Precision Study of the Nucleons 3D Structure with SoLID Zhihong Ye Seminar Talk at Argonne National Lab, 06/26/2015 Outline Unified view of Nucleon Structure Study of Transverse Momentum Distributions with SIDIS Study of Generalized Parton Distributions with DVCS Introduction to SoLID Summary 2 W p u (x,k T,r T ) Wigner distributions d2kTd2kT PDFs f 1 u (x),.. h 1 u (x) d2rTd2rT TMD PDFs f 1 u (x,k T ),.. h 1 u (x,k T ) 3D 5D Form Factors G E (Q 2 ), G M (Q 2 ) d2rTd2rT 1D GPDs/IPDs d2kTd2kT dx & Fourier Transformation 3 W p u (x,k T,r T ) Wigner distributions d2rTd2rT TMD PDFs f 1 u (x,k T ),.. h 1 u (x,k T ) 3D Nucleon Imaging 5D GPDs/IPDs d2kTd2kT from GPD-H from Sivers Function Transverse Momentum Space Impact Parameter Space 4 Transverse Momentum Distributions 5 Leading-Twist TMDs 8 TMDs with different polarization direction of nucleons and quarks TMDs Become 1D PDFs after integrating on k T. 6 Probe TMDs with SIDIS Detect scattered electrons and produced hadrons in the final state ,K e e Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS): 7 Unpolarized Polarized Target Polarized Beam and Target Probe TMDs with SIDIS Longitudinally/Transversely Polarized Target Polarized Beam Sivers Pretzelocity Transversity Boer- Mulders Helicity Trans- Helicity Long- Transversity Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS): All TMDs can be extracted from SIDIS : 8 Transversely polarized target Single Spin Asymmetry (SSA): Separation of Collins, Sivers and pretzelosity effects through azimuthal angular dependence: UT: Unpolarized beam + Transversely polarized target Transversity Sivers Prezelosity Probe TMDs with SIDIS +Fragmentation Functions Double-Spin Asymmetry (DSA). e.g.: Worm-Gear (obtained from (e+,e-) data) X. Qian et al. (Hall A Collaboration) PRL (2011) Blue band: model (fitting) uncertainties Red band: other systematic uncertainties Transverse SSA results at Hall-A with 6 GeV: Probe TMDs with SIDIS 10 Explorations: HERMES, COMPASS, RHIC-spin, Jlab-6GeV, From exploration to precision study JLab12: valence region; EIC: sea and gluons Transversity: fundamental PDFs, tensor charge TMDs: 3-d momentum structure of the nucleon information on quark orbital angular momentum information on QCD dynamics Multi-dimensional mapping of TMDs Precision high statistics high luminosity and large acceptance Probe TMDs with SIDIS In the 12GeV Era: 11 E (A), SIDIS with Transversely Polarized He3, 90 days E (A), SIDIS with Longitudinally Polarized He3, 35 days E (A), SIDIS with Polarized Proton, 120 days Natural extension of E Much wider phase space Both transversely and longitudinally polarized target SoLID-SIDIS Phase Space Coverage 12 E (A), SIDIS with Transversely Polarized He3, 90 days E (A), SIDIS with Longitudinally Polarized He3, 35 days E (A), SIDIS with Polarized Proton, 120 days One Typical Bin to show the good statistics SoLID-SIDIS SIDIS: 4-D (x, pt, Q2, z) probe of nucleon transverse momentum distributions (TMDs) SoLID-SIDIS studies TMDs with extensive coverage and resolutions (48 Q-z bins) > 1400 data points! 13 Transversity to Tensor Charge Global model fits to experiments (SIDIS and e+e-) Tensor Change: Lowest moment of transversity Fundamental quantity Beyond Standard model searches: parameters depend on precision of tensor charge 14 Sivers Function The distribution of unpolarised parton in a transversely polarized neutron Significant Improvement in the valence quark (high-x) region Future EIC Illustrated in a model fit (from A. Prokudin, no QCD evolution included but soon) With future SoLID-SIDIS data Test the QCD TMD factorization 15 SIDIS quark in the final state DY quark in the initial state Sign change between SIDIS and Drell-Yan Access the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of quarks and gluons with transverse n/p Pretzelocity & Worm-Gear Pretzelocity: L=0 and L=2 interference (S-D int.) L=1 and L=-1 interference (P-P Int) Worm-Gear: L=0 and L=1 Interference. 16 Generalized Parton Distributions 17 W p u (x,k T,r T ) Wigner distributions d2kTd2kT PDFs f 1 u (x),.. h 1 u (x) d2rTd2rT TMD PDFs f 1 u (x,k T ),.. h 1 u (x,k T ) 3D 5D Form Factors G E (Q 2 ), G M (Q 2 ) d2rTd2rT 1D GPDs/IPDs d2kTd2kT dx & Fourier Transformation (X. Ji, D. Mueller, A. Radyushkin) 18 GPDs Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD): Encode Information of the parton distribution in both the transverse plane and longitudinal direction. Four GPDs for quarks or gluons: Connect to FF & PDFs: e.g. x Longitudinal quark momentum fraction (not experimental accessible) Longitudinal momentum transfer. In Bjorken limit: = x B /(2-x B ) t Total squared momentum transfer to the nucleon: t = (P-P) 2 Angular Momentum Sum Rule (Jis Sum Rule): (X. Ji, PRL 78, 610 (1997) Jis Nucleon Spin Decomposition: With quark spin measured by DIS, GPD can probe quarks O.A.M! 19 GPD Study with DVCS Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS): Bethe-Helter DVCS Interference-Term: from Nucleon FF, F 1 & F 2 Compton Form Factor (CFF): Re( H ) Im( H ) Access GPDs via DVCS by measuring the dependence of DVCS & Interference Terms In the asymmetry: DVCS accesses GPDs at x= (combine with other channels to fully map out GPDs) +/-, Beam or/and Target Polarization. (Total Eight CFFs) 20 DVCS with polarized electron beam and targets: GPD Study with DVCS 21 DVCS with polarized electron beam and targets: GPD Study with DVCS Approved 12GeV DVCS experiments: E (Hall-A) unpol. proton, absolute XS & BSA, limited coverage E (Hall-C) unpol. proton, absolute XS & 0, limited coverage. E (Hall-B) longi. pol proton (DNP), BSA, TSA, wide coverage C (Hall-B) conditional approved trans. pol. proton (HDice), TSA,BSA, wide coverage E (Hall-B) unpol. neutron, BSA SoLID can bring: Transversely polarized neutron-DVCS (He3, with E SIDIS setup) new proposal under development (see next few slides), will be summited in 2016 Longitudinally polarized neutron-DVCS (He3, with E SIDIS setup) Transversely polarized proton-DVCS (DNP, with E SIDIS setup) Longitudinally polarized proton-DVCS (DNP) No polarized neutron-DVCS experiment has been done or proposed at Jlab! (only done at HERMES with poor accuracy and limited coverage) GPDs study needs neutron data (flavor decomposition)! 22 Acceptance DVCS with Polarized He3 Recoil neutrons: (1) at large angles (2) P~0.4GeV/c It will be very difficult to detect neutrons 23 Kinematic Coverage DVCS with Polarized He3 Integrated Rate: 24 Asymmetry Projection: DVCS with Polarized He3 21 days on E0=8.8GeV, 48 days on E0=11GeV 25 All bins for TSA on x at one Q2 bin Two transversely polarized direction (x->0/180degree, y->90/270 degree), 5-Q2-bins, so: BSAx5, TSAx5x2, DSAx5x2 25 such kind of plots DVCS with Polarized He3 26 DVCS with Polarized He3 Make sure the exclusivity with Missing Mass Reconstruction: Main background if not detecting recoil neutrons: (n+) from 0 decay Missing Mass Reconstruction: detect electron and photons (angles, momentum/energy) The spectrum resolution is limited by the EC resolution (~5%) Background Subtraction: ECs can detect partial 0 decay events by reconstruction two-photons events Very Preliminary We will learn from the new Hall-A 12GeV-DVCS data. From Hall-A data Real events mixed into the MM spectrum (detected by SoLID) MC events in the entire region (within SoLID acceptance) 27 DVCS with Polarized He3 Make sure the exclusivity with a Central Recoil Detector Hall-B has a design to detect recoil neutrons Possible candidate: Scintillating Fiber Tracker Prototype proposal awarded by JSA 2014 postdoc prize A complete testing setup: A lab, dark-boxes, DAQ, fibers+SiPMs Testing light output with varying Fibers and SiPMs Working with DarkLight Collaboration to design and build their Center SFT, which can potentially be used by nDVCS Need careful study to evaluate the detection efficiency DarkLight Detector Layout 28 Other GPD SoLID Double-DVCS: Timelike-DVCS: Deep Virtual Meson Production (both neutr): A lepton pair in the final state instead of a real photon Can access GPDs beyond the x= limit new LOI submited to 2015-PAC and aimed for a proposal to 2016-PAC Inverse of the space-like DVCS Extract the real part of CFFs new proposal, run with SoLID-J/Psi DVCS with transversely polarized proton target (to be proposed in 2016/2017) Detect the produced meson ( 0, 0, 0, ) Probe individual GPDs more selectively than DVCS e.g. 0 / +K* H, E, 0, 0,K H-tilde, E-tilde Invited exports to study the opportunity with SoLID-SIDIS 29 Introduction to SoLID 30 SoLID Overview SoLID: Solenoidal Large Intensity Device High Intensity (10 37 ~ cm -2 s -1 ) and, Large Acceptance (810, eff.>90%, Kaon suppresion > 10:1, Work at 200G field (100G after shielding) Status: Optimize the design with MC Designs of Support Structure, Mounting, Shielding, etc. Magnet field test with MaPMT H8500 (S. Malance, JINST 8 P09004,2013) and H12700 Prototype-Test will happen at Duke soon 47 Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber: Goals: For SIDIS only, between FASPD and FAEC 50 super-modules, each contains 3 modules, 1650 strips and 3300 output channels. Timing resolution < 100ps Works at high rate up to 10 KHz/cm2 Photon suppression > 10:1 /k separation up to 2.5GeV/c Status: Prototype Developed at Tsinghua Beam test at Hall-A in 2012 New facility for mass production Read-out electronics design Resistive glass Aging-Test: Detectors Most recent aging test shows the glass has no significant effect with neutrons. 48 Tsinghua/USTC/Duke Electromagnetic Calorimeters (EC): UVa/ANL/W&M/LANL/Shandong Univ. Goals: Shashlyk sampling calorimeters 1800 modules (2 R.L.) for PreShower, 1800 modules (18 R.L) for Shower Modules re-arranged for PDVIS SIDIS electron eff.>90%, E-Resolution~10%/E, suppresion > 50:1 Rad. Hard (