scale, view distance on “A”, and read time underneath on “B” (minutes) or “C” if greater than 1 hour. Record time enroute and time remaining. _______FUEL: Speed Index on GPH on “A” scale, view time on “B”, and read fuel used above on “A”. Record fuel consumed and remaining _______

Ground School 2017

SRQtowerCHN

roadVNC

CHNtower

120

525SL

DDDDDD

81

81

230

230

343

343

16+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

21

17

23

7

13

97

3500

35004500450045004500

093 12

093 12

107 18

107 18

107 18

107 18

29

25

29

25

25

25

Complete the data: Use +2 on deviation, 6 gph to complete calculations

133

131

131

133

133

133

+1

+6

+1

-7

-7

+6

82

223

349

82

223

349142

119

119

142

142

142

87

228

354

87

228

354

+2

89

356

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

89

230230

356

Ground School 2017

CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGFrom FSS briefing

TAS changes with changeIn altitude and/or temperature

TC WCA TH VAR MH DEV CH

Distances Leg Remaining

Estimate ActualTIME Enroute

FUEL Used RemainingONE LAST CONSIDERATION BEFORE YOU GET IT ALL CORRECT.

RUNUP-TAXI-CLIMBOUT CONSIDERATIONS.

Ground School 2017

SRQtowerCHN

roadVNC

SRQtower

120

525SL

DDDDDD

81

81

230

230

343

343

16+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

21

17

23

7

13

97

3500

35004500450045004500

093 12

093 12

107 18

107 18

107 18

107 18

29

25

29

25

25

25

Complete the data: Use 9Z as estimated time of departure and log ETA at each pt.

133

131

131

133

133

133

+1

+6

+1

-7

-7

+6

82

223

349

82

223

349142

119

119

142

142

142

87

228

354

87

228

354

+2

89

356

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

89

230230

356

9:00

10:35

7:11

9:43

8;04

2:57

5:30

44:

.8

1.1

.7

1.0

.3

.6

4.4

Ground School 2017

o TAS (Temp over Alt in Pressure Window) IAS on “B”, TAS on “A”o WCA (Set Wind on Index, mark velocity, rotate to TC, read WCA (-left, +right)o GS (Move slider so mark on TAS. GS under grommet)o TH = TC +/– WCAo MH = TH +W/-E varianceo CH = MH +/– Aircraft Deviation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T (TH = TC+/- WCA)V get magnetic varianceM (MH = TH +/- V)D get deviation from compass card (or POH)C (CH = MH +/- D)See “MASTER NAV LOG.xls” in the Jewel Box. Excel file does all calculations

PROCESS SIMPLIFIEDCROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNING



ZPHEngine Start, TaxiAnd Run-Up

DEPARTURESpeed, Fuel, Time Considerations

ENROUTECruise

ZPH

ARRIVALDescent to Land

So far we have been learning how to compute X/C on the ENROUTE portion of flightwithout consideration of either PRE-TAKEOFF, DEPARTURE OR ARRIVAL.

TampaBay Exec

Lakeland

Pre-TO, Departure data found in POHMust be calculated as part of the first

leg of the flight

NOT ZPH ZPH

IT IS DEPARTURE, ENROUTE, ARRIVAL











The latest version of the FAA exam provides only one sample problem on their website. There are many cross country exam questions. When you take theexam, take your time to understand what is asked, carefully use provided performance charts, and recheck all calculations

Ground School 2017Private Sport Pilot Ground School, 2009


Cessna 172N POH INFOSpecified to ADD 1.1 Galsfor engine start, taxi, & TOTHIS MUST BE ADDED TOFUEL REQUIRED ON 1STLEG OF FLIGHT.

STANDARD DAYIAS

TIME TO CLIMBFUEL USEDDISTANCE

DEPARTURECOMPUTE

SEPARATELYAND REDUCE

FROMREMAINDER

OF LEG

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CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGDEPART ZPH (ELEATION=92), CLIMB TO 3,000 MSL, WIND 300@ 20KT1. TIME, DISTANCE, SPEED (POH [STD DAY]) FOR DEPARTURE FROM ZPH-3000

4 MINS5 NM72 KTS0.9 GALS

WHAT WILL YOUR GROUND SPEED BE (NOT 72 BECAUSE OF WINDS)?GIVEN GROUND SPEED AND TIME, WHAT IS THE DISTANCE BE (5NM)?

2. REVISE FIRST LEG INCLUDING DEPARTURE AND CRUISE TO X39ZPH

CRUISE CHKPT (SOME PILOTS MAKE THIS THE 1st CHKPT (2nd tower)X39 OTHERWISE INCLUDE DEPARTURE IN 1ST LEG)

……

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CROSS COUNTRY (X/C) PLANNINGENROUTE

NEED TO USE POH TO DETERMINE X. SPEED (TAS) GS WILL DIFFERY. FUEL RATE (GPH)BASED ONA. PRESSURE ALTITUDE B. CRUISE RPMC. TEMPERATURE

A B C

INTERPOLATION IS LIKELYREQUIRED TO DETERMINEAIRSPEED AND FUEL RATE

WE WILL CRUISE 3000 FT WITH 2300RPM, STD TEMP.What is your KTAS and GPH?

SPEED 105, 6.55 GPH


On the FAA exam, remember that according to FAA VFR fuel requirements you must land with a remaining fuel amount of at least 30 mins during the day, 45 mins at night.A typical enroute problem might be something like this.On a morning cross country your aircraft is burning 9.5gph. Before departure, you filled the aircraft with 55 gallons of fuel. You have been flying at a groundspeed of 150 kts for 2 hours, 10 minutes. How many miles can you continue to fly and land under legal VFR in your aircraft? What calculations do you perform?

1. Fuel burned? 9.5x2hr10min=19.2g2. Next, fuel remaining? 55-19.2=35.83. Time remaining? 35.8/9.5=3hr46m4. Subtract 30m reserve=3hr6m5. Calculate miles with reserve 3h6m*150=465nm

A follow-up question might be, with your destination 200 miles ahead, how much fuelwill be in your tanks upon landing?

1. How long will it take to reach your destination? 200/150= 1h20m2. How much fuel will it take to fly the remaining distance? 1h20m * 9.5 =

12.67g3. You know from the above problem 35.8gs left in your tanks

so your fuel remaining on landing is 35.8g(what you have now) - 12.7 = 23.1g

Ground School 2017


MINIMAL IMPACT (AIRSPACE D, E, G) IN THAT MOST PILOTSREDUCE DESCEND MAINTAINING SAME AIRSPEED WITH SAMEOR LESS FUEL CONSUMPTION; THEREFORE TREAT AS YOU DIDWITH CRUISE COMPONENT.

IF YOU ARE IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE WITH APPROACH CONTROL,EXPECT VECTORS AND COURSE CHANGES IN THE ARRIVALSEGMENT OF THE FLIGHT. IN AIRSPACE C & B, SOME PILOTS WILL ADD 5 MINUTESTO ADJUST FOR EXPECTED VECTORING BEFORE LANDING.

ARRIVAL SEGMENT


Pre-Flight and Flight PlansPre-FlightEvery pilot is urged to receive a preflight briefing and to file a flight plan. This briefing should consist of the latest or most current weather, airport, and en route NAVAID information. Briefing service may be obtained from an FSS either by telephone, by radio when airborne, or by a personal visit to the station. Pilots with a current medical certificate in the 48 contiguous States may access Lockheed Martin Flight Services or the Direct User Access Terminal System (DUATS) via the internet. Lockheed Martin Flight Services and DUATS will provide preflight weather data and allow pilots to file domestic VFR or IFR flight plans. When requesting a Outlook, Standard, or Update preflight briefing, identify yourself as a pilot and provide the following: 1. Type of Briefing (Outlook >6hrs, Standard <=6hrs, Update = just before departure)2. Type of flight planned; e.g., VFR or IFR. 3. Aircraft’s number or pilot’s name.4. Aircraft type.5. Departure Airport. 6. Route of flight. 7. Destination.8. Flight altitude(s). 9. ETD and ETE.


DOCUMENT YOUR PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING


NOTAMs (Notice to Airman) - these are also provided in your briefing.A. Time-critical aeronautical information which is of either a temporary nature or not

sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or in other operational publications receives immediate dissemination via the National NOTAM System.

1. NOTAM information is that aeronautical information that could affect a pilot’s decision to make a flight. It includes such information as airport or aerodrome primary runway closures, taxiways, ramps, obstructions, communications, airspace, changes in the status of navigational aids, ILSs, radar service availability, and other information essential to planned en route, terminal, or landing operations.

2. NOTAM information is transmitted using standard contractions to reduce transmission time. See TBL 5−1−2 for a listing of the most commonly used contractions. For a complete listing, see FAA Order 7340.2, Contractions. B. NOTAM information is classified into five categories. These are NOTAM (D) or distant, Flight Data Center (FDC) NOTAMs, Pointer NOTAMs, Special Activity Airspace (SAA) NOTAMs, and Military NOTAMs. Explained on next slide.


1. NOTAM (D) information is disseminated for all navigational facilities that are part of the National Airspace System (NAS), all public use airports, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the Airport/ Facility Directory (A/FD).

2. FDC NOTAMs. On those occasions when it becomes necessary to disseminate information which is regulatory in nature, the National Flight Data Center (NFDC), in Washington, DC, will issue an FDC NOTAM. FDC NOTAMs contain such things as amendments to published IAPs and other current aeronautical charts. They are also used to advertise temporary flight restrictions caused by such things as natural disasters or large-scale public events that may generate a congestion of air traffic over a site.

NOTE− 1. DUATS vendors will provide FDC NOTAMs only upon site-specific requests using a location

identifier. 2. NOTAM data may not always be current due to the changeable nature of national airspace

system components, delays inherent in processing information, and occasional temporary outages of the U.S. NOTAM system. While en route, pilots should contact FSSs and obtain updated information for their route of flight and destination.

3. Pointer NOTAMs. NOTAMs issued by a flight service station to highlight or point out another NOTAM, such as an FDC or NOTAM (D) NOTAM. This type of NOTAM will assist users in cross−referencing important information that may not be found under an airport or NAVAID identifier. Keywords in pointer NOTAMs must match the keywords in the NOTAM that is being pointed out. The keyword in pointer NOTAMs related to Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) must be AIRSPACE.

4. SAA NOTAMs. These NOTAMs are issued when Special Activity Airspace will be active outside the published schedule times and when required by the published schedule. Pilots and other users are still responsible to check published schedule times for Special Activity Airspace as well as any NOTAMs for that airspace.

5. Military NOTAMs. NOTAMs pertaining to U.S. Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy navigational aids/airports that are part of the NAS.


VFR Domestic Flight Plans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75XsMR0y-hE

OLDPilots must switch to the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) Flight Plan for International Travel, RVSM airspace is any airspace or route between FL 290 and FL 410, Flights receiving ADS-B Services, or Performance Based Navigation (PBN) routing, and NOW FOR DOMESTIC FLIGHTS.Video:OverviewFULL DESCRIPTION NEW




2. Item 8. Flight Rules and Type of Flight. (a) Flight Rules. Insert the character “I” to indicate IFR (b) Type of Flight. Insert one of the following letters to denote the type of flight: (1) S if scheduled air service(2) N if non−scheduled air transport operation(3) G if general aviation (4) M if military(5) X if other than any of the defined categories above. NOTE− Type of flight is optional for flights that will be conducted entirely within U.S. domestic airspace. 3. Item 9. Number, Type of Aircraft, and Wake Turbulence Category. (a) Number. Insert the number of aircraft, if more than 1 (maximum 99). (b) Type of Aircraft. (1) Insert the appropriate designator as specified in ICAO Doc 8643, Aircraft Type Designators; (2) Or, if no such designator has been assigned, or in the case of formation flights consisting of more than one type; (3) InsertZZZZ,andspecifyinItem18,the (numbers and) type(s) of aircraft preceded by TYP/.


(c) Wake Turbulence Category. Insert an oblique stroke followed by one of the followingletters to indicate the wake turbulence category of the aircraft:(1) H — HEAVY, to indicate an aircraft 300,000 pounds (136 000 kg), or more;(2) M — MEDIUM, to indicate an aircraft type with a maximum certificated takeoffweightof less than 300,000 pounds (13,000 kg), but more than 15,500 pounds (7,000kg);(3) L—LIGHT,to indicate an aircraft type with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of15,500 pounds (7,000 kg) or less.

4. Item 10. Equipment. You must "string together" all listed equipment in youraircraft. This is the most tedious portion of your flight plan. Here is a"simplified list of codes.


COMMERCIAL,IFR, AND INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS SHOULD READ THE ENTIRE SPECIAL EQUIPMENT SECTION OF THE AIM SECTION 5.1.9


5. Item 13. Departure Aerodrome/Time(a) Insert the ICAO four−letter location indicator of the departure aerodrome, or (NOTE−ICAO location indicators must consist of 4 letters. Airport identifiers such as 5IA7, 39LL and Z40 are not in ICAO standard format)(b) If no four−letter location indicator has been assigned to the departure aerodrome, insert ZZZZ and specify the non−ICAO location identifier, or fix/radial/distance from a nearby navaid, followed by the name of the aerodrome, in Item 18, following characters DEP/, (c) Then,without a space, insert the estimated off−block time. EXAMPLE− 1. KSMF2215 2. ZZZZ0330 6. Item 15. Cruise Speed, Level and Route (a) Cruise Speed (maximum 5 characters). Insert the true airspeed for the first or the whole cruising portion of the flight, in terms of knots, expressed as N followed by 4 digits (e.g. N0485), or Mach number to the nearest hundredth of unit Mach, expressed as M followed by 3 digits (for example, M082). (b) Cruising level (maximum 5 characters). Insert the planned cruising level for the first or the whole portion of the route to be flown, in terms of flight level, expressed as F followed by 3 figures (for example, F180; F330), or altitude in hundreds of feet,expressed as A followed by 3 figures (for example, A040; A170). (c) Route. Insert the requested route of flight in accordance with guidance below.NOTE− Speed and/or altitude changes en route will be accepted by FAA computer systems, but will not be processed or forwarded to controllers. Pilots are expected to maintain the last assigned altitude and request revised altitude clearances directly from ATC. (d) Insert the desired route of flight using a combination of published routes and/or fixes in the following formats:


(1) Consecutive fixes, navaids and waypoints should be separated by the characters “DCT”, meaning direct. EXAMPLE− FLACK DCT IRW DCT IRW125023 NOTE− IRW125023 identifies the fix located on the Will Rogers VORTAC 125 radial at 23 DME. (2) Combinations of published routes, and fixes, navaids or waypoints should be separated by a single space. EXAMPLE− WORTH5 MQP V66 ABI V385 (3) Although it is recommended that filed airway junctions be identified using a named junction fix when possible, there may be cases where it is necessary to file junctioning airways without a named fix. In these cases, separate consecutive airways with a space. EXAMPLE− V325 V49 NOTE− This method of filing an airway junction may result in a processing ambiguity. This might cause the flight plan to be rejected in some cases.7. Item 16. Destination Aerodrome, Total EET, Alternate and 2nd Alternate Aerodrome (a) Destination Aerodrome and Total Estimated Elapsed Time (EET). (1) Insert the ICAO four−letter location identifier for the destination aerodrome; or, if no ICAO location identifier has been assigned, (Location identifiers, such as WY66, A08, and 5B1, are not an ICAO standard format), (2) InsertZZZZandspecifythenon−ICAO location identifier, or fix/radial/distance from a nearby navaid, followed the name of the aerodrome, in Item 18, following characters DEST/, (3) Then, without a space, insert the total estimated time en route to the destination. EXAMPLE− \1. KOKC0200 2. ZZZZ0330


(b) Alternate and 2nd Alternate Aerodrome (Optional). (1) Following the intended destination, insert the ICAO four−letter location identifier(s) of alternate aerodromes; or, if no location identifier(s) have been assigned; (2) InsertZZZZandspecifythenameofthe aerodrome in Item 18, following the characters ALTN/. EXAMPLE− 1. KDFW0234 KPWA 2. KBOS0304 ZZZZ NOTE− Although alternate airport information filed in an FPL will be accepted by air traffic computer systems, it will not be presented to controllers. If diversion to an alternate airport becomes necessary, pilots are expected to notify ATC and request an amended clearance. 8. Item 18. Other Information (a) Insert 0 (zero) if no other information; or, any other necessary information in the sequence shown below, in the form of the appropriate indicator followed by an oblique stroke and the information to be recorded: NOTE− 1. Operators are warned that the use of indicators not included in the provisions may result in data being rejected, processed incorrectly, or lost. 2. Hyphens“-”orobliquestrokes“/”should only be used as described. 3. Avoid use of any other special characters in Field 18 information- use only letters and numbers. 4. An indicator without any associated information will result in flight plan rejection. (b) STS/ Reason for special handling by ATS as follows: (1) ALTRV: For a flight operated in accordance with an altitude reservation. (2) ATFMX: For a flight approved for exemption from ATFM measures by the appropriate ATS authority. (3) FFR: Fire-fighting.(4) FLTCK: Flight check for calibration of navaids. (5) HAZMAT:For a flight carrying hazardous material. (6) HEAD: A flight with Head of State status. (7) HOSP: For a medical flight declared by medical authorities. (8) HUM: For a flight operating on a humanitarian mission. (9) MARSA: For a flight for which a military entity assumes responsibility for separation of military aircraft. (10) MEDEVAC:For a life critical medical emergency evacuation. (11) NONRVSM: For a non-RVSM capable flight intending to operate in RVSM airspace. (12) SAR: For a flight engaged in a search and rescue mission. (13) STATE: For a flight engaged in military, customs, or police services. NOTE− Other reasons for special handling by ATS are denoted under the designator RMK/. (c) PBN/ Indication of RNAV and/or RNP capabilities. Include as many of the descriptors below as apply to the flight, up to a maximum of 8 entries; that is a total of not more than 16 characters.


9. Item 19. Supplementary Information NOTE− Item 19 data must be included when completing FAA Form 7233−4. This information will be retained by the facility / organization that transmits the flight plan to Air Traffic Control (ATC), for Search and Rescue purposes, but it will not be transmitted to ATC as part of the FPL. (a) E/ (ENDURANCE). Insert 4−digits group giving the fuel endurance in hours and minutes. (b) P/ (PERSONS ON BOARD). Insert the total number of persons (passengers and crew) on board. (c) Emergency and survival equipment (1) R/ (RADIO). [a] Cross out “UHF” if frequency 243.0 MHz is not available. [b] Cross out “VHF” frequency 121.5 MHz is not available. [c] Cross out “ELBA” if emergency locator transmitter (ELT) is not available. (2) S/ (SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT).[a] Cross out “POLAR” if polar survival equipment is not carried. [b] Cross out “DESERT” if desert survival equipment is not carried. [c] Cross out “MARITIME” if maritime survival equipment is not carried. [d] Cross out J if “JUNGLE” survival equipment is not carried.


(3) J/ (JACKETS).[a] Cross out “LIGHT” if life jackets are not equipped with lights. [b] Cross out “FLUORES” if life jackets are not equipped with fluorescein. [c] Cross out“UHF”or“VHF”or both as in R/ above to indicate radio capability of jackets, if any. (4) D/ (DINGHIES). [a] NUMBER. Cross out indicators “NUMBER” and “CAPACITY” if no dinghies are carried, or insert number of dinghies carried; and [b] CAPACITY. Insert total capacity, in persons, of all dinghies carried; and [c] COVER. Cross out indicator “COVER” if dinghies are not covered; and [d] COLOR. Insert color of dinghies if carried. (5) A/ (AIRCRAFT COLOR AND MARKINGS). Insert color of aircraft and significant markings. (6) N/ (REMARKS). Cross out indicator N if no remarks, or indicate any other survival equipment carried and any other remarks regarding survival equipment. (7) C/ (PILOT). Insert name of pilot−in− command.

"And now you know the rest of the story" 😊

Ground School 2017

Exercise: Prep NavLog for flight from KVDF-KSEFCritical Numbers1. Total Fuel 24G 2. Cruise Altitude=5,500 MSL3. Winds Aloft at 3000ft is 33010+204. Winds Aloft at 6000ft is 35020+105. Cruise CAS=120 KTS6. Taxi/TO requires 2 Gals of fuel7. Climb GS = 70 KTS 8. Climb at TAS 70 will take 8 minutes and

yield average of 700 FPM9. Fuel Flow during Climb=8 GPH10.Fuel Flow during Cruise =6 GPH11.Deviation= +312.Variation= +5 KVDF

You pick 2 waypoints beyond transitionfrom climb to cruise

KSEF


CROSS COUNTRY COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATION

ENROUTE ON YOUR CROSS COUNTRY YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT RADAR SERVICES, FSS,

AND COMMUNICATIONS.

QUESTIONS?


COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONRADAR AND ATC SERVICES

RADAR (Radio detection and ranging) PRIMARY Azimuth

Range

Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) Secondary overcomes limitation of primary. When used with transponder (interrogator) it is very solid.


COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONRADAR SERVICES

FAA SERVICESAIRPORTS – ASR, TRACON, ARTSAIR ROUTE – ARSR, ARTCCs

VFR RADAR SERVICESFLIGHT FOLLOWING (“Radar Traffic Information Services”)SAFETY ALERTS: terrain, obstruction, aircraft proximity alerts

TERMINAL VFR RADAR SERVICE:BASIC – Safety, Alerts, and some vectoringTRSA - Basic + Sequencing (IFR) and Separation (IFR/VFR)CLASS C – Basic + sequencing + separationCLASS B – Basic + sequencing + separation based on weight.


COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONRADAR AND ATC SERVICES

TRANSPONDERSQUAWK STANDBY – go to standby mode.STOP ALTITUDE SQUAWK – Move control OFF MODE C usually to MODE ASQUAWK ALTITUDE – Move control from MODE A to MODE C to report altitude.IDENT – Press the IDENT button on the transponder to make your squawk stand out from all other squawks currently being viewed the ATC controller.SQUAWK (4-digit number) and IDENT – set the 4-digit code into the transponder and press IDENT.SQUAWK LOW/NORMAL – Operate your transponder on LOW or NORMAL as requested. Transponders operated in NORMAL position unless ATC specifies LOW. (Some transponders don’t have a “Normal” label but “ON” is the same as NORMAL for those aircraft)STOP SQUAWK – Turn your transponder OFF.SQUAWK MAYDAY on 7700: If you have an EMERGENCY, enter 7700 into the transponder. That sets off an alarm at ATC and they will respond accordingly.SQUAWK VFR – Set code to 1200 if instructed. Normal we always set when flying VFR from an uncontrolled airfield. SPECIAL CODES: CODE 7500 IS RESERVED AS HIJACK NOTIFICATION.CODE 7600 IS RESERVED AS FAILURE OF 2-WAY COMMUNICATION NOTIFICATION. CODE 7700 IS RESERVED AS EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION.BE CAREFUL IN CHANGING FREQUENCIES NOT TO ACCIDENTLY ROTATE THRU ONE OF THE RESERVED FREQUENCIES.

SQUAWK (DIAL 4-DIGIT CODE)

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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONAutomated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)What is it?

How do you get it?

When do you use it?

Continuous automated broadcast information regarding current conditions, instrument approaches in use and Notams regarding operational issues.

Frequencies are published on Sectionals and AFD

Departure: Before contacting ATC or moving the aircraftArrival: Before entering the airspace / contacting ATCCONTACT using Phonetic Letter Identifier.

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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONFLIGHT SERVICE STATION

BRIEFING: Contact for Briefings ( 1 800 WX BRIEF)FLIGHT PLANS: Filing of V/IFR Flight PlansCONTACT: Airborne contacts for weather and airport advisoriesVHF/DF FINDING: Enroute assistance if you get lost (radio triangulation)SEARCH AND RESCUE: Alerted by FSS when you have not reported(CLOSED YOUR FLIGHT PLAN) within 30 minutes of ETA.

Most now work using automation. Ten years ago there were 1,200 FSSfacilities nationwide but due to privatization, Honeywell, that was reducedto 13 by 2009, and after February 2011 there will only be 7 FSS facilitiesthat pilots can use for pilot briefings and contact.

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AFSS: Use these shortcuts in place of voice recognition when calling 800-WX-BRIEF• Press 1 to speak to a Briefer; enter state code (see below).• Press 2 to issue, cancel, or amend Notams (authorized persons only).• Press 3 to listen to TIBS (transcribed information briefing service); enter state code.• Press 4 to record a Fast File Flight Plan.• Press 5 to hear Special Announcements.Additional telephone numbers:• Clearance Delivery: 888-766-8267• TIBS direct line: 877-4-TIBS-WX (877-484-2799); enter state codeAlabama ..................................AL or 25Alaska......................................AK or 25Arizona ....................................AZ or 29Arkansas..................................AR or 27California..................................CA or 22Colorado ..................................CO or 26Connecticut..............................CT or 28Delaware ..................................DE or 33District of Columbia..................DC or 32Florida ......................................FL or 35Georgia ....................................GA or 42Hawaii ......................................HI or 44Idaho ........................................ID or 43Illinois........................................IL or 45Indiana ......................................IN or 46Iowa..........................................IA or 42Kansas ....................................KS or 57Kentucky..................................KY or 59Louisiana ..................................LA or 52Maine ......................................ME or 63Maryland ................................MD or 63Massachusetts ........................MA or 62Michigan ..................................MI or 64Minnesota ..............................MN or 66Mississippi ..............................MS or 67Missouri ..................................MO or 66Montana ..................................MT or 68

Nebraska..................................NE or 63Nevada ....................................NV or 68New Hampshire ........................NH or 64New Jersey................................NJ or 65New Mexico ............................NM or 66New York..................................NY or 69North Carolina..........................NC or 62North Dakota ..........................ND or 63Ohio ........................................OH or 64Oklahoma ................................OK or 65Oregon ....................................OR or 67Pennsylvania ............................PA or 72Puerto Rico ..............................PR or 77Rhode Island ............................RI or 74South Carolina..........................SC or 72South Dakota ..........................SD or 73Tennessee ................................TN or 86Texas........................................TX or 89Utah ........................................UT or 88Vermont....................................VT or 88Virgin Islands ............................VI or 84Virginia ....................................VA or 82Washington..............................WA or 92West Virginia ..........................WV or 98Wisconsin ................................WI or 94Wyoming ................................WY or 99

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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONVHF COMMUNICATIONS IS LIMITED TO “LINE OF SIGHT”

Altitude NM Range of VHF1000 391500 482000 553000 695000 87

10000 12215000 15220000 174

TIME CONVERSION TABLETo Convert From To UTC (Zulu)

Eastern Standard Time Add 5 hoursCentral Standard Time Add 6 hoursMountain Standard Time Add 7 hoursPacific Standard Time Add 8 hours

For DAYLIGHT TIME, SUBTRACT 1 HOUR FROM CONVERSION TIME

SPEAK ZULU

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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATION

MOST ALL COMMUNICATIONS HAS 3 PIECES OF INFORMATIONWHO (YOU ARE CALLING AND WHO YOU ARE)

WHERE AND HOW HIGH (IF ALOFT)WHAT IS YOUR REQUEST OR INTENTION

EXAMPLESApproaching Zephyrhills..

Zephyrhills Traffic, this is Cessna N736NC…10 miles west

Inbound for landing, full stop, runway 04If busy You WAIT for acknowledgement before giving all details.

Tampa approach, Cessna N736NC, overTampa…Go ahead 736NC

Cessna N736NC,Departed Zephyrhills VFR climbing thru 1500

Request vectors thru “Bravo” to Clearwater Airport

ALWAYS LISTEN BEFORE HITTING TRANSMIT SO YOU DO NOT “WALK-ON” OTHERS

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Tip on Communicating with a Busy TowerSay “Request” to Tower

When contacting the tower, state your N number, as you wouldon any inbound flight, and then add one word: “Request.”Now you have the tower’s attention, and you have let the

controllerknow that something’s on your mind. Having heard that one keyword, the controller can decide whether to solicit your request

immediately or deal with other chores first.What should you expect to hear?

The response will be ‘Stand by’ or ‘Say request.’ Your primeobjective is to fly the airplane, while the controller's task is to

separate traffic. Help them to do their job by being professionalon the radio.

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VFR Communications Kit

Review CD-Jewels “VFR Communications Kit”

Communications phraseology for both uncontrolled and controlled airspace.


COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONUncontrolled Airport Communications

UNICOM: Privately owned air/ground comm. Will sometimes provide “Airport Advisories” and provide services (phone, taxi, fuel, etc.)

CTAF – Common Traffic Advisory Frequency IN AF/D “(Airport Name) Traffic….” MULTICOM: Can perform same function if non-published CTAF frequency on 122.9

GCO – Ground communication outlet (AF/D) allows VHF-to-telephone link to ATC (FSS). See next slide

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Ground Communication OutletA ground communication outlet is an automatic, remotely controlled, ground to ground communications device. Pilots at non-tower airports may contact the local Air Traffic Control (ATC) facility and / or Flight Service Station (FSS) by aircraft radio-to-telephone connection located on the airport. The telephone call goes to the appropriate FSS or sector ATC controller. Pilots may receive an instrument clearance, close a VFR or IFR flight plan, get an updated weather briefing prior to take off, or any other FSS or ATC services. Use the listed frequency for the airport ( 121.725 or 135.075 ). Activate the system with four “key clicks” on the VHF radio to contact the appropriate ATC facility or six “key strokes” to contact the FSS. There is timer on the modem connection. If no voice is heard for a preset time period, the system will disconnect. Note that the VHF transceiver on the airport is very low power, 2 - 5 watts. You may not be able to establish contact when between hanger rows or near other obstructions. Additionally, you may need to reposition your aircraft slightly when stopped on the taxiway. The GCO system is intended to be used only on the ground. Airports with GCO are noted in the text portion of the airport diagram

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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONControlled Airport Communications

Air Traffic Control (ATC) clearances and instructions: They rule the roost, BUTyou are pilot in control and have the final say and total responsibility.DEPARTURE PROCEDURES

ATIS – Get traffic, weather and expected departure/arrival proceduresbefore contacting DEPARTURE CONTROL

DELIVERY CLEARANCE – If it exists at that airport – USE IT prior tocontact of Ground Control (reduces workload for controllers).

GROUND CONTROL – Command every movement on the ground onall areas except active runways (other than crossing).

CONTROL TOWER – Command every movement entering, on and exitingthe active runway, and aircraft movements immediately after liftoff.

DEPARTURE CONTROL – Command every movement after release fromthe control tower.

ARRIVAL PROCEDURESATIS APPROACH CONTROL CONTROL TOWER GROUNDCONTROL APPROACH CONTROL – Commands every movement from entry to handoff to Control Tower. EXPECT VECTORS ESPECIALLY IN “BRAVO”

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Ground School 2017Private Sport Pilot Ground School, 2009

COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONLOST COMMUNICATIONS PROCEDURE

You may still land in airspace D ifradio failure by tuning TransponderTo 7600, follow the pattern, keep visualcontact with tower to receive lightsignals and acknowledge by rockingyour wings (daytime) or blinking landing lights (night).

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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONEMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

DON’T HESITATE FOR THE CONCERN TO BECOME URGENT – LET PEOPLEKNOW IF SOMETHING IS NOT RIGHT. CONTACT 121.5 AND ADVISE.

NEAR EMERGENCY (“PAN-PAN-PAN”) EMERGENCY (“MAYDAY-MAYDAY-MAYDAY”) TRANSPONDER TO 7700

DISTRESS or URGENCY “MAYDAY-MAYDAY-MAYDAYor “PAN-PAN-PAN”

NAME OF STATION ADDRESSED “TAMPA RADIO”IDENTIFICATION/TYPE OF AIRCRAFT “5674R Cessna 172,”NATURE OF DISTRESS OR URGENCY “trapped above overcast”WEATHER “marginal VFR”YOUR INTENTIONS AND REQUEST “request radar vectors to nearest VFR

airport”PRESENT POSITION AND HEADING “Lakeland VOR, heading 253 degrees”ALTITUDE “6,500”FUEL REMAINING IN HRS & MINS “Estimated 30 minutes fuel remaining”NUMBER OF PERSONS ONBOARD “three persons onboard”ANY OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION “squawking 7700”

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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONIN TROUBLE, REMEMBER THE FIVE “C”s

CLIMBCOMMUNICATE

CONFESSCOMPLY

CONSERVE

EMERGENCY LANDINGS – FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS TO SHOW AND PRACTICE APPROPRIATE PROCEDURES.

ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter) G’s or Manual Triggerto provide search and rescue rapid location by transmitting audioTones on 121.5(VHF) and 243.0(UHF). Capable of continuous TXFor approximately 48 hours. Some even equipped with microphones.

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Helpful HintsLISTEN to others: Get an aircraft scanner and listen to communications

better understand phraseology for different situations. Yourflight instructor will tell you most you need, but listen and learnfrom others.

USE HEADPHONES: Cuts ambient noise, keeps your voice and inflectionappropriate (not screaming over the engine noise).

THINK AHEAD: Know what you are going to say be fore you do it…. Stops“Ums” “Ehrs” and “Ahaas” to a minimum. Helps your organizationand makes you sound professional.

BE COURTEOUS: TWO-MULTI-WAY communications – Don’t hog, be brief.If you can accurately communicate in 10 words, don’t use 30. Yourhogging airtime that other pilots are needing to communicate.


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COMMUNICATIONS AND FLIGHT INFORMATIONMEMORIZE THE PHONETIC ALPHABET – YOU WILL USE IT A LOT

PRONUNCIATION KEYS Letter Word PronunciationA Alpha AL FAHB Bravo BRAH VOHC Charlie CHAR LEE or SHAR LEED Delta DELL TAHE Echo ECK OHF Foxtrot FOKS TROTG Golf GOLFH Hotel HOH TELLI India IN DEE AHJ Juliet JEW LEE ETTK Kilo KEY LOHL Lima LEE MAHM Mike MIKEN November NO VEM BERO Oscar OSS CAHP Papa PAH PAHQ Quebec KEY BECKR Romeo ROW ME OHS Sierra SEE AIR RAHT Tango TANG GOU Uniform YOU NEE FORMV Victor VIK TAHW Whiskey WISS KEYX X-ray ECKS RAYY Yankee YANG KEYZ Zulu ZOO LOO

Number Pronunciation0 ZE-RO1 WUN2 TOO3 TREE4 FOW- er5 FIFE6 SIX7 SEV - en8 AIT9 NIN - er

Number Transmitted as Pronounced as10 ONE ZERO WUN ZE-RO75 SEVEN FIVE SEV-en FIFE

100 ONE HUNDRED WUN HUN-dred583 FIVE EIGHT THREE FIFE AIT TREE

2 500 TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED TOO TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred

5 000 FIFE THOUSAND FIFE TOU-SAND11 000 ONE ONE THOUSAND WUN WUN TOU-SAND25 000 TWO FIVE THOUSAND TOO FIFE TOU-SAND38 143 TREE EIGHT ONE FOUR THREE TREE AIT WUN FOW-er

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SOURCES OF INFORMATIONAIRPORT/FACILITY GUIDE

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONSAERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL

NOTAMSADVISORY CIRCULARS

JEPPESEN INFORMATION SERVICES – PAY FOR IMMEDIATE NOTIFICATION.FLIGHT PUBLICATIONS


Aviation Radio Frequency Bands: See instructor notes on CDWHAT IS THE EMERGENCY FREQUENCY (MEMORIZE IT)

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Next Session, please bring E6B, PN1, Miami sectional, and home work X/C results

Documents

PP 05-XC Planning-COMM.ppt