PQ_EV Charging

October 2nd, 2015Lab Meeting

Power Quality of a Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Laura Novoa

© Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015 2/28

Agenda

• Motivation

• Overview of Car-Shade EV Charging Station

• Objectives

• Results of Power Quality Analysis


MotivationJanuary

2015October

2015


Car Shade System Overview

Switchgear

UCI Microgrid

20 EV Chargers

PV ArrayBattery

Inverter

100 kW/100kWh

Level 2 - 7.2 KVA 208 V (Dual-Phase)

48 kW

100 kW

12 kV

Car Shade Nanogrid

480 V


Car Shade System Overview

Rooftop Solar PV Battery Enclosure

Charging Stations Battery and Controls


AC to DC conversion in a Rectifier

AC Charger DC BatteryRectifier

EV Charging Grid Impacts

Harmonics


Harmonics - What are they?

Dugan, 1996

Distorted Current Distorted Voltage

EV Charger(non-linear load)

Impedance

𝑉=𝑅 𝐼Ohm’s Law

Grid(source)


Harmonics - What are they?

Distorted Waveform(combined harmonics)

Individual Harmonics Orders

FUND

3rd

7th

5th

9th

13th

11th

Fourier Transform

Dugan, 1996


Harmonics - Why care?

• A generic distorted current with 3rd harmonic

𝑰𝟏𝑹𝑴𝑺=𝟕𝟎 𝑨

𝑰𝟑𝑹𝑴𝑺=𝟐𝟎 𝑨

𝑰 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝑹𝑴𝑺=√𝟕𝟎𝟐+𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝟕𝟑 𝑨

3A extra need to be supplied!


Standards – How much is too much?

𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑣=√∑ 𝑉 h

2

𝑉 1

h=3,5,7…

Voltage: Total Harmonic Distortion

𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑖=√∑ 𝐼h

2

𝐼𝐿h=3,5,7…

Current: Total Demand Distortion

Thou Shalt Not Mess Up ThyNeighbor’s

Line VOLTAGE

IEEE 519


Car Shade Power Quality Survey

Car Shade Nanogrid


Objectives of Power Quality Survey

1. Characterize Power Quality at the Car Shade nanogrid– IEEE 519-1992 THDv limits

2. Validate ETAP harmonic flow model– Defined characteristic harmonic spectrum for different EV models

• Harmonic sources are modelled as current sources• Voltage Harmonics will vary according to the system impedance

3. Harmonic Cancellation


Power Quality at the Car Shade Nanogrid


Current Harmonics (Amps)

05/19/2015Tuesday

05/20/2015Wednesday

05/21/2015Thursday

05/22/2015Friday

05/23/2015Saturday

05/24/2015Sunday

05/25/2015Monday

05/26/2015Tuesday

0

1

2

3

4

Am

ps

A ITHDRss (avg) A I HG03 (avg) A I HG05 (avg) A I HG07 (avg) A I HG09 (avg)A I HG11 (avg) A I HG13 (avg) A I HG15 (avg) A I HG17 (avg) A I HG19 (avg)A I HG21 (avg) A I HG23 (avg) A I HG25 (avg) A I HG27 (avg) A I HG29 (avg)A I HG31 (avg) A I HG33 (avg) A I HG35 (avg) A I HG37 (avg) A I HG39 (avg)A I HG41 (avg) A I HG43 (avg) A I HG45 (avg) A I HG47 (avg) A I HG49 (avg)

Measured Current - Individual Harmonic Orders (3rd to 50th)

Memorial Day weekend


0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

2.84

1.530.89

1.81

0.521.00

0.50 0.30

95% Current Total Demand Distortion (TDD) and Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)

% IL

TDD 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th 15th

Current TDD

IEEE 519 -1992 LimitsTDD <5%< 11th <4%11th -17th <2%

• No individual harmonic orders registered or magnitudes above the recommended by IEEE 519-1992

Individual Harmonic Orders


Voltage THD

05/19/2015Tuesday

05/20/2015Wednesday

05/21/2015Thursday

05/22/2015Friday

05/23/2015Saturday

05/24/2015Sunday

05/25/2015Monday

05/26/2015Tuesday

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

3.25

%

A VThd (avg) B VThd (avg) C VThd (avg)

1

2

3

4

5

Am

ps

A ITHDRss (avg) B ITHDRss (avg) C ITHDRss (avg)

Min Avg Max 95% A VThd 2.24 2.70 3.35 3.21 B VThd 2.16 2.57 3.11 2.91 C VThd 2.17 2.57 3.17 2.94

Measured Voltage - Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)


0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

3.12

0.20

1.982.24

0.10

1.030.52

0.07

95% Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)

THDv

and

IHDv

(%FU

ND)

THD 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th 15th

IEEE 519 -1992 Limits < 5%< 3%

• No individual harmonic orders registered or magnitudes above the recommended by IEEE 519-1992

Voltage THD

Individual Harmonic Orders


Model a characteristic Harmonic input profile for different EV models


Nissan Leaf - Charging Current Harmonics

Event #177 at 05/19/2015 09:39:59.800Timed

Timeplot

09:3005/19/2015

Tuesday

10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Am

ps

A Irms (avg)

Event #177 at 05/19/2015 09:39:59.800Timed

Timeplot

09:3005/19/2015

Tuesday

10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

Am

ps

A ITHDRss (avg) A I HG03 (avg) A I HG05 (avg)A I HG07 (avg) A I HG09 (avg) A I HG11 (avg)A I HG13 (avg) A I HG15 (avg)

REGION 1 THDi = 0.9 A (3.1%)

REGION 2 THDi = 1.26 A (14.37%)

REGION 3 THDi = 0.7 A (20.97%)

Event #181 at 05/19/2015 10:19:59.800Timed

Event Details/Waveforms

10:19:59.8705/19/2015

Tuesday

10:19:59.88 10:19:59.89 10:19:59.90

-50

-25

0

25

50

Am

ps

A I B I

Event #187 at 05/19/2015 11:19:59.800Timed


11:19:59.8705/19/2015

Tuesday

11:19:59.88 11:19:59.89 11:19:59.90

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Am

ps

A I B I

Event #191 at 05/19/2015 11:59:59.800Timed


11:59:59.8405/19/2015

11:59:59.85 11:59:59.86 11:59:59.87 11:59:59.88

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Am

ps

A I B I

Charging harmonic currents aren’t constant, thus:

Maximum (worst case) harmonics currents are considered for modelling each EV type


Tesla - Charging Current Harmonics

Event #369 at 05/20/2015 16:19:59.800Timed

Timeplot

15:0005/20/2015Wednesday

16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Am

ps

C Irms (avg)

Event #369 at 05/20/2015 16:19:59.800Timed

Timeplot

15:0005/20/2015Wednesday

16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Am

ps

C ITHDRss (avg) C I HG03 (avg) C I HG05 (avg) C I HG07 (avg) C I HG09 (avg)C I HG11 (avg) C I HG13 (avg) C I HG15 (avg)

Event #377 at 05/20/2015 17:39:59.800Timed


17:39:59.8805/20/2015

17:39:59.89 17:39:59.90 17:39:59.91

-50

-25

0

25

50

Am

ps

C I D I

THD = 1.7A (5.8%)


3 5 7 9 11 13 150.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.0

Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD) (%FUND)

Volt Leaf

Tesla Soul

BMW Mercedes

Prius Spark

Harmonic Order

% F

UN

DCurrent Harmonics Input – Different EVs

4.0

Recall:• IEEE Std 519-1992 • Individual Harmonic Order <4% for < 11th <2% for 11th – 17th

2.0

Single charging events present a higher distortion

Harmonic Cancellation takes place when a group of EVs is charging together


Current Harmonics Cancellation

Cancellation is related to harmonic currents phase angles

• Total cancellation occurs when there is a 180° phase shift.

• Loads such as Electric Vehicles have similar harmonic inputs,

but when diversified across the phases, harmonics cancellation

will happen.


Current Harmonics Cancellation5/

22/1

5 6:

00

5/22

/15

7:12

5/22

/15

8:24

5/22

/15

9:36

5/22

/15

10:4

8

5/22

/15

12:0

0

5/22

/15

13:1

2

5/22

/15

14:2

4

5/22

/15

15:3

6

5/22

/15

16:4

8

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Phase A at T1 Secondary

AI HG03Max[Amps]

AI HG05Max[Amps]

AI HG01Max[Amps]

Am

ps Am

ps

5/22

/201

5 6:

00

5/22

/201

5 6:

21

5/22

/201

5 6:

43

5/22

/201

5 7:

04

5/22

/201

5 7:

26

5/22

/201

5 7:

48

5/22

/201

5 8:

09

5/22

/201

5 8:

31

5/22

/201

5 8:

52

5/22

/201

5 9:

14

5/22

/201

5 9:

36

5/22

/201

5 9:

57

5/22

/201

5 10

:19

5/22

/201

5 10

:40

5/22

/201

5 11

:02

5/22

/201

5 11

:24

5/22

/201

5 11

:45

5/22

/201

5 12

:07

5/22

/201

5 12

:28

5/22

/201

5 12

:50

5/22

/201

5 13

:12

5/22

/201

5 13

:33

5/22

/201

5 13

:55

5/22

/201

5 14

:16

5/22

/201

5 14

:38

5/22

/201

5 15

:00

5/22

/201

5 15

:21

5/22

/201

5 15

:43

5/22

/201

5 16

:04

5/22

/201

5 16

:26

5/22

/201

5 16

:48

5/22

/201

5 17

:090

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000T: EVSE 03 (W)T: EVSE 08 (W)T: EVSE 02 (W)T: EVSE 07 (W)T: EVSE 10 (W)

Pow

er (W

)

@10:40 Nissan Leaf connected EVSE 10 (AB)

No other EVSE disconnected

At this time, EVSEs 2, 3, and 7 were being used (phase A)

3rd80%

3rd17%

5th10%

5th70%

@14:30 Nissan Leaf connected EVSE 3 (AB)

At this time, EVSEs 2, and 7 were being used (phase A)

EVSE 3 LEAF

EVSE 10 LEAF

4 EVSE

3 EVSE


25

50

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0

Fudamental Frequency - 60Hz

Phase A EVSE 8

Phase B EVSE 8

Phase A EVSE 6Phase A EVSE 6

1

2

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0

3rd Harmonic - 180Hz

0.25

0.5

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0

5th Harmonic - 300Hz

0.5

1

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0


0.1

0.2

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0


0.25

0.5

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0


Comparing: EVSE 8 (Leaf 1) and EVSE 6 (Leaf 2)

Different charging events will have different phase angles

Good for cancellation!Bad for modelling: No characteristic phase angles

Strategy: Did not model phase angles on ETAP model, but calibrate it to reflect cancellation


ETAP Model THDv Results


Summary

• Power Quality at the Car Shade– and thresholds are not exceeded at the PCC

• Phase angle diversity at the Car Shade allows for significant harmonic cancellation– Beneficial to Power Quality

• ETAP model validated – Calculated total voltage distortion at upstream buses in the system– Expansion effects (Future work)


Acknowledgements

• Professor Samuelsen

• Professor Brouwer

• SCE and ETAP staff

• APEP Family

• Brazil SWB scholarship


Questions?


Backup Slides


PQ Events at the Car Shade

• Impulsive transients (microseconds)

Event #453 at 05/21/2015 06:07:51.233BV Mult Z Cr Impulse

06:07:51.23505/21/2015Thursday

06:07:51.240 06:07:51.245

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

Vo

lts

A V B V C V D V

Precisely at 6:07Nissan Leaf connects to EVSE 1

(CB)

• Oscillatory transients Event Details/Waveforms

07:19:59.8505/21/2015Thursday

07:19:59.86 07:19:59.87

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

Vo

lts

A V B V C V

Precisely at 7:20Spark connects to EVSE 10 (AB)


Chevy Volt - Charging Current

Event #389 at 05/20/2015 19:39:59.800Timed

Timeplot

09:0005/21/2015Thursday

10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Am

ps

C Irms (avg)

Event #389 at 05/20/2015 19:39:59.800Timed

Timeplot

09:3005/21/2015Thursday

10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Am

ps

C ITHDRss (avg) C I HG03 (avg) C I HG05 (avg) C I HG07 (avg) C I HG09 (avg)C I HG11 (avg) C I HG13 (avg) C I HG15 (avg)

Event #501 at 05/21/2015 12:09:59.800Timed


12:09:59.8805/21/2015

12:09:59.89 12:09:59.90 12:09:59.91 12:09:59.92

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Am

ps

C I D I

THD = 1.0 A (6.8%)


BMW i3 – Charging Current Harmonics

Event #1 at 05/18/2015 15:01:20.516Waveforms

Timeplot

10:2005/22/2015

Friday

10:40 11:00 11:20 11:40 12:00 12:20 12:40

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Am

ps

C Irms (avg)


Timeplot

10:2005/22/2015

Friday

10:40 11:00 11:20 11:40 12:00 12:20 12:40

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

Am

ps

C ITHDRss (avg) C I HG03 (avg) C I HG05 (avg)C I HG07 (avg) C I HG09 (avg) C I HG11 (avg)C I HG13 (avg) C I HG15 (avg)

Event #651 at 05/22/2015 11:29:59.800Timed


11:29:59.8405/22/2015

Friday

11:29:59.85 11:29:59.86 11:29:59.87

-50

-25

0

25

50

Am

ps

C I D I

THD = 1.3 A (6.8%)

Event #654 at 05/22/2015 11:59:59.800Timed


11:59:59.8805/22/2015

Friday

11:59:59.89 11:59:59.90 11:59:59.91

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Am

ps

C I D I


Kia Soul – Charging Current Harmonics

Event #654 at 05/22/2015 11:59:59.800Timed

Timeplot

10:0005/20/2015Wednesday

10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Am

ps

A Irms (avg)

Event #654 at 05/22/2015 11:59:59.800Timed

Timeplot

10:0005/20/2015Wednesday

10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Am

ps

A ITHDRss (avg) A I HG03 (avg) A I HG05 (avg)A I HG07 (avg) A I HG09 (avg) A I HG11 (avg)A I HG13 (avg) A I HG15 (avg)

Event #344 at 05/20/2015 12:09:59.800Timed


12:09:59.9005/20/2015Wednesday

12:09:59.91 12:09:59.92 12:09:59.93

-50

-25

0

25

50

Am

ps

A I B I

THD = 2.0 A (6.7%)


Mercedes EV – Charging Current Harmonics

Event #343 at 05/20/2015 11:59:59.800Timed

Timeplot

12:0005/21/2015Thursday

12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Am

ps

A Irms (avg)

Event #343 at 05/20/2015 11:59:59.800Timed

Timeplot

12:0005/21/2015Thursday

12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Am

ps

A ITHDRss (avg) A I HG03 (avg) A I HG05 (avg) A I HG07 (avg)A I HG09 (avg) A I HG11 (avg) A I HG13 (avg) A I HG15 (avg)

Event #506 at 05/21/2015 12:59:59.800Timed


12:59:59.8705/21/2015Thursday

12:59:59.88 12:59:59.89 12:59:59.90

-50

-25

0

25

50

Am

ps

A I B I

THD = 2.0 A (6.7%)


Toyota Prius – Charging Current Harmonics


Timeplot

06:4505/28/2015Thursday

07:00 07:15 07:30 07:45 08:00 08:15 08:30 08:45

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

Am

ps

C Irms (avg)


Timeplot

06:4505/28/2015Thursday

07:00 07:15 07:30 07:45 08:00 08:15 08:30 08:45

-0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Am

ps

C ITHDRss (avg) C I HG03 (avg) C I HG05 (avg)C I HG07 (avg) C I HG09 (avg) C I HG11 (avg)C I HG13 (avg)

Event #271 at 05/28/2015 07:39:59.800Timed


07:39:59.8805/28/2015Thursday

07:39:59.89 07:39:59.90 07:39:59.91

-20

-10

0

10

20

Am

ps

C I D I

THD = 0.4 A (12.3%)

Event #274 at 05/28/2015 08:09:59.800Timed


08:09:59.8505/28/2015Thursday

08:09:59.86 08:09:59.87 08:09:59.88 08:09:59.89

-5.0

-2.5

0.0

2.5

5.0

Am

ps

C I D I


Current Harmonic Phasors – Nissan Leaf 1 - EVSE 6

25

50

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0

Fudamental Frequency - 60Hz

Phase A

Phase B

1

2

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

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150

330

180 0

3rd Harmonic - 180Hz

0.25

0.5

30

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120

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330

180 0


0.5

1

30

210

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180 0


0.1

0.2

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180 0


0.25

0.5

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180 0



Switchgear

UCI Microgrid

20 EV Chargers

PV ArrayBattery

Inverter

100 kW/100kWh

Level 2 - 7.2 KVA 208 V (Dual-Phase)

48 kW

100 kW

12 kV

Car Shade Nanogrid

480 V


Switchgear

Inverter

Battery100 kW/100kWh

20 EV ChargersLevel 2 - 7.2 KVA

208 V (Dual-Phase)

PV Array48 kW

100 kW

Car Shade Nanogrid

480 V

12 kV

Documents

PQ_EV Charging