Ppt of Moral Standrds

7/29/2019 Ppt of Moral Standrds

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Utility

Rights

Duties

Justice

Fairness

Care

INTRODUCTION TO ETHICAL PRINCIPLES


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The Utilitarian Theory

The Theory of Rights and Duties

Theory of Justice The Ethics of Care

Moral Theories


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The Utilitarian Theory

The utilitarian theory is broadly based on the viewthat any action or policy should be evaluated on thebasis of benefits and costs it will impose on the society.

The basic approach of this theory is that plans,programmers and actions of any organization shouldbe chosen to produce the greatest net benefits for thelargest number of people associated with the business which includes the society.

To determine net benefits, all the costs and benefits (ordamages) be it financial or otherwise should betaken into account.


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The Theory of Rights and Duties

The theory of rights and duties holds that allpeople have some basic rights, concerned withthe power of an individual to choose, pursue andprotect his or her interests, and all such rights are

associated with correlated duties. When these rights arise from legal provision or

social convention, they become moral rights.

If a company prohibits or denies such rights to its

employees, it may be said to be unfair to itsemployees and its action would not be adjudgedmoral.


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The Theory of Justice

The theory of justice revolves around the

fundamental principles to guarantee a just

and morally acceptable decision.

It implies that the actions are guided by

fairness, equity and impartiality.


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The Ethics of Care

The ethics of care refers to necessity of showingextra care and consideration to protect someoneelse from the adverse effect of ones choice thatcan make someone vulnerable in a particular

situation. Ethics of care necessitates examining contextual

details of the situation in order to safeguard andpromote specific interests of those involved

because they are interdependent foraccomplishing their specific interests as long asthe interests are moral and legal.


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UTILITARIAN APPROACH TO ETHICS

Those aspects of the deal or action that help in judging itsmorality and rightness from the ethical standpoint:

1. To find or determine the alternatives available to the doer

of an action of a given situation.2. To estimate direct and indirect benefits and costs of the

deal or action for each alternative, and examine how itbenefits or affects each person concerned in the short-term as well as long-term.

3. To choose a particular alternative which produces thegreatest benefits and utility to the maximum number ofpeople (affected by the action), and is also morally andethically appropriate as per the rules of moral reasoning.


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Limitations of Utilitarianism

The Utilitarian approach is difficult to apply

when dealing with values that are difficult to

measure (or estimate) in order to determine

the maximum benefits to all affected persons.

This approach seems inadequate while

handling situations that involve rights and

justice.


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Rule-Utilitarian Approach

Rule-utilitarian prescribes that an action should be judged in both contexts maximising utility and correct moral rules and not in isolation ofeach other.

The qualitative aspects of rule-utilitarian principle are:

An action is right from an ethical point of view if and only if the actionwould be required by those moral rules that are correct; and

A moral rule is correct if and only if the sum total of utilities produced,when everyone were to follow that rule, is greater than the sum total ofutilities produced by following some alternative rule.

Rule-utilitarianism modifies the correctness of decisions over utilitarianism.


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Rights

Rights are of two types, legal and moral.

Legal Rights are conveyed to a person by the statue of

law or the constitution of the nation. Legal rights are limited by the jurisdiction within which

a person or a business operates.

Moral Rights devolve from social norms and moralstandards, and are independent of any legal system.

Moral rights are also called human rights.


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Distinct features of Moral Rights

Moral rights are closely interlinked with

duties.

Moral rights are equally and equitably applied

between the concerned parties.

Moral rights may be used to justify ones

action or for invoking the protection or help of

others.


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Rights can be invoked or revoked

under different situations

Rights attained by the absence of law orprohibition.

Rights that accrue from employment,

authorisation or empowerment to dosomething either to secure the interest ofothers or the interest of self or society.

Rights that descend by default. Rights that devolve from moral standards and

social norms.


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Duties

Duty is either contractual obligation or

mutually understood obligation.

However, obligations for duty cannot force an

employee to do any immoral or unethical job.


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Contractual Rights and Duties- Distinct

Characteristics

Contractual rights and correlative duties are not

universal.

Contractual rights and correlative duties can arise

only when there is a contract or agreement or

transaction between particular parties with the

provision of considerations and benefits.

Contractual rights and duties can be imposedonly if the performances involved are a part of

the publicly recognised systems or laws.


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ETHICAL RULES FOR CONTRACTS AND

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

Both parties in a contract must have clearunderstanding and full knowledge of the natureof the agreement they are entering into;

Neither party to the contract shall intentionallymisrepresent the facts of the contractualsituation to the other party;

Neither party to the contract must be forced toenter the contract under duress or coercion or

deceit; and The contract must not bind the parties to any

immoral or illegal act.


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Kants principle

If something is moral to me, it must be morally right forothers too.

Everyone is of equal value and has equal freedom.

Kants principle plays a dominant role in safeguarding

ethics in the contractual dealings of businessoperations, and has particularly benefitted workers oremployees in industries and business houses.


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Justice

Distributive Justice

Retributive Justice

Compensatory Justice


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Distributive Justice

Distributive justice says that equals should be treatedequally and unequal should be treated unequally, andthere should be consistency in the treatment.

Distributive justice is commonly called for in business -in areas like employee gradation and promotion, wagepolicy, eligibility for different types of perks, dealerscommission, dividend distribution, etc. with a view to

ensuring equality, uniformity and consistency inoperations.


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Retributive Justice

Retributive justice demands that a just

action should be taken either as penalty or

reward in a manner that deserves the cause

for which the penalty or reward is being

meted out.

It generally deals, in practice, with the

conditions under which it is just to punish aperson for a wrongdoing.


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Compensatory Justice

Compensatory justice is that which deals with

the justice of restoration for being wrongfully

harmed by somebody else.

It demands that a person who has done wrong

should restore or equally compensate for

what has been lost or harmed.


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Other types of Justice

Justice of equality states that every person working in agroup should be given equal shares of the groups benefitsand burdens. It applies to society, business and families.

Justice based on contribution states that benefits andburdens should be distributed in proportion to what eachindividual contributes to the cause or action.

Justice based on needs and abilities states that the burden

of work should be distributed as per peoples ability, andbenefits should be distributed as per peoples needs.


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Cont

Justice of fairness is based on three basic

principles

(a) principle of equal liberty

(b) principle of inequality, and

(c) principle of fair and equal opportunity


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The Ethics of Care

Each of us lives and exists in an environment of care andconcern in the society, and we should preserve and nurturethese environments and relationships;

Each of us should exercise care for those with whom we aresocially and otherwise related by attending to their needs,wellbeing and desires as seen from their own personalperspective, and by responding positively to the same so asto preserve the values of those relationships;

Ethics of care is more than just following the moralprinciples discussed earlier; it involves attending andpositively responding to the wellbeing and welfare of thosepersons with whom we share close and valuablerelationships.


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Steps in Moral Judgment


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Ethics of Virtues

Ethics of virtue complement and add to utilitarianism,rights, justice and care by looking not at the actionspeople are required to perform, but at the characterthey are required to have.

A moral virtue is an acquired quality that is praised andvalued as a part of a persons character. It is indicativeof good moral character.

Some important ethics-related-virtues that make for a

good individual or a successful manager are courage,prudence, wisdom, justice, fairness, temperance andintelligence.

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Ppt of Moral Standrds