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Pre-intermediate Companion
Italian Edition
Philip Kerr
Straightforward
Philip Kerr
Pre-intermediate Companion
Italian Edition
Straightforward
Macmillan EducationBetween Towns Road, Oxford, OX4 3PP, UKA division of Macmillan Publishers LimitedCompanies and representatives throughout the world
ISBN 13: 978-1-4050-9531-0 ISBN 10: 1-4050-9531-8
Text, design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006
First published 2006
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.
Page make-up by Anne Sherlock
Printed in Spain by Edelvives
2010 2009 2008 2007 20061 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONT E NTS
WORDLIST
Unit 1 1
Uni t 2 4
Uni t 3 7
Unit 4 10
Unit 5 13
Unit 6 19
Unit 7 22
Unit 8 27
Unit 9 31
Unit 10 35
Unit 11 40
Unit 12 43
L A NG UAG E R E F E R E NCE 47
Welcome to the Straightforward Pre-intermediate Companion!
What information does the Straightforward Pre-intermediate Companion give you?• a word list of key words and phrases from each unit of Straightforward Pre-intermediate Student’s Book• pronunciation of the key words and phrases• translations of the key words and phrases• sample sentences showing the key words and phrases in context• a summary of the Language Reference from Straightforward Pre-intermediate Student’s Book
Abbreviations used in the Companion
/I/ big fish /bIg fIS//i…/ green beans /gri…n bi…nz//U/ should look /SUd lUk//u…/ blue moon /blu… mu:n//e/ ten eggs /ten egz//´/ about mother /´baUt møD´(r)//‰…/ learn words /l‰…n w‰…dz//O…/ short talk /SO…t tO…k//œ/ fat cat /fœt kœt//ø/ must come /møst køm/
/A…/ calm start /kA…m stA…t//Å/ hot spot /hÅt spÅt//I´/ ear /I´(r)//eI/ face /feIs//U´/ pure /pjU´(r)//OI/ boy /bOI//´U/ nose /n´Uz//e´/ hair /he´(r)//aI/ eye /aI//aU/ mouth /maUT/
VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS
/p/ pen /pen//b/ bad /bœd//t/ tea /ti…//d/ dog /dÅg//tS/ church /tS‰…tS//dZ/ jazz /dZœz//k/ cost /kÅst//g/ girl /g‰…l//f/ far /fa…(r)//v/ voice /vOIs//T/ thin /TIn//D/ then /Den/
/s/ snake /sneIk//z/ noise /nOIz//S/ shop /SÅp//Z/ measure /meZ´(r)//m/ make /meIk//n/ nine /naIn//N/ sing /sIN//h/ house /haUs//l/ leg /leg//r/ red /red//w/ wet /wet//j/ yes /jes/
CONSONANTS
(v) verb(adj) adjective(n) noun
(pron) pronoun(n pl) plural noun(adv) adverb
(C) countable(U) uncountable(C/U) countable and
uncountable
(sb) somebody(sth) something(sing) singular
Unit 1
Family
aunt (n) C Your aunt is your mother’s or your father’s sister.
cousin (n) C Your cousin is your aunt’s or your uncle’s child.
daughter (n) C Your daughter is your female child.
grandfather (n) C Your grandfather is your mother’s or father’s father.
grandmother (n) C Your grandmother is your mother’s or father’s mother.
husband (n) C A woman’s husband is the man she is married to.
mother-in-law (n) C Your mother-in-law is your husband’s or wife’s mother.
nephew (n) C Your nephew is your brother’s or sister’s son.
niece (n) C Your niece is your brother’s or sister’s daughter.
pet (n) C A pet is an animal that lives with the family.
son (n) C Your son is your male child.
son-in-law (n) C Your son-in-law is the husband of your daughter.
uncle (n) C Your uncle is the the brother of one of your parents or the husband of your aunt.
wife (n) C A man’s wife is the woman he is married to.
Friendship
best friend Your best friend is your closest friend.
get on (well) with (sb) If you get on well with somebody, you like that person and are friendly to
them.
have a lot in common with (sb) David is one of my oldest friends and we have a lot in common.
keep in touch with (sb) We keep in touch by phone and email.
neighbour (n) C A neighbour is a person who lives very near you.
Other words & phrases
accommodation (n) U Students working at the Regent Hotel get free accommodation.
accountant (n) C Gemma’s father was an accountant.
advert(isement) (n) C I’m calling about your advertisement in the newspaper.
\A…nt\
\"køz“´‘n\
\"dO…t´\
\"grœnfA…D´\
\"grœnmøD´\
\"høzb´nd\
\"møD´“r‘InlO…\
\"nefju…\
\ni…s\
\pet\
\søn\
\"sønInlO…\
\"øNkl\
\wAIf\
\best "frend\
\get "Ån wID\
\hœv ´ lÅt In "kÅm´n wID\
\ki…p In "tøtS wID\
\"neIb´\
\´kAm´"deISn\
\´"kaUnt´nt\
\´d"v‰…tIsm´nt\
zia
cugino/a
figlia
nonno
nonna
marito
suocera
nipote maschio (di zio)
nipote femmina (di zio)
animale domestico
figlio
genero
zio
moglie
miglior amico/a
andare d’accordo con
(qualcuno)
avere molto in comune con
(qualcuno)
essere in contatto con
(qualcuno)
vicino/a
sistemazione
contabile
annuncio pubblicitario
1
attractive (adj) The British like attractive Australian pop singers.
background (n) C We come from similar backgrounds and we have a lot in common.
best-selling (adj) Alan Titchmarsh is a best-selling writer and a famous TV face.
blonde (adj) Helga was Nicholas’ girlfriend – that’s her with the blonde hair.
bucket (n) C She washes the clothes in a bucket.
circus (n) C The Boehmers are a circus family.
clothes (n pl) She washes the clothes in a bucket.
colleague (n) C A colleague is a person you work with.
college (n) C/U David and I were at college together.
concert (n) C My interests are cinema, concerts and pubs.
contact (v) You can contact me by phone or email.
corn (n) U Gemma cooks simple dinners of corn and vegetables.
couple (n) C The couple got married in 2003.
doll (n) C Jane is six and likes playing with her Barbie dolls.
dress (n) C Look at that lovely flowery dress!
electricity (n) U There is no electricity in Gemma’s and Lesikar’s home.
email (n) C Christine promises to reply to all emails.
enquiry (n) C For general enquiries, press 1 followed by hash.
experience (n) U No experience is necessary to work at the Regent Hotel.
expert (n) C Alan Titchmarsh is a gardening expert on BBC TV.
famous (adj) Make a list of five famous people from your country.
fan (n) C Chelsea is an excellent place for Kylie Minogue fans to go.
farmhouse (n) C He lives in an eighteenth-century farmhouse in a small village.
fashionable (adj) Chelsea is a very fashionable part of London.
find out (v) People visit Friends Reunited to find out about old friends.
fit (adj) I’m going to Kung Fu classes to get fit.
flat (n) C David and Gavin live in a flat near London Bridge.
flowery (adj) Look at that lovely flowery dress!
gardening (n) U The British are very interested in gardening.
guitar (n) C Nicholas is the boy with the guitar and the pink shirt.
hobby (n) C Sally is too busy with her job to have time for hobbies.
housework (n) U She is always busy with her job and the housework.
include (v) Her neighbours include pop stars Madonna and Bob Geldof.
juggling (n) U The Boehmers are a circus family and the children do different kinds of
juggling.
\´"trœktIv\
\"bœkgrAUnd\
\best"selIN\
\blÅnd\
\"bøkIt\
\"s‰…k´s\
\kl´UDz\
\"kÅli…g\
\"kÅlIdZ\
\"kÅns´t\
\"kÅntœkt\
\kO…n\
\"køpl\
\dÅl\
\dres\
\Ilek"trIs´ti\
\"i…meIl\
\In"kwaIri\
\Ik"spI´rI´ns\
\"eksp‰…t\
\"feIm´s\
\fœn\
\"fA…mhaUs\
\"fœSn´bl\
\faInd "aUt\
\fIt\
\flœt\
\"flaU´ri\
\"gA…dnIN\
\gI"tA…\
\"hÅbi\
\"haUsw‰…k\
\In"klu…d\
\"dZøglIN\
bello (a), attraente
ambiente
di successo
biondo (a)
secchio
circo
panni
collega
collegio, università
concerto
contattare
mais (am.), grano (brit.)
coppia
bambola
vestito (da donna)
corrente elettrica
richiesta di informazioni
esperienza
esperto
famoso (a)
fan
fattoria
alla moda
trovare (notizie)
in forma
appartamento
a fiori
giardinaggio
chitarra
hobby
lavori di casa
includere
giochi di prestigio
2
laugh (v) Why are you laughing?
library (n) C Gemma’s mother worked in a library.
lovely (adj) “I look terrible.” “No, you don’t. You look lovely.”
member (n) C Friends Reunited has seven million members.
message (n) C Please leave your message after the tone.
motor home (n) C Judy and Larry have a 10-metre-long motor home.
perform (v) The Boehmers now perform all over America.
pink (adj) Who’s the boy with the guitar and the lovely pink shirt?
poll (n) C The winner of the opinion poll was Alan Titchmarsh.
pop singer (n) C Kylie Minogue is an Australian pop singer.
popular (adj) Friends Reunited is one of the most popular websites in Britain.
practise (v) You can practise your languages at conversation classes.
press (v) Press the star button to listen to the menu.
primary school (n) C There is a small primary school in the village.
prime minister (n) C The prime minister of Britain lives in Downing Street.
private (adj) Experienced teacher offers private English lessons.
pub (n) C My interests are cinema, concerts and pubs.
recent (adj) The surprise winner of the recent opinion poll was Alan Titchmarsh.
recruitment agency (n) C The name of the Recruitment Agency is Sayers.
secretary (n) C Sally is a part-time secretary.
shirt (n) C Who’s the boy with the lovely pink shirt?
show (n) C The first show was at a theme park in Iowa.
soap opera (n) C The family enjoys comedy programmes and soap operas.
staff (n) U We are urgently looking for temporary staff.
surprise (n) C/U The surprise winner of the poll was Alan Titchmarsh.
temporary (adj) Call now if you’re looking for temporary work.
theme park (n) C The first show was at a theme park in Iowa.
tone (n) C Please leave your name and number after the tone.
traditional (adj) On Sundays they always have traditional roast beef or roast lamb.
typical (adj) The Joneses are a typical English family.
university (n) C/U What did Christine study at Leeds University?
urgently (adv) We are urgently looking for temporary staff.
vegetable (n) Gemma cooks simple dinners of corn and vegetables.
village (n) C He lives in a small village in the south of England.
\lA…f\
\"laIbr´ri\
\"løvli\
\"memb´\
\"mesIdZ\
\"m´Ut´ h´Um\
\p´"fO…m\
\pINk\
\p´Ul\
\"pÅp sIN´\
\"pÅpjUl´\
\"prœktIs\
\pres\
\"praIm´ri sku…l\
\praIm "mInIst´\
\"praIv´t\
\pøb\
\"ri…snt\
\rI"kru…tm´nt eIdZ´nsi\
\"sekr´tri\
\S‰…t\
\S´U\
\"s´Up Åpr´\
\stA…f\
\s´"praIz\
\"temp“´‘r´ri\
\"Ti…m pA…k\
\t´Un\
\tr´"dISn“´‘l\
\"tIpIkl\
\ju…nI"v‰…s´ti\
\"‰…dZ´ntli\
\"vedZt´bl\
\"vIlIdZ\
ridere
biblioteca
grazioso (a)
membro
messaggio
camper
esibirsi
rosa
sondaggio
cantante pop
popolare
esercitarsi
premere
scuola elementare
primo ministro
privato (a)
pub
recente
agenzia di selezione del
personale
segretario/a
camicia
spettacolo, show
telenovela, soap opera
personale
sorpresa
temporaneo (a)
parco divertimenti
segnale acustico
tradizionale
tipico (a)
università
urgentemente
verdura
paese
3
voicemail (n) U You have reached the voicemail of Kate Woods.
vote (n) C/(v) The prime minister got only 3% of the votes in the poll. (n) 29% of
people voted for Alan Titchmarsh. (v)
website (n) C Friends Reunited is one of the most popular websites in Britain.
wedding (n) C The couple’s wedding was in 2003.
winner (n) C The winner of the poll was Alan Titchmarsh.
wonder (v) I wonder where they all are now.
Unit 2
Adjectives with prepositions
afraid of I was afraid of the older children.
bored with Are you bored with school?
fond of I was really fond of Mr Miller, the biology teacher.
good at I was terrible at most subjects, but I was good at art.
interested in He was really interested in us as people.
keen on I was keen on sports and swimming.
terrible at I was terrible at most subjects, but I was good at art.
worried about I was worried about my grades.
Education
cafeteria (n) C The school has its own cafeteria.
certificate (n) C There is no leaving certificate in England.
compulsory (adj) English and maths are compulsory until the age of 16.
computer (n) C I’m interested in computers and the internet.
course (n) C How long does the course last?
desk (n) C The teacher sat down at her desk.
education system (n) C Ireland has one of the best education systems in the world.
examination (exam) (n) C Did you do well in your exams?
experienced (adj) Experienced teachers provide top-quality tuition.
fail (an exam) (v) I took my exams and failed most of them.
fee (n) C How much are the course fees?
\"vOIsmeIl\
\v´Ut\
\"websaIt\
\"wedIN\
\"wIn´\
\"wønd´\
\´"freId ´v\
\"bO…d wID\
\"fÅnd ´v\
\"gUd ´t\
\"Intr´stId In\
\"ki…n Ån\
\"ter´bl ´t\
\"wørId ´baUt\
\kœf´"tI´rI´\
\s‰…"tIfIk´t\
\k´m"pøls´ri\
\k´m"pju…t´\
\kO…s\
\desk\
\edjU"keISn sIst´m\
\IgzœmI"neISn\ “Ig"zœm‘\
\Ik"spI´ri´nst\
\feIl (´n Ig"zœm)\
\fi…\
segreteria telefonica
voto
votare
sito web
matrimonio
vincitore
domandarsi
spaventato da
stufo di
affezionato a
bravo in
interessato a
appassionato di
scarso in
preoccupato per
mensa
certificato, diploma
obbligatorio (a)
computer
corso
cattedra
sistema scolastico
esame
esperto (a)
non superare (un esame)
tassa scolastiche
4
get a place (at university) I got a place at Cambridge University.
grade (n) C I always got good grades at school.
headmaster (n) C The headmaster was standing at the door of the class.
headmistress (n) C A headmistress is a female teacher who is in charge of a school.
headteacher (n) C A headteacher is a teacher who is in charge of a school.
homework (n) U At school I never did my homework.
language laboratory (n) C The school has a language laboratory and a library.
leaving age (n) C The minimum leaving age is sixteen.
leaving certificate (n) C At the end of secondary school students take the leaving certificate.
lesson (n) C I never missed my lessons.
location (n) C The school has a central location near the Opera House.
mixed sex (adj) A mixed sex school is for boys and girls.
multi-media centre (n) C The school has a multi-media centre with 20 PCs.
native speaker (n) C All our teachers are native French speakers.
pass (an exam) (v) Did you pass your exam?
private school (n) C There are private schools and state schools in the English education system.
(corporal) punishment (n) U The government banned corporal punishment.
pupil (n) C They had a special class for difficult pupils.
qualification (n) C You need to have the right qualifications.
registration form (n) C Here’s the registration form for the course.
result (n) C Students get their exam results in the summer holidays.
single sex (adj) A single-sex school is for either boys only or girls only.
social programme/activity (n) C The school has an exciting social programme.
state school (n) C In the English education system there are state schools and private schools.
subject (n) C What was your favourite subject at school?
term (n) C Students do their exams at the end of term.
timetable (n) C We provide top-quality tuition with flexible timetables.
tuition (n) U We provide top-quality tuition with flexible timetables.
university (n) C After I left school I went to university.
School subjects
art (n) U I was terrible at most subjects but I was good at art.
biology (n) U Mr Miller was our biology teacher.
Greek (n) U All the students studied Latin and Greek.
\get ´ "pleIs “´t ju…nI"v‰…s´ti‘\
\greId\
\hed"mA…st´\
\hed"mIstr´s\
\hed"ti…tS´\
\"h´Umw‰…k\
\"lœNgwIdZ l´bÅr´t“´‘ri\
\"li…vIN eIdZ\
\"li…vIN s´"tIfIk´t\
\"les´n\
\l´U"keISn\
\"mIkst seks\
\mølti "mi…dI´ sent´\
\neItIv "spi…k´\
\pA…s “´n Ig"zœm‘\
\"praIv´t sku…l\
\“kO…pr´l‘ "pønISm´nt\
\"pju…pl\
\kwÅlIfI"keISn\
\redZI"streISn fO…m\
\rI"zølt\
\"sINgl seks\
\"s´USl pr´Ugrœm\œktIv´ti\
\"steIt sku…l\
\"søbdZIkt\
\t‰…m\
\"taImteIbl\
\tSu…"ISn\
\ju…nI"v‰…s´ti\
\A…t\
\baI"Ål´dZi\
\gri…k\
essere ammesso (all’università)
voto
preside (m)
a preside (f)
preside, direttore
compito/i compiti
laboratorio linguistico
età di adempimento
dell’obbligo scolastico
diploma finale
lezione
sede, ubicazione
mista
centro multimediale
parlante nativo
superare (un esame)
scuola privata
punizione (fisica)
alunno
titolo
modulo di iscrizione
risultato
non mista
programma/ attività sociale
scuola pubblica
materia
trimestre
orario
insegnamento
università
arte
biologia
greco
5
history (n) U Compulsory subjects include maths and history.
Irish (n) U Students in the Republic of Ireland must study Irish.
Latin (n) U All the students studied Latin and Greek.
mathematics (maths) (n) U English and maths are compulsory until the age of sixteen.
music (n) U I liked rock music when I was a teenager.
religion (n) U Latin, Greek and religion were the important subjects in the past.
science (n) U I was interested in science and technology.
technology (n) U I was interested in science and technology.
Other words & phrases
accent (n) C My French accent isn’t very good.
actually (adv) I’m probably a beginner, actually.
anyway (adv) Everybody, well all the girls anyway, loved him.
artist (n) C Pierce Brosnan wanted to be an artist.
as usual Before the exam I told the students all the rules, as usual.
(fall) asleep (adj) It was hot and I fell asleep at the desk.
ban (v) The government banned corporal punishment in 1982.
behaviour (n) U Some of our students have behaviour problems.
borrow (v) A library is a place to borrow books.
brilliant (adj) Music classes with the new teacher were brilliant.
care (about sb) (v) He really cared about his students, you know.
club (n) C French club is on Friday evenings.
choose (v) In addition, they must choose two or three extra subjects.
(multinational) company (n) C My father works for a multinational company.
competition (n) C We won first prize in a competition.
complicated (adj) Ireland has one of the most complicated education systems in the world.
embarrass (v) How can children embarrass their parents?
enjoy (v) Did you enjoy your school days?
exciting (adj) The school has an exciting social programme.
fancy dress costume/party (n) C A fancy dress party is one where people dress up as different characters.
flexible (adj) We provide top-quality tuition with flexible timetables.
flight (n) C The price includes flights and accommodation.
fun (adj) The music lessons were such fun that I didn’t want to leave school.
funny (adj) His father told funny stories to Frank.
\"hIstri\
\"aIrIS\
\"lœtIn\
\mœT´"mœtIks\ “\mœTs\‘
\"mju…zIk\
\rI"lIdZ“´‘n\
\"saI´ns\
\tek"nÅl´dZi\
\"œks´nt\
\"œktSU´li\
\"eniweI\
\"A…tIst\
\´z "ju…ZU´l\
\“fO…l‘ ´"sli…p\
\bœn\
\bI"heIvj´\
\"bÅr´U\
\"brIlj´nt\
\"ke´\
\kløb\
\tSu…z\
\“møltInœSn´l‘ "kømp“´‘ni\
\kÅmp´"tISn\
\"kÅmplIkeItId\
\Im"bœr´s\
\In"dZOI\
\Ik"saItIN\
\fœnsi "dres kÅstju…m\pA…ti\
\"fleks´bl\
\flaIt\
\føn\
\"føni\
storia
irlandese
latino
matematica
musica
religione
scienze
educazione tecnica
accento
in effetti
comunque
artista
come al solito
addormentarsi
proibire
comportamento
prendere a prestito
brillante
avere a cuore
club
scegliere
multinazionale
competizione
complicato
mettere a disagio
piacere, amare
molto interessante
festa in costume
flessibile
volo
divertimento
divertente
6
government (n) C The government banned corporal punishment in 1982.
great (adj) “Did you like it?” “Yes, it was great.”
in addition In addition, they must choose two or three extra subjects.
in charge (of) I was in charge of the exams that day.
(all) inclusive (adj) We won a two-week, all inclusive (flight, accommodation, school fees) trip
to Sydney.
minimum (adj)/(n) The minimum leaving age in England is 16.
miss (a lesson) (v) I never missed lessons at school.
mobile phone (n) C No mobile phones are allowed in exams.
of course (adv) “Can you help me with my bag?” “Yes, of course.”
organize (v) The head teacher organized a party for all the new teachers.
painter (n) C I loved art at school and I’m a painter now.
provide (v) Our teachers provide top-quality tuition.
row (n) C I walked up and down between the rows of desks.
rule (n) C I told the students all the rules – no talking and so on.
shopping bag (n) C A woman with a big shopping bag was standing in front of us.
stupid (adj) The teachers said I was stupid but it wasn’t true.
sympathetic (adj) He was sympathetic when I explained that I was feeling ill.
ultra-modern (adj) The school has an ultra-modern multi-media centre.
witch (n) C I thought it was a Hallowe’en party so I decided to wear a witch’s costume.
worry (about sb/sth) (v) I’m worried about my grades.
Unit 3
House & home
(be) away from home Because of my work I’m often away from home.
get home When I got home there was cigarette smoke in my room.
home town Many Scots went to live abroad and gave their names to their home towns.
homework (n) U I have to do my homework.
housewife (n) C A housewife is a woman who does not work outside the home.
housework (n) U It’s my turn to do the housework.
leave home Many young people leave home when they’re 18.
\"gøvnm´nt\
\greIt\
\In ´"dISn\
\In "tSA…dZ “´v‘\
\“O…l‘In"klu…sIv\
\"mInIm´m\
\mIs “´ "lesn‘\
\m´UbaIl "f´Un\
\´v "kO…s\
\"O…g´naIz\
\"peInt´\
\pr´"vaId\
\r´U\
\ru…l\
\"SÅpIN bœg\
\"stju…pId\
\sImp´"TetIk\
\øltr´ "mÅd“´‘n\
\wItS\
\"wøri\
\“bi…‘ ´weI fr´m "h´Um\
\get "h´Um\
\h´Um "taUn\
\"h´Umw‰…k\
\"haUswaIf\
\"haUsw‰…k\
\li…v "h´Um\
governo
fantastico
inoltre
(avere) la responsabilità (di)
tutto compreso, all inclusive
minimo (a)
saltare una lezione
cellulare
naturalmente
organizzare
pittore
provvedere
fila
regola
borsa della spesa
tardo, ottuso
comprensivo
ultramoderno
strega
preoccuparsi di
(essere) lontano da casa
tornare a casa
città natale
compito
casalinga
faccende domestiche
lasciar casa
7
Towns
accommodation (n) U Accommodation is cheap here in Verdun.
art gallery (n) C The art gallery is opposite the library.
bar (n) C There are a lot of good bars in Old Montreal.
bridge (n) C Cross the bridge to get to the football stadium.
bus station (n) C There is a metro station not far from the bus station.
castle (n) C The castle is not far from the bridge.
cathedral (n) C The cathedral is near the train station.
church (n) C The church is near a street called Gallowgate.
cinema (n) C In Old Montreal there’s an IMAX cinema.
crime (n) C/U There is not much crime in Outremont.
culture (n) U Melbourne got high grades for entertainments and culture.
flat (n) C There aren’t enough cheap flats in Old Montreal.
industrial (adj) Newcastle was a 19th century industrial centre.
library (n) C The library is opposite the art gallery.
metro (n) C There is a metro station not far from the stadium.
museum (n) C There are some excellent museums in Old Montreal.
nightclub (n) C At what age is it legal to go to a nightclub?
nightlife (n) U There isn’t enough nightlife for us in Verdun.
park (n) C Outremont has the most beautiful park and the biggest houses.
opera house (n) C The opera house is near the cathedral.
pollution (n) U Pollution is caused by chemicals that damage air, water and land.
public transport (n) U Public transport is excellent in Verdun.
restaurant (n) C The best restaurants in town are in Outremont.
shopping centre (n) C The shopping centre is near Eldon Square.
stadium (n) C There is a metro station not far from the stadium.
studio (n) C A studio is a room where music, films or TV shows are recorded.
theatre (n) C Is there a theatre in your town/city?
traffic (n) U There are too many tourists and too much traffic in Old Montreal.
tram (n) C A tram is a vehicle that travels along tracks in the middle of a street.
train station (n) C Where is the train station in Newcastle?
\´kÅm´"deISn\
\"A…t gœl´ri\
\bA…\
\brIdZ\
\"bøs steISn\
\"kA…sl\
\k´"Ti…dr´l\
\tS‰…tS\
\"sIn´m´\
\kraIm\
\"køltS´\
\flœt\
\In"døstri´l\
\"laIbr´ri\
\"metr´U\
\mju…"zi…´m\
\"naItkløb\
\"naItlaIf\
\pA…k\
\"Åp“´‘r´ haUs\
\p´"lu…Sn\
\pøblIk "trœnspO…t\
\"rest“´‘rÅnt\
\"SÅpIN sent´\
\"steIdi´m\
\"stju…di´U\
\"TI´t´\
\"trœfIk\
\"trœm\
\"treIn steISn\
sistemazione
galleria d’arte
bar
ponte
stazione dell’autobus
castello
cattedrale
chiesa
cinema
crimine
cultura
appartamento
industriale
biblioteca
metropolitana
museo
night club
vita notturna
parco
teatro dell’opera
inquinamento
trasporti pubblici
ristorante
centro commerciale
stadio
studio
teatro
traffico
tram
stazione ferroviaria
8
Other words & phrases
abroad (adv) Many Scots went to live abroad in the nineteenth century.
area (n) C We go to the area near the university for nightlife.
banker (n) C There are Scottish bankers and Scottish businessmen everywhere you look.
cash (n) U Cash is money in the form of notes and coins.
century (n) C Many Scots went to live abroad in the nineteenth century.
chat (v) I often chat with James and David on the website.
cheap (adj) There aren’t enough cheap flats in Old Montreal.
clan (n) C “Clan” is the Scottish word for family.
coal (n) U Newcastle was an industrial centre for ships and coal.
community (n) C Most places in California have a Spanish-speaking community.
conference (n) C There was a conference of whisky producers here in Lexington.
countryside (n) U Newcastle is surrounded by beautiful countryside.
dirty (adj) The kitchen’s a bit dirty.
discourage (v) If you discourage someone, you make them feel less confident or hopeful.
drive (sb) mad (v) If something drives you mad, it makes you angry.
encourage (v) If something encourages you, it makes you feel more confident or hopeful.
flatmate (n) C Make a list of rules for the flat with your flatmates.
flag (n) C The flag of the United Kingdom is called the Union Flag.
grim (adj) If something is grim, it is bad.
guest (n) C There isn’t any space in the house when we have guests.
immigrant (n) C Some of the first immigrants to America were Dutch.
independence (n) U I get no independence living at home with mum and dad.
normal (adj) “Strange” means not normal.
online (adj/adv) Something that is online is connected to or available through a computer
or a computer network. (adj)
I’m waiting for a tartan scarf that I ordered online. (adv)
ordinary (adj) Something that is strange is not normal or ordinary.
origin (n) C There are more than 30 million people of Scottish origin around the world.
outdoor (adj) Old Montreal is a good place for outdoor sport.
owner (n) C K. Inamoto is a Japanese restaurant owner in Outremont.
passenger (n) C Many of the passengers on the Titanic were leaving for a new life in America.
peace (n) U I get no peace and I can’t do any work..
\´"brO…d\
\"e´ri´\
\"bœNk´\
\kœS\
\"sentS´ri\
\tSœt\
\tSi…p\
\klœn\
\k´Ul\
\k´"mju…n´ti\
\"kÅnf“´‘r´ns\
\"køntrisaId\
\"d‰…ti\
\dIs"kørIdZ\
\draIv "mœd\
\In"kørIdZ\
\"flœtmeIt\
\flœg\
\grIm\
\gest\
\"ImIgr´nt\
\IndI"pend´ns\
\"nO…ml\
\Ån"laIn\
\"O…dn“´‘ri\
\"ÅrIdZIn\
\aUt"dO…\
\"´Un´\
\"pœsIndZ´\
\pi…s\
all’estero
zona
banchiere
denaro contante
secolo
chiacchierare, chattare
economico
clan
carbone
comunità
convegno
campagna
sporco (a)
scoraggiare
far infuriare (qualcuno)
incoraggiare
coinquilino
bandiera
spiacevole
ospite
immigrante, immigrato
indipendenza
normale
on line
ordinario (a)
origine
all’aperto
proprietario/a
passeggero/a
pace
9
picnic (n) C You can have picnics in the park.
producer (n) C I went to a conference of whisky producers in Lexington.
programme (n) C I counted 245 names on the conference programme.
put (sb) off (v) If you put someone off something, you discourage them from doing it.
reunion (n) C Next summer there is a reunion of Hamiltons in Edinburgh Castle.
rollerblading (n) U You can go rollerblading in the park in summer.
scarf (n) C I am waiting for the tartan scarf I ordered online.
settle down (v) Many Scots settled down and had families in the countries where they
went to live.
skating (n) U You can go ice-skating in the winter.
sofa (n) C We only have a sofa in the living room.
space (n) U There isn’t any space in the house when we have guests.
strange (adj) “Strange” means not normal or ordinary.
tartan (adj/n) I’m waiting for a tartan scarf that I ordered online. (adj)
The Hamilton brothers told me about the Hamilton clan and the Hamilton
tartan. (n)
tourist (n) C There are too many tourists in Old Montreal.
twin (n) C We’ve got fourteen-year-old twins sleeping in the room with me and my
brothers.
whisky (n) U There was a conference of whisky producers in Lexington.
Unit 4
Weddings
bouquet (n) C The bride throws a bouquet of flowers in the air.
bride (n) C The bride wears a long white dress.
bridesmaid (n) C Young girls called bridesmaids follow the bride into church.
ceremony (n) C After the ceremony the couple and their guests go to the reception.
champagne (n) U They drink champagne and eat wedding cake at the reception.
church (n) C The wedding ceremony often takes place in a church.
groom (n) C The groom arrives at the wedding before the bride.
\"pIknIk\
\pr´"dju…s´\
\"pr´Ugrœm\
\pUt "Åf\
\ri…"ju…ni´n\
\"r´Ul´bleIdIN\
\skA…f\
\setl "daUn\
\"skeItIN\
\"s´Uf´\
\speIs\
\streIndZ\
\"tA…tn\
\"tU´rIst\
\twIn\
\"wIski\
\bu…"keI\
\braId\
\"braIdzmeId\
\"ser´m´ni\
\Sœm"peIn\
\tS‰…tS\
\gru…m\
picnic
produttore
programma
scoraggiare, dissuadere
(qualcuno)
riunione
andare sui rollerblade
sciarpa
stabilirsi
pattinaggio (n) pattinare (v)
divano
spazio
strano (a), insolito (a)
scozzese, tartan
turista
gemello
whisky
bouquet
sposa
damigella
cerimonia
champagne
chiesa
sposo
10
guest (n) C After the ceremony the couple and their guests go to the reception.
honeymoon (n) C The married couple often leave the party early to go on their honeymoon.
marriage (n) C/U Is marriage changing in your country?
priest (n) C The priest is the person who marries a bride and groom in church.
reception (n) C At the reception the couple and their guests drink champagne and eat cake.
registry office (n) C The ceremony usually takes place in a church or registry office.
ring (n) C A woman wears her wedding ring on the third finger of her left hand.
speech (n) C At the wedding meal the best friend of the groom makes a speech.
wedding cake (n) C/U The bride and groom cut the wedding cake together.
Relationships
ask (sb) out He asked her out and they went on a date to the cinema.
be crazy about (sb) He was crazy about her and she was in love with him too.
have an argument about (sth) They had a big argument about something and then they split up.
have (sth) in common They seem to have a lot in common and they get on really well.
go out with (sb) Kathleen’s going out with a journalist.
get married to (sb) They’re going out together but she doesn’t want to get married to him.
be in love with (sb) He was crazy about her and she was in love with him too.
split up They had a big argument and split up.
go (out) on a date They went on a date to the cinema.
fall in love with (sb) They fell in love very quickly.
partner (n) C Friends say I have a full life and ask why I want a new partner.
divorce (n) C The number of divorces is increasing all the time.
divorced (adj) Many people get divorced nowadays.
Other words & phrases
active (adj) Lynn is a very active and outgoing person.
agency (n) C America’s biggest internet dating agency has more than 6 million members.
arrange (v) Joe and Kathleen finally arrange to meet.
average (adj) The average UK wedding costs £13,000.
\gest\
\"hønimu…n\
\"mœrIdZ\
\pri…st\
\rI"sepSn\
\"redZIstri ÅfIs\
\rIN\
\spi…tS\
\"wedIN keIk\
\A…sk "aUt\
\bi "kreIzi ´baUt\
\hœv ´n "A…gjUm´nt ´baUt\
\hœv In "kÅm´n\
\g´U "aUt wID\
\get "mœrId tu…\
\bi… In "løv wID\
\splIt "øp\
\g´U (aUt) Ån ´ "deIt\
\fO…l In "løv wID\
\"pA…tn´\
\dI"vO…s\
\dI"vO…st\
\"œktIv\
\"eIdZ“´‘nsi\
\´"reIndZ\
\"œvrIdZ\
ospite
luna di miele
matrimonio
prete
ricevimento
ufficio di stato civile
anello
discorso
torta nuziale
invitare (qualcuno) ad uscire
essere pazzo di (qualcuno)
litigare per (qualcosa)
avere (qualcosa) in comune
uscire con (qualcuno)
sposarsi con (qualcuno)
essere innamorato di
(qualcuno)
lasciarsi
avere un appuntamento
innamorarsi di (qualcuno)
partner
divorzio
divorziato (a)
attivo (a)
agenzia
accordarsi
medio (a)
11
believe in sth (v) My perfect partner is happy with life and believes in himself.
bookstore (n) C Joe opens a huge bookstore near Kathleen’s shop.
boss (n) C Joe is the boss of a really big bookshop in New York.
business (n) C/U Kathleen’s business goes badly and the bookshop has to close. (C)
Kathleen and Joe have an argument about business. (U)
carry on (v) The relationship carries on like that for a bit until she starts to fall in love
with him.
cigar (n) C Pete likes fine wines and Havana cigars.
cold (n) C She’s ill – she’s got a cold.
conclusion (n) C The conclusion seems clear: marriage is very much alive and well.
cover (n) C On the cover of every magazine someone is getting married.
dead (adj) Do you think marriage is dead?
disadvantage (n) C What are the disadvantages of internet dating?
friendly (adj) My perfect partner is open in his relationships – warm and friendly.
generation (n) C Do you agree that marriage belongs to an older generation?
intelligent (adj) Pete’s perfect partner is intelligent, attractive and fun.
jacket (n) C A jacket is a short coat that covers the upper part of the body.
journalist (n) C Kathleen is going out with a journalist.
kid (n) C I put the kids to bed and then read or watch TV.
kiss (v) Joe and Kathleen kiss when they are in the park.
magazine (n) C Stories of divorce and marriage sell magazines.
matter (v) It doesn’t matter if you are single or married – the prison of marriage
belongs to an older generation.
newsagent (n) C Go to any newsagent and look at the magazines on sale.
on my/her own Lynn doesn’t want to be on her own for the rest of her life.
outgoing (adj) I’m a very active and outgoing person.
perfect (adj) My perfect partner has the same interests as me.
personality (n) C Lynn has an active and outgoing personality.
prefer (v) My perfect partner is independent and sometimes prefers to do things on
his own.
princess (n) C We can see the princess now – she’s wearing a beautiful white dress.
prison (n) C Do you agree that the prison of marriage belongs to an older generation?
professor (n) C Sue doesn’t agree with her professor about marriage.
promise (v) I’m telling you the truth – I promise.
\bI"li…v In\
\"bUkstO…\
\bÅs\
\"bIzn´s\
\kœri "Ån\
\sI"gA…\
\k´Uld\
\k´n"klu…Zn\
\"køv´\
\ded\
\dIs´d"vA…ntIdZ\
\"frendli\
\dZen´"reISn\
\In"telIdZ“´‘nt\
\"dZœkIt\
\"dZ‰…n´lIst\
\kId\
\kIs\
\mœg´"zi…n\
\"mœt´\
\"nju…zeIdZ“´‘nt\
\Ån maI\h‰…“r‘ "´Un\
\aUt"g´UIN\
\"p‰…fikt\
\p‰…s´"nœl´ti\
\prI"f‰…\
\prIn"ses\
\"prIzn\
\pr´"fes´\
\"prÅmIs\
credere in (qualcosa)
libreria
direttore, capo
attività (commerciale)
affari
proseguire
sigaro
raffreddore
conclusione
copertina
morto (a)
svantaggio
cordiale
generazione
intelligente
giacca
giornalista
bambino
baciarsi, baciare
rivista
importare
giornalaio
per conto mio/suo
estroverso (a)
ideale
personalità
preferire
principessa
prigione
professore
promettere
12
13
referee (n) C The referee is holding up a red card.
romantic (adj) Jay wants a partner who is kind and romantic.
secret (adj)/(n) C Something that is secret cannot easily be explained or is difficult to
understand. (adj)
Lynn doesn’t want a partner who has any secrets. (n)
share (v) I would like to find someone to share those special moments.
single mother (n) C Lynn is a single mother with two young girls.
smile (n) C/(v) It doesn’t matter if you are single or married, she said with a smile of
victory. (n)
When someone smiles, they raise the corners of their mouth because they
are happy or pleased. (v)
unusual (adj) Have you ever been to a wedding? Did anything interesting or unusual
happen?
vegetarian (adj)/(n) C Vegetarian food is intended for vegetarians. (adj)
Jay would like to meet a vegetarian who doesn’t smoke.
vice versa (adv) Kathleen doesn’t know who Joe is and vice versa.
victory (n) C It doesn’t matter if you are single or married, she said with a smile of
victory.
yoga (n) U I often prefer to stay at home and read or do yoga.
Unit 5
Compound nouns
backpack (n) C A backpack is a bag that you carry on your bag when you are walking
long distances.
boyfriend (n) C A boyfriend is a man or boy that you are having a romantic or sexual
relationship with.
cable car (n) C The new cable car is going to bring 400 tourists every hour.
camping-gas stove (n) C A camping-gas stove is a piece of equipment that you use for cooking
when you are camping.
credit card (n) C A credit card is a small plastic card that you buy things with and pay for
them later.
arbitro
romantico (a)
segreto (a)
segreto
condividere
madre nubile, madre separata
sorriso
sorridere
insolito (a)
vegetariano (a)
vegetariano
viceversa
vittoria
yoga
zaino
ragazzo, fidanzato
funivia, funicolare
fornello a gas per campeggio
carta di credito
\ref´"ri…\
\r´U"mœntIk\
\"si…kr´t\
\Se´\
\sINgl "møD´\
\smaIl\
\øn"ju…ZU´l\
\vedZ´"te´ri´n\
\vaIs "v‰…s´\
\"vIkt“´‘ri\
\"j´Ug´\
\"bœkpœk\
\"bOIfrend\
\"keIbl kA…\
\kœmpIN "gœs st´Uv\
\"kredIt kA…d\
dinner party (n) C A dinner party is a social event in which you invite people to your house
for an evening meal.
first-aid kit (n) C A first-aid kit is a small box that contains things to treat someone who is
ill or injured.
flashlight (n) C A flashlight is a small electric light that you hold in your hand.
guide book (n) C A guide book is a book for tourists that contains information about a place.
insect spray (n) U Insect spray is a liquid product in a container that you use to kill insects.
mobile phone (n) C Passengers are not allowed to use their mobile phones during the flight.
penknife (n) C A penknife is a small knife with one or more blades that fold into the handle.
sleeping bag (n) C A sleeping bag is a warm bag that you sleep in, especially when camping.
sunglasses (n pl) Sunglasses are dark glasses that you wear when it is sunny.
tea bag (n) C There are old tea bags and water bottles everywhere on the Inca Trail.
tour guide (n) C Ana Redondo is a tour guide and activist who wants to save Machu Picchu.
T-shirt (n) C A T-shirt is a soft shirt with short sleeves and no collar.
video camera (n) C A video camera is a piece of equipment used for recording something onto
videotape.
water bottle (n) C There are old tea bags and water bottles everywhere on the Inca Trail.
Air travel
board (v) Your plane is boarding at 12.30.
boarding card (n) C Show your boarding card at the departure gate.
book (v) Book your flight and get your ticket.
check in (v) Do you have any bags to check in?
check-in (n) U Go to the check-in and check in your luggage.
departure (n) C Mike leaves from Departure Gate 41.
duty-free (adj) We bought some gifts in the duty-free shop.
fasten (v) Fasten your seat belt before take-off.
flight (n) C Have a nice flight!
gate (n) C Go to Departure Gate 41.
hall (n) C The duty-free shop is in the departure hall.
hand luggage (n) U Put your hand luggage in the overhead locker.
land (v) The plane is going to land in about 20 minutes.
locker (n) C Put your luggage in the overhead locker.
luggage (n) U You must check in all your luggage.
\"dIn´ pA…ti\
\f‰…st "eId kIt\
\"flœSlaIt\
\"gaId bUk\
\"Insekt spreI\
\m´UbaIl "f´Un\
\"pennaIf\
\"sli…pIN bœg\
\"sønglA…sIz\
\"ti… bœg\
\"tU´ gaId\
\"ti… S‰…t\
\"vIdi´U kœmr´\
\"wO…t´ bÅtl\
\bO…d\
\"bO…dIN kA…d\
\bUk\
\tSek "In\
\"tSekIn\
\dI"pA…tS´\
\dju…ti "fri…\
\"fA…s´n\̀
\flaIt\
\geIt\
\hO…l\
\"hœnd løgIdZ\
\lœnd\
\"lÅk´\
\"løgIdZ\
pranzo
cassetta di pronto soccorso
torcia
guida
insetticida spray
cellulare
temperino
sacco a pelo
occhiali da sole
bustina per il tè
guida turistica
T-shirt, maglietta
videocamera
bottiglia dell’acqua
imbarcarsi
carta d’imbarco
libro
fare il check-in
check-in
partenza
duty-free
allacciare
volo
gate, cancello
sala
bagaglio a mano
atterrare
cassetto per i bagagli
bagagli
14
overhead (adj) Put your luggage in the overhead locker.
pack (v) Have you packed your bags?
passport (n) C You must have your passport and ticket ready to show.
passport control (n) U Show your ticket and passport at passport control.
seat (n) C Get on the plane and find your seat.
seat belt (n) C Fasten your seat belt.
security (n) U All passengers must go through security.
security guard (n) C Security guards check the contents of people’s luggage.
take-off (n) C/U Fasten your seat belt and wait for take-off.
terminal (n) C Heathrow Airport has four terminals.
ticket (n) C Show your ticket and passport at passport control.
Hotels
air conditioning (n) U It’s very hot here, but all the rooms have air conditioning.
central heating (n) U Central heating is a system for heating a house or building through a
system of pipes.
connection (n) C It’s important that there’s an Internet connection in the room.
countryside (n) U Countryside is the area outside towns and cities with farms and fields.
facility (n) C The hotel has excellent facilities with a fantastic gym and sauna.
gym (n) C The hotel has a fantastic gym and sauna.
lift (n) C Unfortunately the lift didn’t work and our room was on the sixth floor.
location (n) C It has an incredible location near the cable car station.
minibar (n) C There’s no water in the minibar.
room service (n) U We telephoned room service and had breakfast in bed.
satellite (n) C Every room has satellite TV.
sauna (n) C The hotel has a fantastic gym and sauna.
shower (n) C We asked for a room with a shower and toilet.
single (adj) Have you got a single room for two nights?
twin (adj) We wanted a double room but they only had one with twin beds.
Verb patterns
be interested in + verb + -ing I’m interested in learning more about the yeti.
hope to + infinitive I hope to find the yeti.
\´Uv´"hed\
\pœk\
\"pA…spO…t\
\"pA…spO…t k´ntr´Ul\
\si…t\
\"si…t belt\
\sI"kjU´r´ti\
\sI"kjU´r´ti gA…d\
\"teIkÅf\
\"t‰…mIn“´‘l\
\"tIkIt\
\"e´ k´ndISnIN\
\sentr´l "hi…tIN\
\k´"nekSn\
\"køntrisaId\
\f´"sIl´ti\
\dZIm\
\lIft\
\l´U"keISn\
\"mInibA…\
\"ru…m s‰…vIs\
\"sœt´laIt\
\"sO…n´\
\"SaU´\
\"sINgl\
\twIn\
\bi… "Intr´stId In\
\"h´Up t´\
in alto
fare i bagagli
passaporto
controllo passaporti
posto
cintura di sicurezza
sistema di sicurezza
agente addetto alla sicurezza
decollo
terminal
biglietto
aria condizionata
riscaldamento centrale
connessione
campagna
attrezzatura
palestra
ascensore
posizione
mini bar
servizio in camera
satellitare
sauna
doccia
singola
doppio (a)
essere interessato a
sperare di
15
intend to + infinitive I intend to take some Turkish lessons.
look forward to + verb + -ing I’m looking forward to swimming with the dolphins.
plan to + infinitive I plan to spend two weeks in the jungle.
want to + infinitive I want to visit the old temples.
would like to + infinitive I would like to read more about Alexander.
Other words & phrases
activist (n) C Ana is an activist belonging to an organization that wants to save Machu
Picchu.
afterwards (adv) We’re going to see a film and get something to eat afterwards.
ancient (adj) Discover the ancient Peruvian cities.
attendant (n) C Flight attendants must help passengers.
beach (n) C The Rio Hotel in Las Vegas has an Ipanema beach.
beauty (n) U Experience the beauty of the seas of Borneo.
bell (n) C We rang the bell and waited.
breathtaking (adj) The views are absolutely breathtaking.
build (v) A hotel company wants to build a cable car to the top of Machu Picchu.
calm (adj) Stay calm and put your hands in the air for me, please.
capital (n) C Las Vegas is the hotel capital of the world.
casino (n) C Las Vegas is famous for its casinos.
cleanliness (n) U The King Edward Hotel was voted the worst in Britain for service,
cleanliness and facilities.
climb (v) At the Venetian Hotel you can climb the Eiffel Tower.
cloud (n) C See the world from above the clouds in a Russian MiG-25 jet.
comb (n) C/(v) I’m afraid you can’t take that comb on the plane, sir. (n)
When you comb your hair, you make it tidy with a comb. (v)
comfortable (adj) The bed looked clean and comfortable.
crowded (adj) The Inca Trail is crowded and dirty.
depend (v) “Are you working at the weekend?” “I don’t know. It depends.”
destination (n) C Machu Picchu is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.
discover (v) An American explorer discovered the ruins of the city.
distillery (n) C A distillery is a place where whisky is made.
dive (n) C/(v) Enjoy an unforgettable dive to the wreck of the Titanic. (n)
I hope to do some sky diving. (v)
\In"tend t´\
\lUk "fO…w´d t´\
\"plœn t´\
\"wAnt t´\
\wUd "laIk t´\
\"œktIvIst\
\"A…ft´w´dz\
\"eInS“´‘nt\
\´"tend´nt\
\bi…tS\
\"bju…ti\
\bel\
\"breTteIkIN\
\bIld\
\kA…m\
\"kœpItl\
\k´"si…n´U\
\"klenlin´s\
\klaIm\
\klaUd\
\k´Um\
\"kømft´bl\
\"kraUdId\
\dI"pend\
\destI"neISn\
\dI"skøv´\
\dIs"tIl´ri\
\daIv\
avere intenzione di
non vedere l’ora di
progettare di
volere
desiderare
attivista
dopo
antico (a)
assistente
spiaggia
bellezza
campanello
mozzafiato
costruire
calmo (a)
capitale
casinò
pulizia
salire
nube
pettine
pettinare
comodo (a)
affollato (a)
dipendere
destinazione
scoprire
distilleria
immersione
lanciarsi, tuffarsi
16
dolphin (n) C Swim with the dolphins of the Bahamas.
exhibition (n) C I want to have an exhibition of the photos when I get back.
explore (v) Explore the villages and temples of Mongolia and northern China.
extraordinary (adj) Machu Picchu is one of the most extraordinary places in the world.
extremely (adv) Machu Picchu is extremely popular with tourists.
fast food (n) The company is going to build a tourist centre with souvenir shops, fast
food restaurants etc.
festival (n) C Experience the magic of the Hungry Ghost Festival in Malaysia.
fix (v) I’ll ask my husband to fix the shower.
ghost (n) C Explore the islands in the company of Shojo ghosts.
give up (v) We finally decided to give up and look for another hotel.
hang on (v) My ticket’s here somewhere. Hang on. Ah, here it is.
historic (adj) Follow the path of Alexander the Great through the historic cities of Turkey.
horrible (adj) Our room smells of cigarettes. It’s horrible.
hunt (n) C/(v) Go on a Yeti Hunt in the Himalayas. (n)
If you hunt someone or something, you try to find them. (v)
ice (n) U You can go on a visit by submarine to a wreck under the Arctic ice.
incredible (adj) Route 66 is an incredible journey from Chicago to Los Angeles by motorbike.
journey (n) C What is the most frightening journey you have been on?
jungle (n) C/U For centuries Machu Picchu was lost in the jungle.
kayak (n) C A kayak is a small canoe that you move with a single paddle.
key (n) C We gave our key to the woman at reception.
local (adj) More tourists means more jobs for the local people.
lock (v) The front door is locked at eleven o’clock.
luxury (n) U Luxury is a situation in which you are comfortable and have the best,
most expensive things.
magic (n) U Experience the magic of the Hungry Ghost Festival.
map (n) C “Can you tell me the way?” “Yes, I’ll give you a map.”
metal (n) C/U Can you put metal objects in the box, please?
mind (v) Whoops, oh mind the coffee!
minister (n) C Tomorrow we are meeting government ministers.
monster (n) C I would really like to see the Loch Ness monster.
motorbike (n) C Route 66 is a journey from Chicago to Los Angeles by motorbike.
nervous (adj) I get very nervous in planes.
object (n) C Put metal objects in the box, please.
organization (n) C Ana’s organization is trying to stop the cable car.
\"dÅlfIn\
\eksI"bISn\
\Ik"splO…\
\Ik"strO…dnri\
\Ik"stri…mli\
\fA…st "fu…d\
\"festIvl\
\fIks\
\g´Ust\
\gIv "øp\
\hœN "Ån\
\hI"stÅrIk\
\"hÅr´bl\
\hønt\
\aIs\
\In"kred´bl\
\"dZ‰…ni\
\"dZøNgl\
\"kaIœk\
\ki…\
\"l´Ukl\
\lÅk\
\"løkS´ri\
\"mœdZIk\
\mœp\
\"metl\
\maInd\
\"mInIst´\
\"mÅnst´\
\"m´Ut´baIk\
\"n‰…v´s\
\"ÅbdZIkt\
\O…g´naI"zeISn\
delfino
mostra
esplorare
straordinario (a)
estremamente
fast food
festival
riparare
fantasma
abbandonare
aspettare
storico (a)
orribile
caccia
dare la caccia
ghiaccio
incredibile
viaggio
giungla
kayak
chiave
locale
chiudere a chiave
lusso
magia
cartina
metallo
badare
ministro
mostro
moto
nervoso (a)
oggetto
organizzazione
17
path (n) C The Inca Trail is a centuries-old path of 43 kilometres.
receipt (n) C Can I have a receipt, please?
rubbish (n) U Tourists leave their rubbish on the Inca Trail.
ruins (n pl) An American explorer discovered the ruins of the city.
save (v) She belongs to an organization that wants to save Machu Picchu.
search (v) We are searching for the Worst Hotel in Britain.
shout (v) “Who do you think you are!” he shouted.
sign (n) C A big sign in the front window said “Vacancies”.
sky diving (n) U Go sky diving in the Grand Canyon.
smell (n) C/(v) A smell is the pleasant or unpleasant quality of something that you notice
when you breathe through your nose.
The room smells of cigarettes. It’s horrible.
souvenir (n) C The company wants to build a tourist centre with souvenir shops.
spider (n) C There’s a spider in the bath!
spokesman (n) C “The cable car is good news for Machu Picchu,” said a company spokesman.
stairs (n pl) The lift’s not working but the stairs are through that door.
submarine (n) C “Arctic Ice” is a visit by submarine to a wreck under the Arctic ice.
temple (n) C Explore the villages and temples of Mongolia and northern China.
throw (v) When you throw something, you use your hand to send an object through
the air.
trail (n) C The Inca Trail is crowded and dirty.
treasure (n) C/U Visit the Mayan Treasures in the rain forest of Mexico.
vacancy (n) C Fortunately there were vacancies at the Grand Hotel.
valley (n) C There is a beautiful river valley below the city ruins.
view (n) C The mountain views are absolutely breathtaking.
volcano (n) C I intend to take a lot of photos of the volcanoes on Reunion Island.
wall (n) C My wife is looking forward to seeing the Great Wall.
waterfall (n) C The Rio Hotel has four swimming pools and waterfalls.
welcome (v) Welcome to The Holiday Programme.
wreck (n) C Visit a wreck under the Arctic ice by submarine.
yacht (n) C A yacht is a large, expensive boat used for sailing.
\pA…T\
\rI"si…t\
\"røbIS\
\"ru…Inz\
\seIv\
\s‰…tS\
\SaUt\
\saIn\
\"skaI daIvIN\
\smel\
\su…v´"nI´\
\"spaId´\
\"sp´Uksm´n\
\ste´z\
\"søbm´ri…n\
\"templ\
\Tr´U\
\treIl\
\"treZ´\
\"veIk´nsi\
\"vœli\
\vju…\
\vÅl"keIn´U\
\wO…l\
\"wO…t´fO…l\
\"welk´m\
\rek\
\jÅt\
sentiero
ricevuta
rifiuti
rovine
salvare
cercare
gridare
cartello
paracadutismo acrobatico
odore
puzzare
souvenir
ragno
portavoce
scale
sottomarino
tempio
gettare
pista
tesoro
posti liberi
valle
veduta
vulcano
muro, muraglia
cascata
dare il benvenuto
relitto
yacht
18
Unit 6
Food
bacon (n) U For breakfast he had bacon and eggs.
beer (n) C/U Juice is healthier for you than beer.
breakfast (n) C Elvis had breakfast at five o’clock in the afternoon.
cake (n) C/U He ate chocolate and cakes all day and every day.
caviar (n) U Where does the best caviar in the world come from?
chicken (n) C/U The chicken burgers at The Alabama Chicken are really good.
chip (n) C I often have steak and chips for dinner.
chocolate (n) C/U Elvis once ate 250g of chocolate when he was going to the White House.
coffee (n) C/U Coffee is probably the world’s favourite drink.
cookbook (n) C A cookbook contains recipes.
cookie (n) C Elvis’ last meal was four scoops of ice cream with six chocolate cookies.
crisp (n) C A packet of crisps, please.
diet (n) C Having a healthy diet is very important.
donut/doughnut (n) C Elvis once ate twelve donuts in a taxi.
egg (n) C He had bacon or sausage and eggs for breakfast.
(French) fries (n pl) He ate hamburgers and fries every day.
fruit (n) U You should eat lots of fruit and vegetables.
ham (n) U Parma is famous for its Parma ham.
hamburger (n) C I sometimes have a quick hamburger and chips for dinner.
hot dog (n) C The longest hot dog in the world was made in Chicago.
ice cream (n) C Elvis liked ice cream very much.
junk food (n) C/U He ate a lot of junk food like hamburgers and hot dogs.
lemon (n) C A lemon is a yellow fruit with a sour taste.
meal (n) C What is a good meal without a coffee at the end of it?
mineral water (n) U A bottle of sparkling mineral water, please.
noodles (n pl) Noodles are long thin pieces of pasta.
pasta (n) U It’s easy to cook pasta.
peanut butter (n) U Peanut butter is a soft food made of peanuts that you put on bread.
pizza (n) C/U Pizzas are cheaper than steak and chips.
potato (n) C A potato is a common hard, round vegetable with a brown, red or yellow skin.
\"beIk´n\
\bI´\
\"brekf´st\
\keIk\
\"kœviA…\
\"tSIkIn\
\tSIp\
\"tSÅkl´t\
\"kÅfi\
\"kUkbUk\
\"kUki\
\krIsp\
\"daI´t\
\"d´Unøt\
\eg\
\(frentS) fraIz\
\fru…t\
\hœm\
\"hœmb‰…g´\
\"hÅt dÅg\
\aIs "kri…m\
\"dZøNk fu…d\
\"lem´n\
\mi…l\
\"mIn“´‘r´l wO…t´\
\"nu…dlz\
\"pœst´\
\pi…nøt "bøt´\
\"pi…ts´\
\p´"teIt´U\
bacon
birra
prima colazione
dolce
caviale
pollo
patata fritta
cioccolato
caffè
libro di cucina
biscotto
patatina
dieta
ciambella
uovo
patate fritte
frutta
prosciutto
hamburger
hot dog
gelato
cibo spazzatura
limone
pasto
acqua minerale
spaghettini
pasta
burro di arachidi
pizza
patata
19
recipe (n) C I like traditional cooking recipes.
rice (n) U Rice is a food consisting of small white or brown grains.
salad (n) C/U A salad contains a mixture of raw vegetables such as lettuce, tomatoes
and cucumbers.
salt (n) U Bolognese sauce contains a lot of salt and sugar.
sauce (n) C/U Bolognese sauce contains a lot of salt and sugar.
sausage (n) C For breakfast he had bacon and eggs or sausage and eggs.
snack (n) C Elvis had a fridge in his bedroom for his favourite snacks.
sorbet (n) U A sorbet is a sweet food made from fruit juice, ice and sugar.
steak (n) C/U Pizzas are cheaper than steak and chips.
strawberry (n) C Do you prefer vanilla or strawberry ice cream?
sugar (n) U Do you take sugar with your coffee?
tomato (n) C Bolognese is a sauce made with tomatoes and meat, onions and herbs.
yoghurt/yogurt (n) C/U It’s good to eat fruit and yoghurt for breakfast.
Eating out
bill (n) C Excuse me, could we have the bill please?
course (n) C The first course of a meal is called a starter.
dessert (n) C/U The last course of a meal is called a dessert.
main course (n) C The main course comes between the starter and the dessert.
service charge (n) C The service charge is the money you pay for your waiter or waitress.
set menu (n) C A set menu is a fixed choice of two or three courses.
starter (n) C A starter is the first course of a meal.
VAT (n) U VAT is a tax on goods and services.
waiter (n) C A waiter is a man who takes your order in a restaurant.
waitress (n) C A waitress is a woman who takes your order in a restraurant.
Other words & phrases
addict (n) C Coffee addicts are people who can do nothing until their second or third
cup of coffee.
alcohol (n) U It’s a strong beer that contains a lot of alcohol.
annual (adj) It’s our French class’s annual meal tonight.
army (n) C Elvis ate normal army meals when he was doing his military service.
\"res´pi\
\raIs\
\"sœl´d\
\sO…lt\
\sO…s\
\"sÅsIdZ\
\snœk\
\"sO…beI\
\steIk\
\"strO…b“´‘ri\
\"SUg´\
\t´"mA…t´U\
\"jÅg´t\
\bIl\
\kO…s\
\dI"z‰…t\
\"meIn kO…s\
\"s‰…vIs tSA…dZ\
\set "menju…\
\"stA…t´\
\Ævi… eI "ti…\; \vœt\
\"weIt´\
\"weItr´s\
\"œdIkt\
\"œlk´hÅl\
\"œnju´l\
\"A…mi\
ricetta
riso
insalata
sale
sugo
salsiccia
spuntino, snack
sorbetto
bistecca
fragola
zucchero
pomodoro
yogurt
conto
portata
dessert, dolce
portata principale
percentuale per il servizio
menù a prezzo fisso
antipasto
IVA
cameriere
cameriera
dipendente
alcool
annuale
esercito
20
artificial (adj) A lot of food nowadays contain artificial flavours.
ashtray (n) C Excuse me, have you got an ashtray?
authentic (adj) The Ristorante Palio is more authentic than other Italian restaurants in town.
bean (n) C There are more than 100 different varieties of coffee bean.
bedroom (n) C He had a fridge in his bedroom for his favourite snacks.
boring (adj) School dinners are usually quite boring.
box (n) C Choose an adjective from the box to complete the sentence.
busy (adj) Burger Paradise is always very busy.
chapter (n) C The food in the first two or three chapters is quite normal.
chemical (n) C Food nowadays contains a lot of chemicals.
costume (n) C Traditional costume is clothes that are typical of a particular place.
count (v) Beethoven always counted 60 beans for each cup of coffee.
customer (n) C Starbucks serves coffee to more than 11 million customers every week.
delicious (adj) “Did you enjoy the meal?” “Yes, it was delicious.”
dish (n) C Tagliatelle al Ragu is an Italian dish.
draw (v) Artists in California draw designs in your coffee.
droppings (n pl) Kopi Luwak is a type of coffee made from an Indonesian cat’s droppings.
drug (n) C People who cannot stop taking a drug are addicts.
face (n) C He’s not exactly good-looking but he has an interesting face.
fascinating (adj) Elvis’ story is a sad one, but it’s fascinating too.
flavour (n) C Bolognese sauce contains a lot of artificial flavours.
fresh (adj) Fresh sauce is healthier than sauce in bottles.
fridge (n) C He had a fridge in his bedroom for his favourite snacks.
healthy (adj) We eat quite healthy food – lots of fruit and vegetables.
heart (n) C Artists draw leaves, hearts and other designs in your coffee.
ingredient (n) C Bolognese sauce from supermarkets is made from many different ingredients.
kill (v) Food and drugs made him feel good but killed him in the end.
laboratory (n) C Bolognese sauce is made by strange men in strange laboratories.
leaf (n) C Artists draw leaves and hearts in your coffee.
lifestyle (n) C A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle.
lively (adj) A lively place is one in which there are a lot of things to do.
market (n) C Looking at the food on sale at the market is making my mouth water.
marvellous (adj) “There’s a romantic table for two by the window.” “That sounds marvellous.”
measure (v) How long did the world’s longest hot dog measure?
microwave (n) C/(v) It’s so easy to take something out of the freezer and put it in the microwave. (n)
I don’t like the idea of microwaving food. (v)
\A…tI"fISl\
\"œStreI\
\O…"TentIk\
\bi…n\
\"bedru…m\
\"bO…rIN\
\bÅks\
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\"tSœpt´\
\"kemIkl\
\"kÅstju…m\
\kaUnt\
\"køst´m´\
\dI"lIS´s\
\dIS\
\drO…\
\"drÅpINz\
\drøg\
\feIs\
\"fœsIneItIN\
\"fleIv´\
\freS\
\frIdZ\
\"helTi\
\hA…t\
\In"gri…di´nt\
\kIl\
\l´"bÅr“´‘tri\
\li…f\
\"laIfstaIl\
\"laIvli\
\"mA…kIt\
\"mA…v´l´s\
\"meZ´\
\"maIkr´weIv\
artificiale
portacenere
autentico (a)
chicco
camera da letto
noioso (a)
riquadro
affollato (a)
capitolo
elemento chimico
costume
contare
cliente
delizioso (a)
piatto
tracciare, disegnare
escrementi
droga
volto
affascinante
aroma
fresco (a)
frigorifero
sano (a)
cuore
ingrediente
uccidere
laboratorio
foglia
stile di vita
vivace
mercato
meraviglioso (a)
misurare
forno a microonde
cuocere a microonde
21
military service (n) U Elvis ate normal army meals when he was doing his military service.
movement (n) C “Slow food” is a movement that started in Italy.
occasion (n) C La Vie en Rose is an ideal restaurant for that special occasion.
order (v) On one occasion Elvis ordered five ice creams for breakfast.
plant (n) C The fruit of the coffee plant is called a bean.
presenter (n) C The radio presenter is in Bologna.
preservative (n) C The sauce contains lots of chemicals and preservatives.
progress (n) U Progress is the process of developing or improving.
scoop (n) C His last meal before he died was four scoops of ice cream and six
chocolate cookies.
serve (v) Fashionable US coffee bars now serve “coffee art”.
service (n) U The service in the restaurant was slower than usual.
shopping list (n) C Tick the items on the shopping list that you can see in the picture.
silly (adj) Oh, I’m sorry sir, silly me!
sparkling (adj) A bottle of sparkling mineral water, please.
special (adj) La Vie en Rose is ideal for that special occasion.
speciality (n) C Spaghetti Bolognese is a speciality of the north of Italy.
supermarket (n) C Bolognese sauce from supermarkets is made from many different ingredients.
taste (n)/(v) The Jamaican Blue Mountain bean is said to have the best taste. (n)
You can’t really taste anything if you eat fast. (v)
taxi (n) C Elvis once ate 12 donuts in a taxi.
weak (adj) Do you like your coffee strong or weak?
weigh (v) How much did the heaviest tomato in the world weigh?
Unit 7
Work
boss (n) C My boss never listens to my ideas.
application form (n) C He gave me application forms for six jobs.
apply for (v) If I don’t apply for the jobs, I lose my benefits.
be fired (from a job) She was fired from her job.
career (n) C What did you do before you began your career as an actor?
CV (curriculum vitae) (n) C Send your CV to [email protected].
\mIlIt“´‘ri "s‰…vIs\
\"mu…vm´nt\
\´"keIZn\
\"O…d´\
\plA…nt\
\prI"zent´\
\prI"z‰…v´tIv\
\"pr´Ugres\
\sku…p\
\s‰…v\
\"s‰…vIs\
\"SÅpIN lIst\
\"sIli\
\"spA…klIN\
\"speSl\
\speSi"œl´ti\
\"su…p´mA…kIt\
\teIst\
\"tœksi\
\wi…k\
\weI\
\bÅs\
\œplI"keISn fO…m\
\´"plaI fO…\
\bi… "faI´d “fr´m ´ dZÅb‘\
\k´"rI´\
\si… "vi…\
servizio militare
movimento
occasione
ordinare
pianta
presentatore
conservante
progresso
cucchiaiata
servire
servizio
lista della spesa
sciocco
frizzante
speciale
specialità
supermercato
sapore
assaporare, assaggiare
taxi
leggero
pesare
capo
modulo di domanda
fare domanda
essere licenziato
carriera
curriculum vitae
22
diploma (n) C He has a diploma in Marketing and Sales.
do (sth) for a living “What do you do for a living?” “I’m a waitress.”
earn (v) For a time Tom Cruise earned a living in a New York restaurant.
education (n) U Send us a CV with information about your education, qualifications and
experience.
in charge (of sth/sb) She was in charge of the coffee machine.
interview (n) C Tomorrow I’ve got interviews for four different jobs.
job (n) C She’s unemployed and looking for a job.
office (n) C I’ve got a new job and no one talks to me in the office.
pay rise (n) C She got a small pay rise.
professional (adj) Your CV should include details of your professional experience.
(be/get) promoted Two years later she got promoted to senior assistant.
promotion (n) C/U I’m applying for a promotion at work.
qualification (n) C What qualifications have you got?
recruitment (n) U SRT is a recruitment agency.
referee (n) C Include the names of two referees on your CV.
responsible (for sth) (adj) He was responsible for cleaning the tables.
retired (adj) She became an assistant in a home for retired people.
salary (n) C The job is interesting and the salary is good.
temporary (adj) Students often get temporary summer jobs.
training (n) U It’s a good idea to go on a training course.
well-paid (adj) Everyone wants a well-paid job.
Jobs
accountant (n) C An accountant is someone whose job is to prepare financial records.
chauffeur (n) C A chauffeur is someone whose job is to drive a rich and important person
around.
computer programmer (n) C A computer programmer is someone who writes computer programmes.
dentist (n) C A dentist is someone whose job is to treat people’s teeth.
doctor (n) C A doctor is someone whose job is to treat people who are ill.
engineer (n) C An engineer is someone whose job is to repair machines or electrical
equipment.
journalist (n) C A journalist is someone whose job is to report the news for a newspaper
or TV.
\dI"pl´Um´\
\dU… fO… ´ "lIvIN\
\‰…n\
\edjU"keISn\
\In "tSA…dZ\
\"Int´vju…\
\dZÅb\
\"ÅfIs\
\"peI raIz\
\pr´"feSn´l\
\pr´"m´UtId\
\pr´"m´USn\
\kwÅlIfI"keISn\
\rI"kru…tm´nt\
\ref´"ri…\
\rI"spÅns´bl\
\rI"taI´d\
\"sœl´ri\
\"temp“´‘r´ri\
\"treInIN\
\wel"peId\
\´"kaUnt´nt\
\S´U"f‰…\
\k´mÆpju…t´ "pr´Ugrœm´\
\"dentIst\
\"dÅkt´\
\endZI"nI´\
\"dZ‰…n´lIst\
diploma
far (qualcosa) per vivere
guadagnare
istruzione
addetto/a (a
qualcosa/qualcuno)
colloquio
lavoro
ufficio
aumento
professionale
(essere) promosso
promozione
qualifica
collocamento
garante
(avere) il compito di
pensionato
stipendio
temporaneo
addestramento
ben pagato
contabile
autista
programmatore
dentista
dottore
tecnico
giornalista
23
lawyer (n) C A lawyer is someone whose job is to provide people with legal advice and
services.
manager (n) C A manager is someone whose job is to control and organize the work of a
business or organization.
nurse (n) C A nurse is someone who is trained to look after people who are ill.
police officer (n) C A police officer is someone who tries to catch criminals and checks that
people obey the law.
sales assistant (n) C A sales assistant is someone whose job is to help customers and sell
things in a shop.
social worker (n) C A social worker is someone who is trained to give help and advice to
people with social problems.
teacher (n) C A teacher is someone whose job is to teach.
train driver (n) C A train driver is someone whose job is to drive a train.
waiter (n) C A waiter is a man who serves people in a restaurant.
waitress (n) C A waitress is a woman who serves people in a restaurant.
Personality
ambition (n) C/U Leos have great ambition.
ambitious (adj) Aquarians are quite ambitious but they make good friends.
emotion (n) C/U Aquarians do not usually show their emotions.
emotional (adj) Virgos often live for their work and are not very emotional.
honest (adj) Sagittarians are usually honest and straightforward.
imagination (n) U Geminis have lots of imagination and ideas but they get bored quickly.
imaginative (adj) Pisceans are intelligent and imaginative.
independence (n) U Geminis work better on their own and their independence is important
to them.
independent (adj) Capricorns are natural managers who are independent and strong.
(well) organized (adj) Arians are excellent managers who are very well organized.
patience (n) U Librans are a happy balance of patience and speed.
patient (adj) Sagittarians are patient and kind with other people.
sensitive (adj) Capricorns are more sensitive than they seem and are good listeners.
sensitivity (n) U They seem calm and organized but Cancers have a secret sensitivity.
skill (n) C/U They have good people skills but find it difficult to make important decisions.
skilled (adj) Capricorns are naturally skilled managers who are independent and strong.
\"lO…j´\
\"mœnIdZ´\
\n‰…s\
\p´"li…s "ÅfIs´\
\"seIlz ´ÆsIst´nt\
\"s´USl w‰…k´\
\"ti…tS´\
\"treIn draIv´\
\"weIt´\
\"weItr´s\
\œm"bISn\
\œm"bIS´s\
\I"m´USn\
\I"m´USn“´‘l\
\"ÅnIst\
\ImœdZI"neISn\
\I"mœdZIn´tIv\
\IndI"pend´ns\
\IndI"pend´nt\
\“wel‘ "O…g´naIzd\
\"peISns\
\"peISnt\
\"sens´tIv\
\sens´"tIv´ti\
\skIl\
\skIld\
avvocato
manager
infermiere/a
poliziotto/a
commesso/a
assistente sociale
insegnante
macchinista
cameriere
cameriera
ambizione
ambizioso (a)
emozione
emotivo (a)
onesto (a)
immaginazione, fantasia
fantasioso (a)
indipendenza
indipendente
(ben) organizzato (a)
pazienza
paziente
sensibile
sensibilità
abilità
abile, dotato
24
Other words & phrases
ability (n) C/U Scorpios main strength is their ability to change.
adviser (n) C Speak to one of our experienced career advisers about the right job for you.
angry (adj) My boss was angry with me because I was late for work.
appearance (n) U Improve your appearance and buy a smart suit.
assistant (n) C Pat went on a training course to become an assistant in a home for retired
people.
astrology (n) U Like it or not, astrology is important.
balance (n) U Librans are a happy balance of many opposites.
basic (adj) A course in basic computer skills is a good idea.
billionaire (n) C Millionaires don’t use astrology. Billionaires do.
by chance By chance Pat met another woman who had the same name as her.
cash (v) I went to the post office to cash my benefit cheque.
celebrity (n) C The last celebrity Valerio drove in his car was Madonna.
cheque (n) C Finally my unemployment benefit cheque arrived.
contain (v) Somebody will probably look at your date of birth for the astrological
information it contains.
crazy (adj) If I don’t apply for the jobs, I lose my benefit. It’s crazy!
cute (adj) Brad and Jennifer were, you know, kind of cute.
dot (n) C The punctuation mark (.) in an email or website address is pronounced “dot”.
downtown (adj)/(adv) I’m working for an ice cream shop in downtown Manhattan. (adj)
If something exists or happens downtown, it exists or happens near the
centre of a city. (adv)
earring (n) C Are all those earrings really necessary?
gas (n) C/U I got two bills in the post – gas and electricity.
haircut (n) C Have a haircut before your interview.
horoscope (n) C How often do you read your horoscope?
hyphen (n) C The sign (-) that you see in some email and website addresses is called a
hyphen.
loads of Tom Cruise has made loads of famous films.
marketing (n) U She has a diploma in marketing and sales.
mile (n) C I walked five miles in the cold and rain and I didn’t get the job.
millionaire (n) C Millionaires don’t use astrology. Billionaires do.
\´"bIl´ti\
\´d"vaIz´\
\"œNgri\
\´"pI´r´ns\
\´"sIst“´‘nt\
\´"strÅl´dZi\
\"bœl´ns\
\"beIsIk\
\bIlj´"ne´\
\baI "tSA…ns\
\kœS\
\s´"lebr´ti\
\tSek\
\k´n"teIn\
\"kreIzi\
\kju…t\
\dÅt\
\"daUntaUn\
\"I´rIN\
\gœs\
\"he´køt\
\"hÅr´sk´Up\
\"haIfn\
\"l´Udz Åv\
\"mA…kItIN\
\maIl\
\mIlj´"ne´\
capacità
consigliere
arrabbiato (a)
aspetto
assistente
astrologia
equilibrio
di base
miliardario
per caso
incassare
personaggio celebre
assegno
contenere
pazzesco
carino
punto, dot
centro
centro della città
orecchino
gas
taglio di capelli
oroscopo
trattino
un mucchio di
marketing
miglio
milionario
25
movies (n pl) Tom Cruise was thinking of a career in the church before finding work in
the movies.
natural (adj) With their natural intelligence, Scorpios understand situations quickly.
naturally (adv) Capricorns are naturally skilled managers who are independent and strong.
philosophy (n) U “Does Ruby have an MA in philosophy?” “No, she doesn’t.”
post office (n) C I went to the post office to cash my benefit cheque.
recently (adv) We had Tom Cruise and his girlfriend in the shop recently.
sales (n pl) She has a diploma in marketing and sales.
situation (n) C Police officers have to deal with dangerous situations.
slash (n) C The sign (/) that you see in website addresses is called a slash.
smart (adj) Improve your appearance and buy a smart suit.
star (n) C Many film stars had very different jobs before starting their acting careers.
star sign (n) C What star sign are you?
strength (n) U Their main strength is their ability to change.
stressed (adj) I’ve got too much work and I’m feeling really stressed.
successful (adj) Someone who is ambitious wants to be successful.
suit (n) C Improve your appearance and buy a smart suit.
team (n) C Geminis work better on their own than in a team.
tidy (up) (v) You have a million things to do: check your email, tidy up your desk.
traveller (n) C Some people think horoscopes can tell you whether a person is a good
traveller.
tutor (n) C One of my referees is a college tutor.
unemployed (adj) She was unemployed and looking for a job.
unemployment benefit (n) U The salaries are low – more or less the same as my unemployment benefit.
waste (v) For many people, a horoscope is a good way to waste five minutes.
worried (adj) When things don’t go well, Sagittarians can get worried.
\"mu…vIz\
\"nœtS“´‘r´l\
\"nœtS“´‘r´li\
\fI"lÅs´fi\
\"p´Ust ÅfIs\
\"ri…sntli\
\seIlz\
\sItSu"eISn\
\slœS\
\smA…t\
\stA…\
\"stA… saIn\
\streNT\
\strest\
\s´k"sesfl\
\su…t\
\ti…m\
\"taIdi “øp‘\
\"trœv“´‘l´\
\"tju…t´\
\ønIm"plOId\
\ønIm"plOIm´nt benIfIt\
\weIst\
\"wørid\
cinema
naturale
naturalmente
filosofia
ufficio postale
recentemente
vendite
situazione
slash
elegante
star, stella
segno zodiacale
forza
stressato (a)
di successo
vestito (da uomo)
gruppo, team, equipe
ripulire
viaggiatore
tutor
disoccupato (a)
sussidio di disoccupazione
sprecare
preoccupato (a)
26
Unit 8
Compound nouns with numbersIn un composto che includa un numero, il nome che segue il numero è sempre singolare.
20-million dollar cheque A South African businessman wrote a 20-million dollar cheque to become
a space tourist.
thirteen-part show They hope to film the thirteen-part show at different science museums
around Europe.
eight-day trip The winner of the show will blast off for an eight-day trip to the stars.
Computer actions
arrow (n) C Click on the “Programmes” arrow and find “Tools”.
attach (v) Attach your document to the message.
button (n) C Click on that button.
click (n) C/(v) Do a double click on that button. (n)
Click on the email icon. (v)
connect (v) You need to connect to the Internet before you send an email.
copy (v) Copy the picture into your document.
cursor (n) C The cursor is the small flashing line on a computer screen that you can move.
delete (v) If you make a mistake you can always delete it.
disk (n) C Use a disk or CD to save your work.
document (n) C Find the document you want and attach it to the email.
download (n) C/(v) A download is a file that you have moved to your computer from another
computer system. (n)
Business students can log onto the site and download essays. (v)
edit (v) When you edit a document, you make changes to it.
format (n) U/(v) The format of a document is its design and appearance. (n)
When you format a document, you arrange the design and appearance of
the text. (v)
highlight (v) Highlight the word that you want to change.
icon (n) C Click the spell check icon.
insert (v) If you insert a disk into your computer, you put it into the computer.
\twenti ÆmIlj´n dÅl´ "tSek\
\T‰…ti…n ÆpA…t "S´U\
\eIt ÆdeI "trIp\
\"œr´U\
\´"tœtS\
\"bøtn\
\klIk\
\k´"nekt\
\"kÅpi\
\"k‰…s´\
\dI"li…t\
\dIsk\
\"dÅkjUm´nt\
\"daUn"l´Ud\
\"edIt\
\"fO…mœt\
\"haIlaIt\
\"aIkÅn\
\In"s‰…t\
assegno da 20 milioni di
dollari
spettacolo in 13 parti
viaggio di 8 giorni
freccia
allegare
tasto
click
cliccare
connettersi
copiare
cursore
cancellare
dischetto
file
(file) scaricato
scaricare
modificare
formattazione
formattare
evidenziare
icona
inserire
27
log off (v) Save your work before you log off.
log on (v) Business students log on to the site and download essays.
message (n) C Click on “Send” to send your message.
paste (v) When you paste something you move it from one part of a computer
screen to another.
print (v) When you print a document, you make a copy on paper using a printer.
programme (n) C/(v) Use the spell check programme to check for mistakes. (n)
If you programme a computer, you give it a series of instructions. (v)
replace (v) If you replace one word with another word, you get rid of the first word
and use the second one instead.
save (v) Remember to save your work.
screen (n) C The “Start” button is at the bottom of the screen.
select (v) Select “Language Settings” and find “English”.
site (n) C They find the essay they need on the site and download it.
software (n) U I have found software that can translate the essays into different languages.
synonym (n) C A synonym is a word that has a similar meaning to another word.
table (n) C A table is arranged in rows and columns and contains information or figures.
thesaurus (n) C A thesaurus is a dictionary containing lists of words that have similar
meanings.
tool (n) C Click on the “Programmes” arrow and find “Tools”.
type (v) Type the address of the person you are writing to.
undo (v) If you undo something that you have typed, you tell the computer to
ignore that thing.
Adjectives with infinitives
dangerous Be careful – it’s very dangerous.
difficult It’s difficult to get a good job without qualifications.
easy The website is easy to use.
healthy It’s healthy to eat fruit and vegetables.
illegal It’s illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 16.
impossible A hundred years ago scientists said that space travel was impossible.
legal Is it legal to help students with their homework?
possible Where is it possible to buy English books?
safe Will our world become safer or more dangerous?
\lÅg "Åf\
\lÅg "Ån\
\"mesIdZ\
\peIst\
\prInt\
\"pr´Ugrœm\
\rI"pleIs\
\seIv\
\skri…n\
\sI"lekt\
\saIt\
\"sÅftwe´\
\"sIn´nIm\
\"teIbl\
\TI"sO…r´s\
\tu…l\
\taIp\
\øn"du…\
\"deIndZ´r´s\
\"dIfIklt\
\"i…zi\
\"helTi\
\I"li…gl\
\Im"pÅs´bl\
\"li…gl\
\"pÅs´bl\
\seIf\
spegnere
connettersi
messaggio
incollare
stampare
programma
programmare
sostituire
salvare
schermo
selezionare
sito (internet)
software, programma
sinonimo
tabella
dizionario dei sinonimi
strumento
digitare
annullare
pericoloso (a)
difficile
facile
sano (a)
illegale
impossibile
legale
possibile
sicuro (a)
28
unhealthy It’s unhealthy to drink too much.
unusual It’s unusual to see tourists in our town.
usual It’s usual for people to eat late in the evening.
Other words & phrases
advanced (adj) American military technology is becoming more advanced.
airport (n) C I said goodbye to my boyfriend at the airport.
alien (n) C/(adj) In the film Independence Day, aliens come to Earth. (n)
Alien activities or influences relate to a planet other than Earth. (adj)
automatic (adj) There have been new developments in automatic translation machines.
blast off (v) The winner will blast off for an eight-day trip to the stars.
brilliant (adj) “You can log off now.” “Brilliant. Thanks.”
businessman (n) C A South African businessman became the world’s second space tourist.
consortium (n) C A European television consortium, Eurorbit, has announced plans for a
new game show.
contestant (n) C The show will have contestants from all the countries in the European Union.
cure (n) C We’ve got a cure for lots of diseases now.
development (n) C There have been new developments in automatic translation machines.
disease (n) C We’ve got a cure for lots of diseases now.
earth (n) (sing) In Independence Day aliens come to Earth.
elderly (n) If we all live longer, how will we pay for care of the elderly?
energy (n) U At the moment most of our energy comes from oil.
equipment (n) U Satellites in space carry many different kinds of equipment.
essay (n) C Students can log on to the site and download essays.
exploration (n) U We will maybe stop spending money on space exploration.
fact (n) C Are the facts in the box the same or different in your country?
fiction (n) U Star wars: fact or fiction?
film (v) Where will the game show be filmed?
finances (n pl) Who will look after the finances of the company?
foreign (adj) Learning a foreign language may soon be a thing of the past.
freaky (adj) Buy one of those freaky green hands and put it on your desk at work.
frightening (adj) The future for the smaller countries of the world is extremely frightening.
game show (n) C The new game show will probably be called Star Quest.
grow (v) What will happen to ordinary plants and animals if we grow GM food on
our farms?
\øn"helTi\
\øn"ju…ZU´l\
\"ju…ZU´l\
\´d"vA…nst\
\"e´pO…t\
\"eIli´n\
\O…t´"mœtIk\
\blA…st "Åf\
\"brIlj´nt\
\"bIzn´smœn\
\k´n"sO…ti´m\
\k´n"test´nt\
\kjU´\
\dI"vel´pm´nt\
\dI"zi…z\
\‰…T\
\"eld´li\
\"en´dZi\
\I"kwIpm´nt\
\"eseI\
\ekspl´"reISn\
\fœkt\
\"fIkSn\
\fIlm\
\"faInœnsIz\
\"fÅrIn\
\"fri…ki\
\"fraItnIN\
\"geIm S´U\
\gr´U\
malsano (a)
insolito (a)
solito (a)
avanzato (a)
aeroporto
alieno
alieno (a)
automatico (a)
partire
fantastico (a)
uomo d’affari
consorzio
concorrente
cura
sviluppo
malattia
Terra
anziano
energia
strumento, equipaggiamento
saggio
esplorazione
dato di fatto
finzione
filmare
situazione finanziaria
straniero (a)
strano (a)
spaventoso (a)
quiz televisivo
coltivare
29
hill (n) C She lives in a house in the Hollywood Hills.
increase (v) Internet use will increase.
invention (n) C The invention of something is the process of designing or making it for the
first time.
invisible (adj) With our special invisible ink you can write secret messages.
knowledge (n) U The show will test the contestants’ general knowledge.
laser (n) C American military scientists are developing new laser technology.
lend (v) Ash’s father doesn’t want to lend him the money now.
litre (n) C A litre is a unit for measuring an amount of liquid, equivalent to 1,000
millilitres.
luck (n) U I wish you good luck.
machine (n) C There have been new developments in automatic translation machines.
medicine (n) U New kinds of medicine will make us all live longer.
military (adj) Military engineers will probably develop more powerful lasers.
modelling (n) U A modelling agency has offered a job in Japan to a 16-year-old British
school student.
moon (n) C Neil Armstrong was the first man on the moon.
museum (n) C The show will be filmed at different science museums around Europe.
offer (v) Do other websites offer a similar service?
oil (n) U Most of our energy comes from oil.
permission (n) U Will scientists at NASA refuse permission for the winner to visit the space
station?
planet (n) C Scientists might find life on other planets.
prisoner (n) C Soon there won’t be enough room for all our prisoners.
product (n) C A product is something that is made or grown so that it can be sold.
quest (n) C The new show will probably be called Star Quest.
refuse (v) Ash’s father has refused to help him.
risky (adj) If he leaves university now, it will be too risky.
rocket (n) C A rocket is a vehicle shaped like a tube that travels in space.
satellite (n) C Laser guns on military satellites will be unstoppable.
science fiction (n) U Star Wars is a science fiction film.
scientist (n) C Scientists might find life on other planets.
similar (adj) Do other websites offer a similar service?
society (n) U If everyone lives longer, how will this change our society?
source (n) C The conference by Doctor Judith Amos is about new energy sources.
\hIl\
\In"kri…s\
\In"venSn\
\In"vIs´bl\
\"nÅlIdZ\
\"leIz´\
\lend\
\"li…t´\
\løk\
\m´"Si…n\
\"medsn\
\"mIlIt“´‘ri\
\"mÅdlIN\
\mu…n\
\mju…"zi…´m\
\"Åf´\
\OIl\
\p´"mISn\
\"plœnIt\
\"prIzn´\
\"prÅdøkt\
\kwest\
\rI"fju…z\
\"rIski\
\"rÅkIt\
\"sœt´laIt\
\saI´ns "fIkSn\
\"saI´ntIst\
\"sImIl´\
\s´"saI´ti\
\sO…s\
collina
aumentare
invenzione
invisibile
conoscenza
laser
prestare
litro
fortuna
macchina
medicina
militare
(agenzia) per modelle
luna
museo
offrire
petrolio
permesso
pianeta
prigioniero
prodotto
ricerca
rifiutare
rischioso (a)
razzo
satellite
fantascienza
scienziato
simile
società
fonte
30
space (n) U Satellites in space carry different kinds of equipment.
space ship (n) C The winner will take his or her seat in a space ship some time next year.
space station (n) C It’s possible the winner won’t be able to visit the space station.
suggest (v) The “Super String” theory suggests that scientists might be wrong.
survey (n) C Choose one of the questions for a class survey.
talk (n) C This talk will explore how internet use will increase.
text (n) C Choose the correct verb form to complete the text.
theory (n) C The “Super String” theory is an exciting new theory of time travel.
thirsty (adj) Feeling thirsty? Well, here’s your own personal water machine.
title (n) C The title of Duncan Hague’s talk is “Prisons in space”.
translation (n) C/U The talk will look at developments in automatic translation machines.
trip (n) C Scientists were unhappy with Dennis Tito’s trip to the space station.
ultraviolet (adj) Ultraviolet light means you can read messages written with invisible ink.
unstoppable (adj) Laser guns on military satellites will be unstoppable.
war (n) C The title of Stella May Roche’s talk is “War on War”.
wind (n) U The sun, the wind and the sea might soon become our main sources of energy.
Unit 9
-ing & -ed adjectives
annoyed Do you ever get annoyed with your best friend?
annoying It was extremely annoying that you came home singing!
bored What do you do when you are bored?
boring Sometimes I feel the town where I live is the most boring place in the world.
depressed That music makes me feel depressed.
depressing Isn’t it a bit depressing going to listen to a requiem?
disappointed If you haven’t got tickets for the concert, you’ll be disappointed.
disappointing Where was your most disappointing holiday?
excited I’ve got tickets for the Robbie Williams concert. I’m so excited.
exciting Dance Crazy is an exciting afternoon of international dance.
fascinated I’ll be fascinated to see her new boyfriend.
fascinating There’s a fascinating afternoon of dance at Canary Wharf.
\speIs\
\"speIs SIp\
\"speIs steISn\
\s´"dZest\
\"s‰…veI\
\tO…k\
\tekst\
\"TI´ri\
\"T‰…sti\
\"taItl\
\trœnz"leISn\
\trIp\
\øltr´"vaI´l´t\
\øn"stÅp´bl\
\wO…\
\wInd\
\´"nOId\
\´"nOIIN\
\bO…d\
\"bO…rIN\
\dI"prest\
\dI"presIN\
\dIs´"pOIntId\
\dIs´"pOIntIN\
\Ik"saItId\
\Ik"saItIN\
\"fœsIneItId\
\"fœsIneItIN\
spazio
astronave
stazione spaziale
suggerire
indagine, sondaggio
conversazione
testo
teoria
assetato (a)
titolo
traduzione
viaggio
ultravioletto
inarrestabile
guerra
vento
irritato (a)
irritante
annoiato (a)
noioso (a)
depresso (a)
deprimente
deluso (a)
deludente
emozionato (a)
emozionante
entusiasta
entusiasmante
31
frightened When was the last time you felt really frightened?
frightening I find horror movies quite frightening.
relaxed I usually feel relaxed when I’m on holiday.
relaxing I find that kind of music really relaxing.
surprised I was surprised. Celine Dion is usually so good.
surprising People can be very surprising at times.
tired At what time in the evening do you usually get tired?
tiring Going out every night can be very tiring.
TV programmes
chat show (n) C Bill Zucker Presents is a chat show.
current affairs programme (n) C Newsbrief is a current affairs programme.
documentary (n) C Horizon is a documentary.
game show (n) C The Wheel of Fortune is a game show.
sitcom (n) C Friends is a sitcom.
soap opera (n) C EastEnders is a soap opera.
sports programme (n) C Match of the Day is a sports programme.
Films
acting (n) U Madonna won a top award for acting in the Razzies.
actor (n) C Ronald Reagan was a movie actor.
actress (n) C Worst Actress of the 20th century was won by Madonna.
direct (v) Titanic was written and directed by James Cameron.
director (n) C The director used 300,000 extras.
extra (n) C 300,000 extras were used by the director.
role (n) C Nicole Kidman plays the role of the cabaret singer.
setting (n) C The setting of the film is a huge cruise ship called Titanic.
soundtrack (n) C The soundtrack of a film is the music that is used for it.
special effects (n pl) The special effects are the unusual images or sounds in a film that are
created artificially.
star (v) The film stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio.
\"fraItnd\
\"fraItnIN\
\rI"lœkst\
\rI"lœksIN\
\s´"praIzd\
\s´"praIzIN\
\"taI´d\
\"taIrIN\
\"tSœt S´U\
\kør´nt ´"fe´z pr´Ugrœm\
\dÅkjU"mentri\
\"geIm S´U\
\"sItkÅm\
\"s´Up Åpr´\
\"spO…ts pr´Ugrœm\
\"œktIN\
\"œkt´\
\"œktr´s\
\daI"rekt\; \dI"rekt\
\daI"rekt´\; \d´"rekt´\
\"ekstr´\
\r´Ul\
\"setIN\
\"saUndtrœk\
\speSl I"fekts\
\stA…\
spaventato (a)
spaventoso (a)
rilassato (a)
rilassante
sorpreso (a)
sorprendente
stanco (a)
faticoso (a)
talk show
programma di attualità
documentario
quiz televisivo
sitcom
telenovela, soap opera
programma sportivo
interpretazione
attore
attrice
dirigere
regista
comparse
ruolo
ambientazione
colonna sonora
effetti speciali
avere come protagonista
32
Other words & phrases
agent (n) C The agent is the person or thing that does an action.
album (n) C The winner gets a contract to make an album.
announce (v) The winners are announced at the end of the show.
arena (n) C The Robbie Williams concert takes place at the Wembley Arena.
attack (v) The TV studios were attacked last night.
attend (v) The first ceremony was attended by 250 people.
available (adj) I’ll see what seats we’ve got available.
award (n) C The Academy Awards became Oscars.
bedtime (n) U Midnight is a little after my bedtime.
boat (n) C Don’t panic and try to get to a boat quickly.
booking fee (n) C Is there a booking fee when you buy tickets on the internet?
building (n) C Do you enjoy visiting historic buildings?
cabaret (n) C/U Who plays the role of the cabaret singer?
cable TV (n) U The ceremony is shown on cable TV channels.
circle (n) C Where do you want to sit – in the circle or the stalls?
civilization (n) C/U Big Brother was described as an insult to human rights and civilization.
classical music (n) U For lovers of classical music there is an evening with Cecilia Bartoli.
conduct (v) Verdi’s masterpiece is conducted by Patrick Davin.
contract (n) C The winner gets a contract to make an album.
cost (v) Many reality TV programmes cost nothing to make.
cruise (n) C The Titanic is a great cruise ship.
dance (v) Contestants learn to sing and dance.
designer (n) C Stella McCartney is a British designer.
detail (n) C Could I take your details, please?
dream (n) C/(v) For TV producers reality TV is a dream come true. (n)
If you dream about something, you hope very much to have it.
election (n) C The 1981 presidential election was won by Ronald Reagan.
entertainment (n) U What kinds of entertainment are available in your town?
entrance (n) C The Kodak Theatre has a red-carpeted entrance.
episode (n) C More laughs in tonight’s episode of Friends.
event (n) C What kind of events do you like going to?
\"eIdZ´nt\
\"œlb´m\
\´"naUns\
\´"ri…n´\
\´"tœk\
\´"tend\
\´"veIl´bl\
\´"wO…d\
\"bedtaIm\
\b´Ut\
\"bUkIN fi…\
\"bIldIN\
\"kœb´reI\
\"keIbl ti… "vi…\
\"s‰…kl\
\sIv´laI"zeISn\
\klœsIkl "mju…zIk\
\k´n"døkt\
\"kÅntrœkt\
\kÅst\
\kru…z\
\dA…ns\
\dI"zaIn´\
\"di…teIl\
\dri…m\
\I"lekSn\
\ent´"teInm´nt\
\"entr´ns\
\"epIs´Ud\
\I"vent\
agente
disco, album
annunciare
arena
attaccare
presenziare
disponibile
premio
ora di andare a letto
nave, imbarcazione
percentuale sulla
prenotazione
edificio
cabaret
TV via cavo
galleria
civiltà
musica classica
dirigere
contratto
costare
crociera
ballare
designer
dato
sogno
sognare
elezione
divertimento
ingresso
episodio
evento
33
expedition (n) C The first reality TV show in the word was called Expedition Robinson.
fame (n) U Fame – the Musical is on at the Aldwych Theatre.
fantastic (adj) Big Brother was a fantastic success.
gorgeous (adj) Do you agree that Robbie Williams is gorgeous?
human rights (n pl) Big Brother was described as an insult to human rights and civilization.
iceberg (n) C The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank in 1912.
idol (n) C Loft Story and Pop Idol are the names of reality TV shows.
impressionist (n) C Camille Pissarro was a French impressionist.
in-depth (adj) Newsbrief gives an in-depth look at what is happening in the world.
insult (n) Big Brother was described as an insult to human rights and civilization.
invent (v) The Lumière Brothers invented an early form of cinema.
investor (n) C For investors and businessmen the Oscars is big business.
jackpot (n) C The winner takes the jackpot prize of $500,000.
kangaroo (n) C On Horizon there is a film about the life of an urban kangaroo.
knitting (n) U “Some of these people are so bad,” said Wilson, “they should take up knitting.”
legend (n) C Al Pacino is a Hollywood legend.
limousine (n) C The limousines arrive at the red-carpeted entrance to the theatre.
line-up (n) C There’s the usual line-up of the regular DJs.
loft (n) C Loft Story and Pop Idol are the names of reality TV shows.
masterpiece (n) C Verdi’s masterpiece is conducted by Patrick Davin.
matinee (n) C Would you like the matinee or the evening performance?
musical (n) C Fame – the Musical is on at the Aldwych Theatre.
old-fashioned (adj) I think his music is old-fashioned and boring.
painting (n) C/U I went to an exhibition of paintings at the National Gallery last week.
panic (n) U/(v) I don’t want to be responsible for a panic. (n)
Please don’t panic. (v)
paparazzi (n pl) The stars are photographed by paparazzi.
performance (n) C Would you like the matinee or evening performance?
pronounce (v) How do you pronounce this word?
publish (v) The winners’ names are published by the newspapers.
raspberry (n) C The Raspberry awards are given to actors and directors for being really bad.
reality (n) U Reality TV has become big business.
record (n) C The winner makes a record.
report (v) CNN reports the winners of the awards.
requiem (n) C Isn’t it a bit depressing going to listen to a requiem?
\eksp´"dISn\
\feIm\
\fœn"tœstIk\
\"gO…dZ´s\
\hju…m´n "raIts\
\"aIsb‰…g\
\"aIdl\
\Im"preSnIst\
\In"depT\
\"Insølt\
\In"vent\
\In"vest´\
\"dZœkpÅt\
\kœng´"ru…\
\"nItIN\
\"ledZ“´‘nd
\lIm´"zi…n\
\"laIn øp\
\lÅft\
\"mA…st´pi…s\
\"mœtIneI\
\"mju…zIkl\
\´Uld "fœS´nd\
\"peIntIN\
\"pœnIk\
\pœp´"rœtsi\
\p´"fO…m´ns\
\pr´"naUns\
\"pøblIS\
\"rA…zb´ri\
\ri…"œl´ti\
\"rekO…d\
\rI"pO…t\
\"rekwi´m\
spedizione
fama
fantastico (a)
stupendo
diritti umani
iceberg
idolo
impressionista
in profondità
insulto
inventare
investitore
jackpot
canguro
lavoro ai ferri
leggenda
limousine
schiera
attico
capolavoro
spettacolo del mattino
musical
antiquato (a)
dipinto
panico
essere in preda al panico
paparazzi
spettacolo
pronunciare
pubblicare
lampone
realtà
registrazione, disco
annunciare
requiem
34
ridiculous (adj) Who will wear the most ridiculous dress at this year’s Oscars?
series (n) C The first series of Big Brother was filmed in Holland.
session (n) C At The Sound Barrier on Oxford Street there’s a Brazilian tech-funk session.
sold out (adj) I’m sorry, sir, we’re sold out.
spy (n) C The James Bond books were written by a British spy, Ian Fleming.
stalls (n pl) We’ve got seats in the stalls for Saturday.
statue (n) C A librarian said that the statue awards looked like her Uncle Oscar.
stay tuned Stay tuned for this year’s Oscars ceremony.
survivor (n) C In the UK, Big Brother is more popular than Survivor.
talented (adj) The gorgeous, talented and wonderful Robbie Williams is at the Wembley
Arena for three nights.
TV channel (n) C The ceremony is shown on cable TV channels.
unmissable (adj) The Oscars ceremony is good fun and unmissable television.
urban (adj) The documentary is about the life of an urban kangaroo.
video tape (n) C They apply to take part in the programme by sending video tapes to the
producers.
viewer (n) C The viewers vote for their favourite programme.
weekly (adj) Now for our weekly look at what’s on.
wharf (n) C There’s a fascinating afternoon of dance at Canary Wharf.
Unit 10
Animals
cat (n) C He loved animals, especially cats.
dog (n) C She never travels without her dogs.
goldfish (n) C A goldfish is a small orange fish, often kept as a pet.
hamster (n) C A hamster is a very small furry animal, kept as a pet.
lizard (n) C Some Americans have strange pets (for example pigs and lizards).
monkey (n) C A monkey is an animal with a long tail that climbs trees and uses its
hands like people do.
parrot (n) C A parrot is a brightly coloured tropical bird, often kept as a pet.
pig (n) C Some Americans have strange pets (for example pigs and lizards).
rabbit (n) C A rabbit is a small animal with long ears and soft fur, often kept as a pet.
rat (n) C A rat is an animal like a large mouse with a long tail.
\rI"dIkjUl´s\
\"si´ri…z\
\"seSn\
\s´Uld "aUt\
\spaI\
\stO…lz\
\"stœtSu…\
\steI "tju…nd\
\s´"vaIv´\
\"tœl´ntId\
\ti… "vi… tSœnl\
\øn"mIs´bl\
\"‰…b´n\
\"vIdI´U teIp\
\"vju…´\
\"wi…kli\
\wO…f\
\kœt\
\dÅg\
\"g´UldfIS\
\"hœmst´\
\"lIz´d\
\"møNki\
\"pœr´t\
\pIg\
\"rœbIt\
\rœt\
ridicolo
serie
sessione
esaurito (a)
spia
platea
statua
sintonizzarsi
sopravvissuto
dotato (a)
canale televisivo
imperdibile
urbano
video
telespettatore
settimanale
banchina
gatto
cane
pesce rosso
criceto
lucertola
scimmia
pappagallo
maiale
coniglio
ratto
35
Collocations with get
get divorced Getting divorced is very stressful.
get fired He got fired because he was always late.
get ill She got very ill and took two months off work.
get into (financial) difficulties They got into financial difficulties and closed the company.
get into trouble They got into trouble with the police.
get married They got married in a beautiful church.
get promoted She got promoted because her work was so good.
Sport
aerobics (n) U Aerobics is physical exercise done while listening to music.
champion (n) C Australia has a large number of world champions in different sports.
cricket (n) U Australians enjoy watching international cricket matches.
cycling (n) U Cycling is the sport of riding a bicycle.
final (n) C The Grand Final of Australian Rules Football is an important event in the
sporting calendar.
golf (n) U Golf is a popular sport in Australia.
horse racing (n) U The Melbourne Cup is a horse racing event.
marathon (n) C Would you like to run a marathon?
motor racing (n) U The Australian Grand Prix is a motor racing event.
race (n) C She ran the race in 2 hours 10 minutes.
running (n) U Running is the activity of running as a sport.
soccer (n) U Have you ever been to an international soccer match?
squash (n) U Squash is a sport in which two players hit a ball against a wall.
swimming (n) U Swimming helps you to get fit.
tennis (n) U Tennis is a game in which two or four players use a racket to hit a ball
over a net.
weight training (n) U Weight training is exercise that involves lifting weights in a gym.
yoga (n) U Yoga is an activity that involves doing physical and breathing exercises to
make you relax.
\get dI"vO…st\
\get "faI´d\
\get "Il\
\get Intu… “faI"nœnSl‘ "dIfIkltIz\
\get Intu… "trøbl\
\get "mœrId\
\get pr´"m´UtId\
\e´"r´UbIks\
\"tSœmpi´n\
\"krIkIt\
\"saIklIN\
\"faIn´l\
\gÅlf\
\"hO…s reIsIN\
\"mœr´T“´‘n\
\"m´Ut´ reIsIN\
\reIs\
\"rønIN\
\"sÅk´\
\skwÅS\
\"swImIN\
\"tenIs\
\"weIt treInIN\
\"j´Ug´\
divorziare
essere licenziato
ammalarsi
incontrare difficoltà
(finanziarie)
finire nei guai
sposarsi
ottenere una promozione
aerobica
campione
cricket
ciclismo
finale
golf
corsa ippica
maratona
corsa automobilistica
corsa
corsa podistica
calcio
squash
nuoto
tennis
allenamento con pesi
yoga
36
Body & health
adrenaline (n) U When you feel under stress your body produces adrenaline.
antibiotic (n) C You don’t need antibiotics – just lots of rest.
appointment (n) C I’ll make an appointment with the receptionist.
aspirin (n) C/U You should take some aspirin for the pain.
back (n) C It hurts everywhere – my back, my chest, my neck.
blood pressure (n) U Your blood pressure goes up when you’re stressed.
brain (n) C Stress can lead to the loss of brain cells.
breast cancer (n) U They raised two million pounds for a breast cancer clinic.
breathe (v) Do you sometimes find it difficult to breathe?
cell (n) C Stress can lead to loss of brain cells.
check-up (n) C He’s going into hospital for a check-up on his heart.
chest (n) It’s my chest doctor. It’s been really painful.
cold (n) C She’s got a cold and a cough.
cough (n) C/(v) She’s got a cold and a cough. (n)
When you cough you force air up through your throat with a sudden noise. (v)
diagnosis (n) C The doctor’s diagnosis was that Mike was suffering from stress.
ear (n) C Your ears are the two parts at the side of your head that you hear with.
examine (v) The vet examined the dog.
exhausted (adj) Both runners are completely exhausted.
eye (n) C My eyes hurt, here behind my eyes.
flu (n) U Flu can be serious.
hangover (n) C What is the best cure for a hangover?
headache (n) C I’ve got a bad headache.
heart attack (n) C He suffered a heart attack earlier this year.
heart rate (n) U Your heart rate goes up when you’re stressed.
hormone (n) C When you’re under stress your body produces the hormones adrenaline
and cortisol.
hurt (v) “Where does it hurt?” “My stomach.”
illness (n) C Stress can cause illnesses.
mouth (n) C Put this in your mouth. I want to see if you’ve got a temperature.
multiple sclerosis (n) U They raised more than four million pounds for a multiple sclerosis
research centre.
\´"dren´lIn\
\ÆœntibaI"ÅtIk\
\´"pOIntm´nt\
\"œsprIn\
\bœk\
\"blød preS´\
\breIn\
\"brest kœns´\
\bri…D\
\sel\
\"tSekøp\
\tSest\
\k´Uld\
\kÅf\
\daI´g"n´UsIs\
\I´\
\Ig"zœmIn\
\Ig"zO…stId\
\aI\
\flu…\
\"hœN´Uv´\
\"hedeIk\
\"hA…t ´tœk\
\"hA…t reIt\
\"hO…m´Un\
\h‰…t\
\"Iln´s\
\maUT\
\møltIpl skl´"r´UsIs\
adrenalina
antibiotico
appuntamento
antidolorifico
schiena
pressione sanguigna
cervello
cancro al seno
respirare
cellula
check-up
torace
raffreddore
tosse
diagnosi
orecchio
visitare
stremato (a)
occhio
influenza
postumi di una sbornia
mal di testa
attacco cardiaco
pulsazioni
ormone
far male
malattia
bocca
sclerosi multipla
37
muscle (n) C I think you’ve pulled a muscle.
neck (n) C I’ve got pains in my chest and neck.
nose (n) C Your nose is the part of your face that you smell with.
operation (n) C I feel nervous – this is the first operation I’ve had.
oxygen (n) U When your body needs more oxygen your heart rate goes up.
pain (n) C He’s got pains in his stomach.
painful (adj) My neck’s very painful.
paracetamol (n) C/U Take some paracetamol for the pain.
prescription (n) C I’ll give you a prescription for antibiotics.
skin (n) U Stress can cause skin problems.
specialist (n) C She’s seen different specialists since the illness started.
stomach ache (n) C/U I’ve had a stomach ache for a few days.
suffer (from sth) (v) A lot of people suffer from stress.
symptom (n) C What are the symptoms of flu?
temperature (n) C/U Stuart’s temperature is 39º.
throat (n) C My throat hurts.
treatment (n) U What is the best treatment for a hangover?
vitamin (n) C Fruit and vegetables contain Vitamin C.
weight (n) U She’s lost a lot of weight recently.
X-ray (n) C What did the X-ray of my head show?
Other words & phrases
achievement (n) C The most astonishing thing about this achievement is that he suffered a
heart attack earlier this year.
affect (v) Stress can affect us all.
arrival (n) C/U The big event for the spectators was the arrival on the line of Ranulph
Fiennes and Mike Stroud.
beauty therapist (n) C Being a beauty therapist is not a stressful job.
bronze (n) U Christopher Cheboiboch took the bronze.
brush (v) Asking a friend to brush your hair is one way of dealing with stress.
calendar (n) C What are the most important events in the sporting calendar in Australia?
canoe (n) C/(v) A canoe is a long narrow boat that you push through the water with a
paddle. (n)
They canoed up the Amazon. (v)
\"møsl\
\nek\
\n´Uz\
\Åp´"reISn\
\"ÅksIdZ“´‘n\
\peIn\
\"peInfl\
\pœr´"si…t´mÅl\
\prI"skrIpSn\
\skIn\
\"speS´lIst\
\"støm´k eIk\
\"søf´\
\"sImpt´m\
\"temprItS´\
\Tr´Ut\
\"tri…tm´nt\
\"vIt´mIn\
\weIt\
\"eks reI\
\´"tSi…vm´nt\
\´"fekt\
\´"raIvl\
\"bju…ti Ter´pIst\
\brÅnz\
\brøS\
\"kœlInd´\
\k´"nu…\
muscolo
collo
naso
operazione
ossigeno
dolore
doloroso
paracetamol
ricetta
pelle
specialista
mal di stomaco
soffrire di
sintomo
febbre
gola
cura
vitamina
peso
radiografia
risultato
colpire
arrivo
estetista
bronzo
spazzolare
calendario
canoa
andare in canoa
38
cause (v) Getting divorced can cause stress.
celebrate (v) There’s a party tonight to celebrate the end of the race.
continent (n) C They ran seven marathons in seven different continents.
contribute (v) Stress can contribute to illnesses.
crazy about (sth) (adj) Americans are crazy about animals.
cry (v) How often do you cry?
deep (adj) The marathon began in the deep south of South America.
desert (n) C/U The lost city of Ubar is in the desert of Oman.
farm (n) C Pigs are farm animals.
gardener (n) C Being a gardener is not a stressful job.
gross national product The GNP of a medium-sized South American country is roughly $30 billion.
(GNP) (n) U
hockey (n) U If Wayne doesn’t sleep he doesn’t play good hockey.
memory (n) C I’ve got a problem with my memory.
official (adj) Fiennes and Stroud crossed the line with an official time of 5 hours 25
minutes and 46 seconds.
over-work (n) U The most common cause of stress is over-work.
point (n) C The article in the newspaper proves my point.
prove (v) The article in the newspaper proves my point.
raise (v) They raised millions of pounds for the British Heart Foundation.
scale (n) U At the top of the scale of stress are police officers and teachers.
spectator (n) C Seeing Fiennes and Stroud was the big event for the spectators.
stopover (n) C They completed a marathon at each stopover.
stress (n) U Do you ever suffer from stress?
stressful (adj) Police officers and teachers have stressful jobs.
stuff (n) U Cher wanted Dr Attas to come to the airport to look after her dog.
Crazy stuff, huh?
up to date (adj) Sunil Gupta will bring us up to date with the news from New York.
vet (n) C A vet visited the house and examined the dog
veterinary practice (n) U Dr Attas runs a veterinary practice called CityPets.
\kO…z\
\"sel´breIt\
\"kÅntIn´nt\
\k´n"trIbju…t\
\"kreIzi ´baUt\
\kraI\
\di…p\
\"dez´t\
\fA…m\
\"gA…dn´\
\gr´Us nœSn“´‘l
"prÅdøkt\; \dZI… en "pI…\
\"hÅki\
\"mem“´‘ri\
\´"fISl\
\´Uv´"w‰…k\
\pOInt\
\pru…v\
\reIz\
\skeIl\
\spek"teIt´\
\"stÅp´Uv´\
\stres\
\"stresfl\
\støf\
\øp t´ "deIt\
\vet\
\"vet“´‘nri prœktIs\
causare
celebrare
continente
contribuire
pazzo per (qualcosa)
piangere
profondo
deserto
fattoria
giardiniere
prodotto interno lordo (PIL)
hockey
memoria
ufficiale
lavoro eccessivo
punto
dimostrare
raccogliere
scala
spettatore
fermata
stress
stressante
roba
aggiornato (a)
veterinario
studio veterinario
39
Unit 11
Personal possessions
car (n) C I needed a car to get to work.
CD player (n) C A CD player is a piece of equipment used for playing CDs.
computer (n) C I’m looking for a computer – a little one that you can put in your pocket.
credit card (n) C “How would you like to pay?” “By credit card.”
lipstick (n) C/U Lipstick is a coloured substance that women put on their lips.
motorbike (n) C A motorbike is a vehicle with two wheels and an engine that looks like a
large heavy bicycle.
MP3 player (n) C An MP3 player is a piece of equipment used for playing music stored on
computer files.
pen (n) C A pen is an object used for writing with ink.
phone (n) C You mustn’t use your mobile phone in a plane.
sunglasses (n pl) Sunglasses are dark glasses that you wear when it is sunny.
TV (n) C A TV is a piece of equipment used for watching programmes.
watch (n) C A watch is a small clock that you wear on your wrist.
Clothes
boot (n) C Boots are a type of shoe that cover your foot and part of your leg.
cardigan (n) C A cardigan is a jacket made from wool that you fasten with buttons or a zip.
changing room (n) C “Can I try this on?” “Yes, the changing room is over there.”
dress (n) C That black dress you tried on really suited you.
fit (v) The red dress doesn’t fit me.
flip flops (n pl) Philip Dale went to work wearing casual shorts and flip flops.
go with (v) Your tie doesn’t go with your shirt.
gown (n) C Students at Oxford must wear black gowns when they take their exams.
jacket (n) C The boys had to wear a grey jacket and tie to work.
jeans (n pl) I really like your jeans. Where did you get them?
jersey (n) C A jersey is a warm piece of clothing that covers your upper body and arms.
scarf (n) C A scarf is a piece of material that you wear round your neck to keep warm.
\kA…\
\si… "di… pleI´\
\k´m"pju…t´\
\"kredIt kA…d\
\"lIpstIk\
\"m´Ut´baIk\
\em pi… "Tri… pleI´\
\pen\
\f´Un\
\"sønglA…sIz\
\ti… "vi…\
\wÅtS\
\bu…t\
\"kA…dIg´n\
\"tSeIndZIN ru…m\
\dres\
\fIt\
\"flIp flÅps\
\"g´U wID\
\gaUn\
\"dZœkIt\
\dZi…nz\
\"dZ‰…zi\
\skA…f\
automobile
lettore CD
computer
carta di credito
rossetto
motocicletta
lettore MP3
penna
telefono
occhiali da sole
televisore
orologio
stivale
cardigan
spogliatoio
vestito (da donna)
andar bene
infradito
abbinarsi
toga
giacca
jeans
maglia
sciarpa
40
shirt (n) C Your tie doesn’t go with your shirt.
shorts (n pl) Shorts and flip flops are not formal enough for work.
skirt (n) C In most state schools children don’t have to choose their own trousers or skirt.
sock (n) C Socks are the soft pieces of clothing that you wear on your feet inside
your shoes.
suit (n) C He needs a new suit to wear for his interview.
suit (v) What colour suits you best?
sweatshirt (n) C In most state schools children have to wear a school sweatshirt.
tie (n) C Your tie doesn’t go with your shirt.
top (n) C Maybe I’ll just get a top that goes with my black skirt.
trainers (n pl) We couldn’t wear trainers – we had to wear black shoes.
trousers (n pl) Why do men have to wear trousers and ties?
try on (v) Can I try this top on?
T-shirt (n) C A T-shirt is a soft shirt that usually has short sleeves and no collar.
underwear (n) U Underwear is clothing that you wear next to your skin under your other clothes.
Other words & phrases
antique (n) C Portobello Road has a lot of interesting antique shops.
awful (adj) Oh, God, it’s that awful man!
bargain (n) C Done some shopping, I see. Any bargains?
bloke (n) C There I was with some really gorgeous bloke and the last train home was
really early.
branch (n) C A new branch of Home Comforts opens this week.
candle (n) C Mum gave me money to buy wax to make candles.
case (n) C The case will continue in court.
casual (adj) The company thinks that Mr Dale’s clothes are too casual.
chain (n) C Home Comforts is an international chain of home and furniture shops.
client (n) C Mr Dale doesn’t have to meet clients.
department store (n) C There are lots of large department stores on Oxford Street.
discrimination (n) U The important question here is the question of sexual discrimination.
electronic (adj) You can buy hi-fis, TVs and other electronic equipment on Tottenham
Court Rd.
employee (n) C Employees must wear suitable clothes in the workplace.
enormous (adj) There are three enormous bookshops on Charing Cross Road.
formal (adj) Shorts and flip flops are not formal enough.
\S‰…t\
\SO…ts\
\sk‰…t\
\sÅk\
\su…t\
\su…t\
\"swetS‰…t\
\taI\
\tÅp\
\"treIn´z\
\"traUz´z\
\traI "Ån\
\"ti… S‰…t\
\"ønd´we´\
\œn"ti…k\
\"O…fl\
\"bA…gIn\
\bl´Uk\
\brA…ntS\
\"kœndl\
\keIs\
\"kœZu´l\
\tSeIn\
\"klaI´nt\
\dI"pA…tm´nt stO…\
\dIskrImI"neISn\
\elek"trÅnIk\
\emplOI"i…\
\I"nO…m´s\
\"fO…ml\
camicia
pantaloncini
gonna
calzino
vestito (da uomo)
star bene
felpa
cravatta
top
scarpe da ginnastica
pantaloni
provare
T-shirt
biancheria intima
di antiquariato
terribile
acquisto conveniente
tizio, individuo
filiale
candela
caso
casual
catena
cliente
grande magazzino
discriminazione
elettronico (a)
dipendente
enorme
formale
41
furniture (n) U They sell everything from designer furniture to silver jewellery.
garage (n) C I went to a garage to look at the new cars.
gold (n) U You’ve got some really nice gold jewellery.
hurry (v) If you hurry somewhere, you go there quickly.
image (n) C The company must think about its image.
impress (v) He bought a new car to impress his girlfriend.
incense (n) U In the first store we only sold incense and candles.
instead (of) (adv) Instead of the usual “Good morning” from his boss, Mr Dale was told to go
home and change.
investment (n) C The American Express card was the best investment we ever made.
jewellery (n) U We sell everything from designer furniture to silver jewellery.
joke (n) C She told me jokes and stories so I didn’t get bored.
judge (v) Do you think you can judge a person’s personality by their clothes?
medium (adj) “What size are you?” “Medium.”
mega-store (n) C There are two mega-stores for CDs, DVDs and games on Oxford Street.
mum (n) C Mum gave me money to buy wax to make candles.
overtime (n) U I worked overtime to earn more money.
professionalism (n) U Employees must wear suitable clothes. It’s a question of professionalism.
recommend (v) Are there any shops that you don’t recommend?
roof (n) C A roof is the top outer part of a building.
sell out (v) The candles sold out in twenty minutes.
seriously (adv) We want our clients to take us seriously.
sexy (adj) The car had very sexy sports wheels.
shape (n) C I made candles of all different shapes and sizes.
sign (v) He signed the contract right there in the restaurant.
silver (n) U Silver or gold would look really good with that skirt.
size (n) C “What size are you?” “Medium.”
spokeswoman (n) C “This is work, not a holiday on the beach,” said a company spokeswoman.
stall (n) C My mother sold vegetarian food from a stall at Camden Market.
store (n) C The new store is in London’s Camden High Street.
suitable (adj) Employees must wear suitable clothes.
uniform (n) C Do children in your country have to wear a uniform to school?
wax (n) U Mum gave me money to buy wax to make more candles.
wheel (n) C The car had very sexy sports wheels.
\"f‰…nItS´\
\"gœrIdZ\
\g´Uld\
\"høri\
\"ImIdZ\
\Im"pres\
\"Insens\
\In"sted (´v)\
\In"vestm´nt\
\"dZu…´lri\
\dZ´Uk\
\dZødZ\
\"mi…di´m\
\"meg´stO…\
\møm\
\"´Uv´taIm\
\pr´"feSn´lIz“´‘m\
\rek´"mend\
\ru…f\
\sel "aUt\
\"sI´ri´sli\
\"seksi\
\SeIp\
\saIn\
\"sIlv´\
\saIz\
\"sp´UkswUm´n\
\stO…l\
\stO…\
\"su…t´bl\
\"ju…nIfO…m\
\wœks\
\wi…l\
mobilio
garage
oro
affrettarsi
immagine
colpire, impressionare
incenso
invece (di)
investimento
gioielli
barzelletta
giudicare
medio (a)
mega-store, grande magazzino
mamma
straordinario
professionalità
raccomandare
tetto
esaurire
seriamente
molto bello (a)
forma
firmare
argento
taglia
portavoce
banco
negozio
appropriato (a), adatto (a)
divisa
cera
ruota
42
Unit 12
Phrasal verbs
call (sth) off Unfortunately the concert was called off.
carry on (+ verb + -ing) Are you going to carry on seeing him?
give (sth) up He decided to give up smoking.
pick (sb) up James came to pick us up at our guest house.
put (sth) off The meeting was put off until next week.
sort (sth) out She needs to sort out her money problems.
take off The plane took off one hour late.
Festivals
band (n) C All the bands in the carnival meet before the parades.
carnival (n) C Venice has a carnival that is famous for its beautiful masks.
costume (n) C We changed into our costumes.
display (n) C A fireworks display is a special show of fireworks to entertain people.
fireworks (n pl) Fireworks are objects that explode with coloured lights and noise when
you light them.
float (n) C There was a huge float with a steel band in the procession.
mask (n) C The carnival in Venice is famous for its beautiful masks.
parade (n) C We went downstairs to join the parade.
procession (n) C By the time we went downstairs the procession was a lot bigger.
(loud) speaker (n) C One of the floats was covered in speakers.
Countries & languages
Arabic Arabic comes after Russian in the list of the most widely spoken languages.
Brazil The Rio de Janeiro Carnival is in Brazil.
China Marco Polo’s family called off their plan to travel to China by sea.
Chinese The most widely spoken language in the world is Mandarin Chinese.
France In 1996 Steve raced in the 24-hour Classic at Le Mans in France.
French At number eight in the list is French with about 130 million speakers.
\kO…l "Åf\
\kœri "Ån\
\gIv "øp\
\pIk "øp\
\pUt "Åf\
\sO…t "aUt\
\teIk "Åf\
\bœnd\
\"kA…nivl\
\"kÅstju…m\
\dI"spleI\
\"faI´w‰…ks\
\fl´Ut\
\mA…sk\
\p´"reId\
\pr´"seSn\
\“laUd‘ "spi…k´\
\"œr´bIk\
\br´"zIl\
\"tSaIn´\
\tSaI"ni…z\
\frA…ns\
\frentS\
annullare
continuare a
smettere
prendere
rinviare
risolvere
decollare
banda musicale
carnevale
costume
spettacolo
fuochi d’artificio
carro
maschera
parata
sfilata
altoparlante
arabo
Brasile
Cina
cinese
Francia
francese
43
German German is the language spoken in Germany.
Greece Athens is the capital of Greece.
Greek Greek is the language spoken in Greece.
Hungarian Hungarian is the language spoken in Hungary.
Hungary Hungarian is the language spoken in Hungary.
Italian Italian is the language spoken in Italy.
Italy Italian is the language spoken in Italy.
Japan Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
Japanese Japanese is the language spoken in Japan.
Latin English has become the Latin of the modern world.
Poland Warsaw is the capital of Poland.
Polish Polish is the language spoken in Poland.
Portuguese Number seven on the list is Portuguese with about 200 million speakers.
Russia Moscow is the capital of Russia.
Russian Russian is the language spoken in Russia.
Saudi Arabia Riyadh is the capital of Saudi Arabia.
Spain Madrid is the capital of Spain.
Spanish After English, the next language on our list is Spanish.
Turkey Istanbul is the capital of Turkey.
Turkish Turkish is the language spoken in Turkey.
Global issues
clone (n) C/(v) A clone is an exact copy of an animal or plant created in a laboratory. (n)
Scientists clone 12 sheep. (v)
crime (n) C/U Police need more money to fight online crime.
environment (n) C/U The environment is the natural world, including land, water and air.
genetic engineering (n) U Genetic engineering is the solution to the world’s food problems.
genetically modified (adj) I never eat food that is genetically modified.
global warming (n) U We shouldn’t worry too much about global warming.
health (n) U Oxfam trains health workers and sets up schools.
homeless (adj) Would you like to give some money for Christmas presents for homeless
children?
minimum wage (n) C The government should increase the minimum wage.
nature conservation (n) C Nature conservation is the process of protecting the environment,
including animals, plants etc.
\"dZ‰…m´n\
\gri…s\
\gri…k\
\høn"ge´ri´n\
\"høng´ri\
\I"tœli´n\
\"It´li\
\dZ´"pœn\
\dZœp´"ni…z\
\"lœtIn\
\"p´Ul´nd\
\"p´UlIS\
\pO…tSU"gi…z\
\"røS´\
\"røSn\
\saUdi ´"reIbi´\
\speIn\
\"spœnIS\
\"t‰…ki\
\"t‰…kIS\
\kl´Un\
\kraIm\
\In"vaIr´nm´nt\
\dZ´netIk endZ´"nI´rIN\
\dZ´netIkli "mÅdIfaId\
\gl´Ubl "wO…mIN\
\helT\
\"h´Uml´s\
\mInIm´m "weIdZ\
\"neItS´ kÅns´veISn\
tedesco
Grecia
greco
ungherese
Ungheria
italiano
Italia
Giappone
giapponese
latino
Polonia
polacco
portoghese
Russia
russo
Arabia Saudita
Spagna
spagnolo
Turchia
turco
clone
clonare
crimine
ambiente
ingegneria genetica
geneticamente modificato
riscaldamento globale
salute
senzatetto
salario minimo
difesa dell’ambiente
44
organic food (n) C Do you think organic food is a waste of money?
poverty (n) U There’s always a strong connection between poverty and crime.
protester (n) C The newspaper showed pictures of protesters in the trees.
rainforest (n) C/U Brazil opens rainforest reserve.
Other words & phrases
academic (adj) English is the main language of business, academic conferences and tourism.
adventurer (n) C Steve Fossett is an American adventurer.
aeroplane (n) C He holds the Round the World record for small aeroplanes.
attempt (n) C He had a few problems and almost called the attempt off.
balloon (n) C On another occasion, there was a small fire in the balloon.
ballooning (n) U Steve now plans to give up ballooning.
charity (n) C/U Oxfam International is one of the world’s biggest charities.
climatologist (n) C A climatologist is a technical term for a weather scientist.
coast (n) C Hungary is a country that has no sea coast.
collect (v) He travelled through the Amazon jungle and collected plants.
compare (v) Compared to Steve’s earlier attempts, these were only small problems.
delay (v) He had to delay his departure because of a problem with the wind.
dialect (n) C Different dialects and accents depend on geographical area and social class.
dirt (n) U People cover themselves with dirt, mud and oil at the carnival.
emergency (n) C Oxfam responds to emergencies.
epic (adj) Steve was able to carry on with his epic journey.
field (n) C Protesters destroyed fields.
flood (n) C Oxfam provides food and shelter for people who have lost their homes
in floods.
forest (n) C There have been forest fires in Southern France.
fortunate (adj) Not everyone is as fortunate as myself.
generous (adj) “Is one pound enough?” “Well, it’s not exactly generous.”
geographical (adj) Accents depend on the geographical area where people live.
glider (n) C His next project is to fly a glider to the edge of space.
gliding (n) U Steve’s latest interest is gliding.
guest house (n) C They stayed in a guest house near the town centre.
guide (n) C The tour guide took them around the walls of the old city.
\O…"gœnIk fu…d\
\"pÅv´ti\
\pr´"test´\
\"reInfÅrIst\
\œk´"demIk\
\´d"ventS“´‘r´\
\"e´r´pleIn\
\´"tempt\
\b´"lu…n\
\b´"lu…nIN\
\"tSœr´ti\
\klaIm´"tÅl´dZIst\
\k´Ust\
\k´"lekt\
\k´m"pe´\
\dI"leI\
\"daI´lekt\
\d‰…t\
\I"m‰…dZ“´‘nsi\
\"epIk\
\fi…ld\
\flød\
\"fÅrIst\
\"fO…tS´n´t\
\"dZen´r´s\
\dZi…´"grœfIkl\
\"glaId´\
\"glaIdIN\
\"gest haUs\
\gaId\
alimento biologico
povertà
dimostrante
foresta pluviale
accademico (a)
esploratore
aeroplano
tentativo
pallone aerostatico
volare in pallone aerostatico
organizzazione benefica
climatologo
costa
raccogliere
paragonare
ritardare
dialetto
terra
emergenza
epico (a)
campo
inondazione
foresta
fortunato (a)
generoso (a)
geografico (a)
aliante
volare in aliante
pensione
guida
45
handsome (adj) Who is that handsome young man standing over there?
helicopter (n) C A helicopter is an aircraft with large metal blades on top that spin.
helium (n) U Steve finally got out of his helium-filled balloon at Lake Yamma Yamma.
horse (n) C He travelled on horse and on foot along the Niger River.
hostel (n) C New hostels will be built for homeless men.
hurricane (n) C Oxfam provides food and shelter for people who have lost their homes in
hurricanes.
middle-class (adj) Middle-class accents are usually closer to Standard English.
mud (n) U People cover themselves with dirt, mud and oil at the carnival.
native speaker (n) C Most English around the world is spoken and written by non-native speakers.
newsreader (n) C TV newsreaders use Standard English.
ocean (n) C In 1492 Columbus first sailed across the Atlantic Ocean.
onion (n) C Do you like cheese and onion flavour crisps?
opera (n) C/U The summer festival in Verona is for people who like opera.
politician (n) C Politicians try to find solutions to the world’s problems.
property (n) U English is no longer the property of the British, Americans or Australians.
respond (v) Oxfam is a charity that responds to emergencies.
rhinoceros (n) C Who will save the Javan rhinoceros?
sail (v) How long does it take to sail across the lake?
sailing (n) U Steve holds eight world records for speed sailing.
soca (n) U Soca is a kind of music which is played at carnival time.
social class (n) C Accents depend on social class and geographical area.
solo (adj)/(adv) A solo attempt to do something is done by one person alone. (adj)
Steve became the first person to fly solo round the world. (adv)
solution (n) C Do you agree that genetic engineering is the solution to the world’s food
problems?
solve (v) There are many mysteries that have never been solved.
speed (n) C/U He holds eight world records for speed sailing.
steel (n) U We were behind a huge float with a steel band.
suffering (n) C/U Oxfam’s aim is to find lasting solutions to poverty and suffering.
virus (n) C A computer virus shut down government websites.
wage (n) C The European Parliament is to vote on the minimum wage.
wealthy (adj) A wealthy Californian may not understand a working-class New Yorker.
working-class (adj) A wealthy Californian may not understand a working-class New Yorker.
\"hœns“´‘m\
\"helIkÅpt´\
\"hi…li´m\
\hO…s\
\"hÅstl\
\"hørIkeIn\
\mIdl"klA…s\
\mød\
\neItIv "spi…k´\
\"nju…zri…d´\
\"´USn\
\"ønj´n\
\"Åp“´‘r´\
\pÅlI"tISn\
\"prÅp´ti\
\rIs"pÅnd\
\raI"nÅs“´‘r´s\
\seIl\
\"seIlIN\
\"sÅk´\
\s´USl "klA…s\
\"s´Ul´U\
\s´"lu…Sn\
\sÅlv\
\spi…d\
\sti…l "bœnd\
\"søf´rIN\
\"vaIr´s\
\weIdZ\
\"welTi\
\wO…kIN"klA…s\
bello (a), attraente
elicottero
elio
cavallo
ostello
uragano
borghesia, classe media
fango
parlante nativo
annunciatore
oceano
cipolla
opera
politico
proprietà
intervenire
rinoceronte
navigare (a vela)
navigazione (a vela)
soca
classe sociale
solitario (a)
da solo
soluzione
risolvere
velocità
acciaio
sofferenza
virus
salario
ricco
classe operaia
46
Yes/No questionsForma interrogativa di to bePer volgere to be alla forma interrogativa lo si premette al soggetto.
verbo soggettoIs he French?Are you married?
Per rispondere ad una domanda di questo tipo si possono, in alcuni casi, usarele risposte brevi.
Is he French? Yes, he is.Are they married? No, they aren’t.
Present simple di to beAm I Is he/she/it married?Are you/we/they
Past simple di to be
Was I he/she/it at school yesterday?
Were you/we/they
Risposte brevi
Iam/was.’m not/wasn’t.
Yes, he/she/it is/was.No, isn’t/wasn’t.
you/we/they are/were.aren’t/weren’t.
Forma interrogativa del present simple e del past simpleLa forma interrogativa del present simple e quella del past simplesi ottengono premettendo, rispettivamente, l’ausiliare do/does e l’ausiliare didal soggetto seguito dall’infinito senza to.
ausiliare soggetto infinito senza toDo you like pop music?Does she live in London?Did she enjoy the party?
Possiamo rispondere a queste domande con le risposte brevi.Do you like pop music? Yes, I do.Does she live in London? No, she doesn’t.
Present simple Do I Does he/she/it like pop music?Do you/we/they
Past simple
DidI
to the cinema he/she/it go last night?you/we/they
Risposte brevi
Yes,
I do/did.
No,
don’t/didn’t.
he/she/it does/did.doesn’t/didn’t.
you/we/they do/did.don’t/didn’t.
Forme interrogative di altre forme verbaliLe altre forme verbali (per esempio, present continuous, can, will) sonocomposte con un ausiliare o sono ausiliari e, perciò, la loro forma interrogativasi ottiene premettendo l’ausiliare al soggetto seguito dal verbo principale.
ausiliare soggetto verbo principaleAre you listening?Can we start?Will she phone?
Possiamo rispondere a queste domande con risposte brevi..
Are you listening? Yes, I am.Can we start? No, we can’t.Will she phone? No, she won’t.
Wh- questionsI più comuni aggettivi e pronomi interrogativi – what, which, when, where,why, who e how – precedono il verbo o l’ausiliare quando si fa una domanda.
What is her daughter’s name?Who was your first boyfriend?When did they arrive?
Language reference 1
47
How e what possono unirsi ad altre parole (aggettivi, nomi, avverbi)mantenendo la funzione di aggettivi e pronomi interrogativi e, perciò, precedonoil verbo o l’ausiliare nelle domande.
aggettivi (far, old, popular, tall)
How+avverbi (often, well, etc)much (much money, much time)many (many children, many cousins)
How old is Sarah?How often do you travel by train?How many CDs does he have?
What+ nome (colour, time, etc)kind of/sort of/type of
What colour is their car?What time is it?What kind of pizza do you like?
Past simpleSi usa il past simple per parlare di azioni e situazioni passate e concluse
I left school in 1999. Then I went to University.I liked rock music when I was a teenager.
Con il past simple si usa spesso un’espressione di tempo, per esempioyesterday, last week, in 2003.
I saw John yesterday.We lived in Brussels in 2003.
Forma affermativa e forma negativaI foundHe/She/It didn’t find a job. You/We/They
Forma interrogativaI
When did he/she/it find a job?you/we/they
Risposte breviDid you find a job? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
La forma affermativa del past simple dei verbi regolari si ottiene aggiungendo -edall’infinito senza to. Vi sono tre tipi di variazioni ortografiche:
1 Quando il verbo termina in -e, si aggiunge soltanto -d.like ➔ liked love ➔ loved
2 Quando il verbo termina in -y preceduta da consonante, la -y diventa -i + -ed.study ➔ studied try ➔ tried
3 Alcuni verbi terminanti in consonante raddoppiano la stessa.plan ➔ planned stop ➔ stopped
Altri verbi appartenenti a questo gruppo sono: admit, chat, control, drop, nod,occur, refer, regret, rob, transfer e trap.
Molti verbi di uso comune formano il passato in modo irregolare
eat ➔ ate go ➔ went leave ➔ left
Language reference 1 Language reference 2
48
Used toUsed to indica condizioni o azioni abituali o ripetute al passato.
My family used to live in Rome.We used to go out for a meal every Saturday.
Used to può sempre essere sostituito dal past simple ma non indica mai azionipassate accadute una sola volta.
We used to live in Rome. = We lived in Rome.My family moved back to London in 1995. Non My family used to move back to London in 1995.
Forma affermativa e forma negativaI
used to likeHe/She/Itdidn’t use to walk to
school.
You/We/They Forma interrogativa
DidI
likeHe/she/it use towalk to
school?You/we/they
Risposte brevi
Did you use to like school? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
Past continuous Il past continuous si usa per indicare azioni in corso di svolgimento in unparticolare momento al passato. Il past simple è spesso usato per descrivere ilcontesto di un’azione o situazione.
It was the end of term and the students were doing their exams.
doing exams
azione end of term contesto
Il past simple e il past continuous sono spesso usati in unione tra di loro perindicare, con il past simple, azioni che interrompono il corso delle azioniespresse dal past continuous.
I was walking into class when my phone rang. (Per prima cosa sono entrato in classe e, poi, il mio telefono ha squillato.)
Non si usano, di solito, i verbi di stato nelle forme continuous.
Vedi a pag. 44 un elenco di verbi di stato comunemente usati.
She knew that he was happy. Non She was knowing he was happy.
Forma affermativa e forma negativaI wasHe/She/It wasn’t talking on the phone.You/We/They were
weren’t
Forma interrogativa
Whenwas
I he/she/it talking on the phone?
were you/we/they Risposte breviWere you talking? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.Were they working? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
Il past continuous si costruisce con was/were + infinito + –ing. Se l’infinitotermina in consonante +-e la –e cade.
live ➔ living
Alcuni verbi terminanti in consonante raddoppiano la stessa. Vedi l’elenco di verbi del gruppo 3 al past simple a pag. 48.
49
Language reference 2
x
Countable & uncountable nouns
Nomi numerabiliI nomi inglesi sono, per la maggior parte, numerabili, vale a dire, si possonocontare e hanno sia il singolare che il plurale, per esempio: one house, two houses
It’s a new house.He’s got two houses in London.
Un piccolo gruppo di nomi numerabili ha il plurale irregolare. child/children man/men woman/womenfoot/feet tooth/teeth mouse/mice.
Nomi non numerabiliAlcuni nomi sono non numerabili, vale a dire non si possono contare.Per esempio, non possiamo dire two homeworks perché, come gli altri nomi nonnumerabili, homework ha soltanto il singolare.
I want to do my homework.
Alcuni nomi possono essere sia numerabili che non numerabili. In quanto nonnumerabili indicano una cosa in senso generale; in quanto numerabili siriferiscono ad un esempio specifico.
Crime is a problem in many cities. (non numerabile: il ‘crimine’ in senso generale)Sherlock Holmes solved hundreds of crimes. (numerabile: crimini specifici, azioni criminose)
DeterminersSome & anySome e any indicano una quantità indefinita di qualcosa e si possono usaresia con i nomi numerabili che con i non numerabili.
Some è, di solito, usato in frase affermativa.I’ve got some biscuits. (numerabile)He’s going to buy some milk. (non numerabile)
Any è, di solito, usato in frase negativa e interrogativa.Mark doesn’t like any vegetables. (numerabile)I haven’t got any money. (non numerabile)Have you got any apples? (numerabile)Do you have any advice for me? (non numerabile)
NoNo si usa sia con i nomi numerabili che con i non numerabili. Un verbo informa affermativa +no ha lo stesso significato della sua forma negativa +any.
There are no biscuits. = Non ci sono biscotti. (numerabile)I have no time. = Non ho tempo. (non numerabile)
Espressioni di quantitàLe espressioni di quantità si usano davanti a un nome per definire una quantità.
espressioni di quantità con nomi plurali numerabili
too many too mucha lot of a lot ofmany not muchnot many a littlea few not enoughnot enough
There are too many tourists in this town.I know a few good restaurants near here.We do not have much time.
Di solito, non si usa much in frase affermativa. Si usa, invece, a lot of.
There’s a lot of work to do. Non There’s much work.
Some, many & mostSome, many e most si possono usare con o senza of.
Not manymy friends
Someof the students
Manythem live at home.
Most students
Some of my friends are working.Most of the people I know are very interesting.Many people spend their holidays abroad.Most days, I do some homework.
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espressioni di quantità connomi non numerabili
Present simple
Il present simple si usa per esprimere abitudini e azioni genericamente/sempre vere. I buy a newspaper every day. Mark comes from Australia.
Il present simple si può anche usare per narrare un fatto informalmente,ad esempio, una vicenda personale o la trama di un film.
She doesn’t know his real name, but they seem to have a lot in common andthey get on really well.
Forma affermativa e forma negativa
I workdon’t work
He/She/It worksin a bank.doesn’t work
You/We/They workdon’t work
Forma interrogativa
do I Where does he/she/it work?
do you/we/they
Risposte breviDo you work in a bank? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Does she live at home? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
Il present simple a tutte le persone tranne che alla terza singolare(I/you/we/they) corrisponde all’infinito senza to. Alla terza persona singolare(he/she/it) si aggiunge, di solito, -s all’infinito senza to. Variazioni ortografiche:
1 Se il verbo termina in -o, -s, -sh, -ch, -x, si aggiunge -es all’infinito senza to.she watches he goes it finishes
2 Se il verbo termina in -y preceduta da consonante, la -y diventa -i + -es.she studies he carries it flies
Avverbi ed espressioni di frequenzaCon il present simple si usa un avverbio o un’espressione di frequenzaper indicare con quale frequenza avviene un’azione. Di solito, il verbo principale èpreceduto da un avverbio come never, rarely, sometimes, often, usually, generally,always.
He always wakes up late.Do you usually get up early?
Se il verbo è to be, gli avverbi di frequenza seguono il verbo stesso.She is always tired.They were never late.
Le espressioni indicanti frequenza (once a week, twice a month, every year)stanno sia all’inizio che al fondo della frase.
He studies twice a week.Twice a week, he goes to English classes.
Present continuous Il present continuous si usa per esprimere un’azione in corso di svolgimento.
What are you doing? I’m cooking a meal.My husband’s working very hard at the moment.
cooking a meal
passato presente futuro
Forma affermativa e forma negativaI ’m
’m not
He/She/It ’s eating. isn’t
You/We/They ’rearen’t
Forma interrogativaam I
What is he/she/it eating? are you/we/they
Risposte breviAre you going to the party? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. Are they going to the party? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Il present continuous si costruisce con il presente dell’ausiliare to be (is/are)seguito dalla forma in -ing del verbo principale. Per le variazioni ortografichevedi le indicazioni per il past continuous a pag. 24.
Vedi pag. 54 per altre informazioni sul present continuous
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Verbi di stato
Di solito un verbo indicante stato non è usato alla forma continuous.Ecco alcuni verbi di stato di uso comune:
agree appear believe belong cost dislike fit forget hate know like love matter mean need own prefer remember seem understand want
Yes, I agree with you. Non I’m agreeing with you.I understand Italian. Non I’m understanding Italian.
Prepositions of time mese (in January)anno (in 2004)
in + stagione (in the summer)periodi di tempo (in the 1990s, in the 20th century, in the holidays)the morning, the afternoon, the evening
giorno(i) (on Monday, on Mondays, on my birthday, on + on Christmas Day)
date (on 7th June, on Friday 13th)Monday morning, Tuesday evening
On Mondays (plurale) indica il lunedì in genere – un’azione che si compie ognilunedì. Si usa on Monday (singolare) per parlare sia del lunedì in generale che diun particolare lunedì.
On Mondays/Monday, I usually go out with my best friend.On Monday, I’m seeing the doctor.
ora (at 3 o’clock, at dinner time)nightat +the weekendfestività (at Easter, at Christmas)
Si può specificare meglio l’ora mettendo un avverbio tra at e l’ora stessa.
about, almost, around,at just after, just before two o‘clock
nearly
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Going to
Going to La forma be + going to + infinito serve ad esprimere progetti per il futuro.L’azione è stata decisa prima che il soggetto parli.
We’re going to save money to buy a flat.I’m going to buy a present for Amanda. It’s her birthday.
Forma affermativa e forma negativa
I ’m’m not
He/She/It ’s going to phone him tonight.isn’t
You/We/They ’re aren’t
Forma interrogativaam I
When is he/she/it going to phone him tonight?are you/we/they
Risposte brevi
Are you going to phone? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. Is she going to phone? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
Parlando di progetti futuri, se il verbo principale è to go, di solito, lo si omette: I’m going to the cinema this evening. Non I’m going to go to the cinema this evening.
Present continuous for futureIl present continuous può essere usato per esprimere un’azione futura. In talsenso è interscambiabile con going to senza particolari differenze di significato.Tuttavia, si userà il present continuous per indicare un’azione futuraprogrammata in precedenza o per indicare un preciso momento.
The teachers are going to ask for more money. (Questo è il loro programma.)We’re meeting the managers at ten on Monday. (Abbiamo fissato l’ora.)
Vedi pag. 52 per ulteriori informazioni sul present continuous.
Will + infinitive
Si usa will + infinito per indicare un’azione decisa mentre si parla, nondeterminata in precedenza.
Don’t worry. I’ll ask my husband to fix the window this afternoon. (Decidementre parla)
Will è, a volte, usato per fare un’offerta.If you like, I’ll take you in my car.
Forma affermativa e forma negativaI ’llHe/She/It won’t phone.You/We/They
Forma interrogativaI
When will he/she/it phone? you/we/they
Risposte brevi
Will you phone? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
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Modifiers
Possiamo rafforzare o indebolire un aggettivo ricorrendo a un modificatore comequite, very.
Grado debolea bit
Grado medioquitefairly
Grado forteveryreally extremely
I feel a bit sad.We usually eat quite healthy food.It’s an extremely expensive restaurant.
Comparatives & superlatives
I comparativi servono a paragonare due persone o cose. Il secondo termine delparagone è introdotto da than.
Fresh sauce is healthier than sauce in bottles.This computer is faster than the old one.
I superlativi servono a paragonare più di due persone o cose e sono spessoseguiti da in.
He is the richest man in England.They serve the best hamburgers in our town.
Con gli aggettivi brevi, i superlativi si costruiscono aggiungendo -er/-est.
strong stronger the strongestweak weaker the weakest
Se un aggettivo termina in -e, si aggiunge soltanto -r/-st.
large larger the largestnice nicer the nicest
Quando un aggettivo termina in -y preceduta da consonante, la -y diventa -i + -er/-est.
busy busier the busiesteasy easier the easiest
Un aggettivo monosillabico terminante in consonante preceduta da vocaleraddoppia la consonante.
big bigger the biggesthot hotter the hottest
Gli aggettivi più lunghi formano il comparativo e il superlativo premettendo,rispettivamente, more e the most.
modern more modern the most moderntraditional more traditional the most traditional
Alcuni aggettivi hanno forme irregolari per il comparativo e il superlativo.
good better the bestbad worse the worstfar further the furthest
Il comparativo e il superlativo di minoranza si ottengono premettendo less/theleast all’aggettivo.
strong less strong the least strongbusy less busy the least busymodern less modern the least modern
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Present perfect simple 1
Si usa il present perfect simple per parlare di situazioni generiche o diesperienze personali.
I have had many different jobs.
different jobs
passato presente
Il present perfect simple non indica un tempo specifico, ma colloca l’azione inun tempo precedente il presente.
I have visited many countries. (= durante la mia vita)
Quando si vuole indicare che l’azione si è svolta in un tempo specifico, si usa ilpast simple.
I worked as a waitress last summer.
Il present perfect simple si costruisce con have/has + participio passato.
Forma affermativa e forma negativa
I ’vehaven’t
He/She/It ’s worked abroad.hasn’t
You/We/They ’vehaven’t
Forma interrogativa
have I Where has he/she/it worked abroad?
have you/we/they
Risposte breviHave you worked abroad? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Has he worked abroad? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
Si usa ever con il present perfect per fare una domanda relativa a vicendepassate che hanno un aggancio con il presente.
Have you ever worked in a restaurant? (= in qualche periodo della tua vita?)
Already & yetCon il present perfect simple si possono usare gli avverbi already (= già)e yet(= già, ancora). Already si trova in frase affermativa e, di solito, precede ilparticipio passato. Indica azione conclusa prima del presente o prima di quantoci si potesse attendere.
I’ve already found a job.She’s already finished her studies.
Yet è usato in frase interrogativa o negativa al termine della frase. Yet serve adomandare se un’azione è conclusa o ad affermare che non è conclusa; indica laconsapevolezza del soggetto che l’azione si svolgerà nell’immediato futuro.
Have you read your horoscope yet?I haven’t checked the mailbox yet.
Vedi pag. 104 per altre informazioni sul present perfect simple.
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Predictions
Verbi modali (may, might & will) Si può usare will + infinito per fare una previsione relativa ad avvenimenti futuri.
Most people will live in cities, not in the country.I will never be famous.We won’t win the match next weekend.
Si può anche iniziare la frase con I think/don’t think/hope/expect.
I think (that) they will get married.
Si usano may/might + infinito per esprimere dubbio su un possibileavvenimento futuro.
Scientists may find a cure for cancer.I might go to New Zealand for my holidays.
certezza incertezza certezza
will may/might won’t
Avverbi (maybe, probably, certainly, ecc.)Per accrescere o diminuire la certezza di una previsione si possono usare avverbicome perhaps e probably.
100%
maybe probably certainlyperhaps definitelypossibly
Maybe e perhaps stanno, di solito, all’inizio della frase.
Perhaps you’ll pass all your exams and become a doctor.
Possibly, probably, certainly e definitely seguono will in frase affermativa eprecedono won’t in frase negativa.
I will probably pass my exams.The winner certainly won’t need to work again.
Present tense in future time clauses
Tutti i periodi hanno una frase principale. Si può usare will + infinito perindicare un tempo futuro nella principale.
A volte, è necessario che ci sia una dipendente per dare informazioni circa iltempo in cui un’azione si svolge. La dipendente può iniziare con if, when, aftere before. Se si vuole indicare un tempo futuro nella dipendente, si usa il presentee non il futuro con will.
dipendente principale
When he has a business plan, his parents will think again.After he improves the site, people will pay for the service.If his idea doesn’t work, what will happen to him?
Di solito, le due frasi sono separate da una virgola.
La dipendente può seguire la principale. In tal caso, non separiamo le due frasicon una virgola.
What will happen to him if his idea doesn’t work?
Passive
In una frase attiva l’agente (cioè la persona o la cosa che compie l’azione)precede il verbo.
agente verboThe viewers vote for their favourite programme.
Tuttavia, a volte:1 non conosciamo l’agente che compie l’azione.2 l’agente non è importante.3 l’agente è ovvio.In questi casi si ricorre, spesso, al passivo.
The TV studios were attacked last night.A famous TV star is invited on the show.He was arrested for driving too fast.
Il passivo si costruisce con to be + participio passato.Present simple
Forma affermativa e forma negativa
I ’m’m not
He/She/It ’sphotographed all the time.isn’t
You/We/They ’rearen’t
Forma interrogativaam I
Why is he/she/it photographed all the time?are you/we/they
Past simple
Forma affermativa e forma negativaI wasHe/She/It wasn’t
invited to the party.You/We/They were
weren’t Forma interrogativa
was I Why he/she/it invited to the party?
were you/we/they
Spesso l’agente non è esplicitamente indicato in una frase passiva.
The winners are announced at the end of the show.
Quando è necessario indicare esplicitamente l’agente, lo si fa precedere da by.
The final episode of Big Brother was watched by 15 million people.The Olympics were started by the Greeks.
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Present perfect simple 2
Il present perfect simple si può usare per indicare continuità tra presente epassato.
Si usa il present perfect simple quando un’azione o situazione iniziata al passatocontinua al presente e non è conclusa.
How long have you had your dog?I’ve had it for many years.
Si usa il past simple per indicare azioni o situazioni concluse. Paragona gliesempi:
Present perfect simpleShe’s had a dog for many years (e ce l’ha ancora).
Past simpleShe had a dog for many years (ma non ce l’ha più).
Il present perfect simple può anche essere usato per esprimere situazioniconcluse verificatesi in un periodo di tempo non ancora concluso. Le espressionidi tempo usate (per esempio, this week, in the last twelve months) hanno unaggancio con il presente.
I’ve been ill twice this year.How often have you been ill this year? (this year indica che l’anno non è finito)
Si usa il past simple per parlare di azioni e situazioni concluse e verificatesi inun periodo di tempo concluso. Le espressioni di tempo usate in tal caso (peresempio, last Friday, two years ago) non hanno aggancio con il presente
I was ill three times last year.(last year indica che l’anno è finito)
Espressioni di tempoLe seguenti espressioni di tempo sono riferite al presente e sono spesso usatecon il present perfect simple.
todaythis week/month/year
Le seguenti espressioni di tempo non riguardano il presente e non sono, disolito, usate con il present perfect simple.
in 1992last week/yearyesterdayone week/two days ago
Per alcune espressioni di tempo, il rapporto con il presente dipende dal momentoin cui si parla. This morning ha un aggancio con il presente se, in questomomento, non sono ancora le 12. Si userà il present perfect simple. In casocontrario, non vi è aggancio con il presente e, quindi, si userà il past simple.
I’ve read three reports this morning. (parole pronunciate alle 11.00 am)I read three reports this morning. (parole pronunciate alle 3.00 pm)
For indica un periodo di tempo, una durata.I’ve lived here for three years.He studied for ten minutes.
for three years
passato presente futuro
Since indica il momento in cui un’azione o una situazione hanno inizio. Non siusa mai con il past simple.
She’s been ill since Monday.I haven’t spoken to them since we had an argument.
since Monday
passato presente futuro
Been & goneIl participio passato italiano ‘andato’ può essere reso con due participi: been e gone.
Si usa gone per indicare che il soggetto è andato ma non è ritornato.
A B
He has gone to Singapore.
Si usa been per indicare che il soggetto è andato e ritornato.
A B
He has been to Singapore.
Vedi pag. 74 per ulteriori informazioni sul present perfect simple.
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x
x
x
Infinitive of purpose
L’infinito finale (con il to) può essere usato per spiegare i motivi, le ragioni o loscopo delle nostre azioni. Può essere sostituito da in order to + infinito.
He went to the bank to get some cash.He went to the bank in order to get some cash.
Modals of obligation I verbi modali sono seguiti dall’infinito senza to e sono invariabili a tutte lepersone.
Tempo presenteMust, mustn’t e have to esprimono comando, consiglio, obbligo
Students must return books to the library.You mustn’t use your mobile phone in a plane.You have to park here. That street is closed.
Si usa don’t have to per rimuovere l’idea di obbligo ed indicare qualcosa che èpossibile o permesso.
Children at this school don’t have to wear a uniform.
Have to si usa per fare domande circa un obbligo imposto dall’esterno.Do I have to wear a suit at the wedding?
Can può indicare possibilità o permesso.Children over the age of ten can use the swimming pool.
Can’t può indicare impossibilità o proibizione. You can’t park your car outside the school.
Tempo passatoMust non è usato al past simple ed è sostituito da had to per esprimere unobbligo (passato) imposto dalle circostanze o dall’esterno.
She had to start work at 6.00 am every morning.
Si usa didn’t have to per rimuovere l’idea di obbligo al passato e indicarequalcosa che era possibile o permesso.
I didn’t have to wear a uniform at school.
Si usa did+soggetto+have to per rivolgere domande su un obbligo (passato)imposto dall’esterno.
Did you have to do any homework when you were a child?
Could può essere usato per indicare possibilità o permesso al passato.I could stay out until ten o’clock when I was sixteen.
Couldn’t può essere usato per indicare impossibilità o proibizione al passato.She couldn’t go to college because she failed her exams.
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Prepositions of movement
How long does it take to sail across the lake?
They walked along the street until they found the restaurant.
The tour guide took them around the walls of the old city and back to theirstarting-point.
The family got into the car.
She took her lipstick out of her handbag.
We are now flying over London.
He drove past my house but he didn’t stop.
It took a long time to go through passport control.
Relative clausesDue frasi possono essere unite da un pronome relativo (who, that, which).
We often go to a restaurant. It serves Chinese food.We often go to a restaurant that serves Chinese food.
Si usa who per le persone, which per le cose, e that sia per le persone che per lecose. Il pronome relativo sostituisce he, she, it o they.
Yesterday, I met someone who went to my old school.Cheddar is a kind of cheese which is very popular in England.
Gli esempi precedenti riguardano frasi relative restrittive. Una frase relativarestrittiva definisce con precisione la persona o cosa di cui stiamo parlando. Ilpronome relativo che introduce una frase restrittiva non è preceduto dalla virgola.
