Precision SUBSEA TECHNOLOGY 7doc.mediaplanet.com/all_projects/3342.pdf · subsea technology in 2006. As the marked expands, globalization spreads and tech-nology develop, the subsea

Integrated solutions Developing fully automatic drilling rigs

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PrecisionLighter operations with electric control systems

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SUBSEATECHNOLOGY

No. 2 / June 2009

Well pressureIncreased production with subsea booster pumps

ConstructionUse lighter materials for lower transpor-tation costs

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CHALLENGESLonger fi eld and installation lifetimes, the need for higher extraction rates, longer distances, deeper waters, rougher climatic conditions, and stricter environmental requirements all make signifi cant de-mands on the subsea technology of tomorrow.

Oil and gas ex-traction on the Norwegian con-tinental shelf has moved on from working at 70 metres water

depth to taking place at 800-1,200 metres water depth today. Future extraction on Norwegian and fo-reign continental shelves will ta-ke place at even greater depths.At the same time, well technology has developed in the direction of independent subsea installations that can be operated at great dis-tance from platforms or land. The-se factors in combination with the weather beaten climate present a long series of challenges that must be met with new technological so-lutions.

Formidable potential

1In the last 25 years, 3,000 sub-sea production wells have

been installed around the world. And the number is expected to steadily increase. The potential this entails for the Norwegian oil and gas industry is formidable if we are able to realise and meet the opportunities this presents.

With the current fi nancial sit-uation it is not a given that this will be easy. The increase in the number of available experts has

not resulted in increased resourc-es being allocated to technology development due to the reduction in available venture capital. This is a situation in which making a con-tribution is demanding, but all the more important.

Secure competence

2Future necessary competen-ce must be secured in a situa-

tion in which young people view both the industry’s reputation in relation to the environment and their long-term, future career opp-ortunities in this industry with discontent. We must take this seri-ously. OLF, among others, has long worked to meet this challenge, as has NCE Subsea in the Bergen regi-on. They have helped establish a bachelor degree in the operation and maintenance of subsea instal-lations.

NCE Subsea has also establis-hed the so-called Technoquarium, which includes a subsea simulator, at Bergen Science Centre in order to generate greater interest in sub-sea technology and allow children and young people to experience a modern, high technology fairyta-le. Seated in an original ROV pilot chair with 3D glasses, the public can navigate around Ormen Lan-ge and execute a simple job. This is a signifi cant initiative that in the

long-term could benefi t the entire industry.

Specialist environments

3We have several world lead-ing clusters in Norway and

the Bergen region that have distin-guished themselves by having the world’s strongest specialist envi-ronments within subsea technolo-gy and related industries, such as seismology, marine research, aqu-aculture, shipping, naval defence, and fi shing equipment. In additi-on there are research and educati-onal environments that are vie-wed with great esteem internatio-nally.

The cluster has organised itself into the Norwegian Centre of Ex-pertise Subsea (NCE Subsea) and consists of both industry compa-nies and leading research and edu-cational environments, and they are working to integrate compe-tence within petroleum, the en-vironment and fi sheries, among other things. This is an exciting and important combination. It is worth noting the cluster of com-panies NCE Subsea consists of, and other clusters’ developments wit-hin subsea technology. It will be exciting to follow this develop-ment in the years ahead, fi nancial crisis or not. There are great oppor-tunities here!

“A subsea installation leaking oil and gas can have immense implications for the environment.”

WE RECOMMEND

Ketil HyllandProfessor at the Department of Biology, University of Oslo

PAGE 8

Lighter materials p. 121. Changes in subsea protection measu-res can enhance subsea deployment.

Panel of experts p. 142. Experts discuss the future of subsea technology.

SUBSEA TECHNOLOGY, 2ND EDITION, JUNE 2009

Managing Director: Thomas BergeProduction Manager: Karl Olav G. SørensenSub-editor: Merete Askildsen

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The Bergen area in Norway constitutes a world leading cluster in subsea technology. Focusing on the markets for maintenance, modification and operation, as well as in-novative and cutting edge technical products, the cluster provides a full spectrum of products and services for the industry.

The Norwegian Centre of Expertise Subsea is an initiative by the subsea industry in the Bergen area for the strength-ening and internationalisation of business, R&D and edu-cation. More than 80 companies and organizations form the body of NCE Subsea.

A close collaboration has been established between indu-stry, R&D and authorities. The cluster’s world leading posi-tion and the established interaction between participants formed the basis for the Norwegian government’s appoint-ing of the cluster as a Norwegian Centre of Expertise for subsea technology in 2006.

As the marked expands, globalization spreads and tech-nology develop, the subsea cluster in the Bergen region will be ready to meet the challange and develop its posi-tion as the Subsea Capital for Maintenance, Modification and Operation

www.ncesubsea.no

Bergen – the Subsea Capital Maintenance – Modification - Operation

World Class Clusters

NCE Subsea is supported by;

“Well technology has developed in the direction of independent subsea instal-lations that can be operated at great distance from platforms or land.”

Ingvild SminesSector Manager Oil and GasInnovation Norway

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The oil industry is stepping into the high technology future. Sub-sea installations operated from land with integrated operations, 3D animation and automatic pro-cessing will be the adventure of the future. Integrated operations play a key role in this and are a major focus area throughout the entire industry.

Integrated operations are lar-gely about supporting the opera-tions of a platform more effi cient-ly. Operating information is ma-de available to experts onshore. Troubleshooting can start faster, allowing equipment and systems to come back into production fas-ter.Another major saving of both time and money is of course the fact that the expert does not have to be transported off shore.

Integrated operations“The focus on integrated opera-tions means a substantial impro-vement in information sharing and other cooperation. The re-sults are faster, better and safer decisions, which in turn result in

substantial value increases in oil and gas fi elds,” says Thore Lange-land, Technical Manager Integra-ted Operations of the Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF).

Operations in the oil and gas fi elds can be optimised by using communications technology in near real-time. Large quantities of data from the fi eld can be dis-tributed between relevant users virtually immediately. Expertise that previously had to be trans-ported out to the installations can now do the same job onsho-re. Thus in practice this experti-se can be utilised wherever in the world the person concerned fi nds him or herself. This enables new ways of working and new ways of thinking in relation to competen-ce utilisation.

Utilising resources in this way saves a lot of money and enables greater effi ciency in the fi elds. Fi-gures from the Norwegian Oil In-dustry Association (OLF) show that in the Norwegian sector of the continental shelf alone, sa-vings in the magnitude of NOK 300,000 million at current va-lue could be made in the next 10 years.

Norway far aheadThe Norwegian clusters are far

ahead with respect to operating in this manner. There are many examples of successful operations throughout the world. For exam-ple, land-based fi elds in the USA have come a long way. Meanwhile, none of these have been rolled out to the same extent as has been do-ne in the North Sea. Here we fi nd the coordination of modern in-frastructure, fi bre optics and the widespread use of integrated IT systems on rigs in the operatio-nal areas.

Also, the operators in this thea-tre are amongst the most enthu-siastic when it comes to testing new technology. Among oil com-panies on the Norwegian conti-nental shelf, motivation is pro-bably the major challenge faced when operating in these fi elds.This is a challenge that requires fast solutions, meaning one can-not wait for many hours and days for experts to be transported out to the fi eld.

One important eff ect of this way of working is the discovery of potential improvements in a number of links. This means that improvements can be made while production continues as normal.

AHEAD WITH INTEGRATED OPERATIONS

TOM AMRIATI-LØVÅS

[email protected]

Question: ■ How can the operations of a platform be supported more effi ciently?

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JUNE 2009 · 5THIS SUPPLEMENT IS AN ADVERTISEMENT PRODUCED BY MEDIAPLANET

UNMANNED AND ROBOTIZEDThe Seabed Rig is unmanned with automated and robotized working operations that are remotely con-trolled from an interactive 3D inter-face. The development is supported by StatoilHydro, the Norwegian Research Council (Petromaks and DEMO2000) and Innovasjon Norge.ILLUSTRATION: SEABED RIG AS

The Seabed Drilling Rig is remote-ly controlled from a surface vessel and equipped with a complete, ful-ly automatic drilling rig.

“All of the functions are control-led from the surface via an umbili-cal cable containing the power sup-ply and mud fl ow,” says Kenneth Mi-kalsen, CTO of Seabed Rig AS, which is developing the rig. “All the power needed to keep the rig going can be supplied by the onboard generators, meaning there is no need to install extra power supply units onboard the ship.” The rig is made up of mo-dules that can be lowered from the surface vessel using standard equip-ment, cables and wire.

“Operating the rig requires a si-mulated environment supported by CCTV,” Mikalsen explains. “Using the same models for design and con-struction in the simulator makes it possible to test operate the entire rig system with the relevant mana-gement systems before the rig itself has actually been completed.”

Deep seasDrilling at great depths or in the Arctic is very expensive. A drilling rig can currently cost up to USD 600,000 per day. On top of this co-me the increased challenges of fi n-ding new wells, often located at great depths or in Arctic areas of the ocean that experience extre-me weather. Nonetheless, surveys

show that 40% of the oil that has yet to be found will be found precisely in these locations, at great depths or in Arctic regions. When conventio-nal drilling takes place from a fl o-ating installation, a stabilising rig has to be used to counter the dyna-mic movements of the sea. It is al-so essential that the vessel is kept in exactly the same position at all times so it can comply with the strict requirements a drilling der-rick is subject to.

Limit on movement“These are problems one doesn’t have to consider with a subsea in-stallation,” says Mikalsen. “The only thing required here is a cer-tain limit on the freedom of move-ment of the surface vessel, which must operate within the parame-ters permitted by the umbilical.”

When drilling at great depths the actual drill itself will make up a substantial part of the entire dril-ling length. “This is dramatically reduced with a subsea installation, which is already located on the sea-bed,” he points out. A subsea rig co-uld also considerably expand the production window in Arctic are-as, which face major weather and ice challenges. Personnel are one of the most expensive factors in con-ventional drilling. Lowering the rig to the seabed and making the dril-ling process fully automatic drama-tically reduces the need for manual operations. All of the support func-tions are operated from the surface vessel, or from land. The Seabed Rig development project is supported by the Norwegian Research Coun-cil (Petromaks and Demo 2000) and Innovation Norway.

Fully automatic rig in production

TOM AMRIATI-LØVÅS

[email protected]

One of the first fully auto-matic drilling rigs for instal-lation on the seabed is cur-rently under development in Stavanger. The solution con-sists of an encapsulated de-sign that ensures environ-mentally friendly operations and the same safety levels as conventional drilling.

NEWS IN BRIEF

Transindustrial technology usage

Dr. Knut I. Øxnevad, SIM- ■TANO, programme chairman and speaker at the Autonomy in Integrated Operations seminar held in Stavanger this spring, provided some interesting per-spectives on what the oil and gas industry can learn from the spa-ce and nuclear industries.

His general message was that a number of technologies develo-ped for the space and nuclear in-dustries could potentially radi-cally reduce costs and improve profi ts in the subsea industry.

The Mars Rovers developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Labo-ratory include sophisticated au-tonomy, monitoring, navigation and control software, and actua-tors. Many of these are directly applicable to navigating, moni-toring, and operating subsea ve-hicles at great depths and under the ice. Modifi ed versions of the Rovers’ sensors could be used as down-hole in-situ sensors enab-ling quick response geosteering to improve recovery rates.

Subsea processing could bene-fi t from reliable and robust un-certainty management and au-tomatic start and sh- u t d o w n routines from the nucle-ar indus-tries. The space and n u c l e a r industries are open to such col-laboration.

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“Electronic systems have many advantages,” says Tor Onshus at the Department of Engineering Cybernetics at NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Techno-logy). ”First of all, an umbilical bas-ed on electric cables is substantial-ly lighter than a hydraulic cable. It is also easier to handle an electric cable and the problems relating to discharges of hydraulic oil are eli-minated.”

“Coaxial umbilicals are smaller, lighter, simpler, cheaper to produce and overall more economical than the hydraulic alternative. The risk of interruptions or shutdowns is also dramatically reduced. One no longer has to worry about dischar-ges of hydraulic oil into the envi-ronment, or the costs of replacing, draining and transporting this oil. Considering the tough environ-ment that exists out in the fi elds on the Norwegian continental shelf, this is good news,” he says.

Quick response time“Response time is also an impor-tant factor,” continues Onshus. “Electronic control allows an ope-ration to be completed in millise-conds. The same operation could require a very long response ti-me with a hydraulic system. This

is of course very important when we are looking at closing systems and monitoring potential dischar-ges. You also achieve a completely

diff erent level of capacity with an electronic umbilical. It is about be-ing able to run and control all func-tions in parallel, and the electronic

umbilical does this without pro-blems.”

Electronic umbilicals are also an integral part of the design when developing automatic installa-tions on the seabed. Here too, elec-tric systems are helping to meet current and future environmen-tal requirements because sources of potential faults in hydraulic sys-tems are eliminated, e.g. due to the internal corrosion of equipment caused by hydraulic fl uids.

Gaining electronic control“For our part it all revolves around electronic control from a surface vessel,” says Kenneth Mikalsen, CTO of Seabed Rig AS.

“All of the information to and from the seabed is transmitted via this umbilical. It also carries the power supply from the gene-rator on the surface vessel. This is transmitted in a separate cable in the same umbilical. One of the ma-jor advantages of subsea installa-tions, especially in areas at risk of drift ice, is the fl exibility this um-bilical aff ords us. Another, very im-portant factor is the specifi c gravi-ty of the cable itself. The fact that it is light, fl exible and easy to handle is almost a prerequisite when ope-rating at the greatest depths in the continental shelf.”

TIPS

Precision

1Electric actuated subsea sys-tems enable precise valve

control thus providing optimum fl ow and production. For advanced applications like intervention, workover and processing, electric control systems allow increased response times, advanced sequen-ce control and reduce the possibi-lity of disconnects or shutdowns.

Other benefits

2Other benefi ts of electric actu-ated subsea systems include:

They reduce topside power ge- ■neration and transformer equip-ment requirements.

They utilise existing low-power ■

umbilicals and connectors.Create a safer operating envi- ■

ronment.Reduced risk of electrical shorts. ■They prevent corrosion and ■

other impacts from stray high voltage DC.

They require only-as-needed po- ■wer for valve operation.

Their components are adaptable ■meaning existing system benefi ts can be upgraded.

Existing infrastructure can be ■upgraded and expanded with ope-rated valve actuators.

They have override controls on ■(horizontal) tree and manifold val-ves to compensate for hydraulic failures.

Lighter cables with electronic control systems

ADVANTAGES. Coaxial umbilicals are smaller, lighter and cheaper to produce than the hydraulic alternative, says Tor Onshus at NTNU. ILLUSTRATION: FMC TECHNOLOGIES

NEWS

TOM AMRIATI-LØVÅS

[email protected]

Question: ■ Will we see con-trol systems from the surface to the seabed?

Answer: ■ In the future, tradi-tional hydraulic control systems will have to make way for elec-tronic control systems based on data transmission via fi bre optic cable and power supply via electric cables.

ELECTRIC CON-TROL SYSTEMS

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Tor OnshusProfessor, Dr.Ing.Department of Engineering Cy-bernetics, Norwe-gian University of Science and Tech-nology

To what extent has the ■global financial crisis affec-ted the oil- and gas industry and what is your view on the future of this industry?– It is a matter of fact that the fi -nancial crisis has also had a gre-at impact on the oil- and gas in-dustry, especially with regards to the smaller or marginal projects. My belief is that the oil price vola-tility is not as problematic as the general funding situation for the smaller companies. My view is unchanged on the longer trends established over the past decade. We are, and will be, dependent on oil in the coming decades. With the increasing wealth in former undeveloped countries, connec-ted with the global acceptance and understanding of the nega-tive eff ects caused by fossil fuels, we will most likely see a worse-ning in the supply/demand ratio. The future is therefore bright in the sense that we are involved in a marked segment in growth, but with an increasing need for inno-vation to avoid the label of “a pol-luting industry”.

What actions can be ta- ■ken to move the industry to-wards becoming more envi-ronmental friendly?– We need to work on all arenas and not just a few. These are mo-re and stronger R&D on renewa-bles, CO2 capture and cleaning as well as actual involvement in the renewable sector through investment.

QUESTION & ANSWER

HelgeRasmussenGeneral manager,HighComp

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Increase well pressure with booster pumps

When well performance drops or a well starts to produce more water than expected, the pressure drops and production becomes more dif-fi cult. Needless to say, profi ts also drop.

“One way of maintaining pro-duction levels is to install subsea pumps or boosters. Another meth-od is to remove the water from the pipeline to reduce the pres-sure-loss from the reservoir to the processing plant,” says Rune Ram-berg, Technology Manager, Statoil-Hydro Gulf of Mexico.

“Whilst the subsea wells in the North Sea have been blessed with enough pressure in the reservoir for the fi rst phase of subsea wells, there is still a need for boosting”, says Ramberg, adding that Statoil-Hydro’s Tordis fi eld is the fi rst to introduce boosters in this area.

Boosting productionBoosting uses specialised subsea pumps on the seabed that facili-tate the stream of oil or gas towards the production unit. Two types of

boosters exist: one-phase boosters and multi-phase boosters.

Boosting can be useful in exist-ing wells because it makes it pos-sible to get more oil and gas out of the reservoir and also improves

the profi t of marginal wells.“The increased profi t depends

on the size of your fi eld and your production”, Ramberg says. “The more oil you pump, the higher your profi t gets. The consistency

of the reservoir is also crucial as it decides how much extra oil the boosters can pump from the reser-voirs. It is therefore diffi cult to es-timate how much boosting equip-ment will enhance the production. However, using pumps is always a good thing.”

Exciting times aheadSubsea boosting technologies have been in use all over the world for a decade. More and more compa-nies are starting to implement the technology in their production.

The most recent advances in-volve being able to reach fi elds at deeper depths.

“In deep water areas such as West Africa and the Gulf of Mexico, sea-bed boosting is rapidly becoming a necessity”, says Ramberg, adding: “Placing the pump on the seafl oor is much more eff ective than placi-ng it on the topside facility.”

Ramberg mentions BP’s King fi eld in the Gulf of Mexico at 1,500 metres depth as a current exam-ple of where boosters are being us-ed. This type of boosting allows oil to be pumped from 3,000 metres depth.

“Imagine a plane fl ying 10,000 metres above the ground. That is the distance the oil streams from the ground to the surface. That is pretty exciting,” says an excited Ramberg.

”Placing the pump on the seafl oor is much more effec-tive than placing it on the topside facility.”

Rune Mode RambergTechnology Manager, StatoilHydro

EXTRACT MORE OILBoosting can be useful in existing wells as it makes it possible to extract more oil and gas from the reservoir and also improves the profit of marginal wells.PHOTO: FRAMO ENGINEERING AS

NEWS

ELISABET KOLSTAD

[email protected]

Question: ■ How can you improve the pressure in an ex-isting well in order to increase or maintain its oil production?

Answer: ■ Subsea booster pumps or processing equip-ment can help increase pres-sure and thereby increase pro-duction considerably.

SHOWCASE

SUBSEABOOSTING

CED BY MEDIAPLAN

SUSUBSBSBSEEAEA

3STEP

FACTS

Subsea boosting ■ and pro-cessing aim to increase the fl ow of crude from the reservoir to the process plant. It also increases the total recoverable volumes.This is done by increasing the pressure (pumping) on the sea-fl oor or removing produced water.

Removing water ■ reduces the weight of the liquid, which in turn provides an oil fl ow with reduced resistance.

Two types ■ of boosting exist: single-phase boosting and multi-phase boosting.

The single-phase boosters ■ or liquid boosters are currently li-

mited to about 300 bar differen-tial pressure. This corresponds to pumping oil from the seafl oor and 3,000 metres to the surfa-ce. Liquid boosters tolerate on-ly limited amounts of gas at the pump inlet.

Multi-phase boosters ■ tole-rate high amounts of gas together with the liquid but are currently li-mited to about 150 bar differential pressure.

A third pump ■ , a hybrid pump, is under development: it combi-nes the effi ciency of a single-pha-se pump with the gas tolerance of the multiphase pump.

“A subsea installation leaking oil and gas can have immense im-plications for the environment. The Norwegian Institute for Wa-ter Research, NIVA, has tested and used a method for monitor-ing traces of oil in water, but so far the industry has failed to im-plement the suggested technol-ogy,” says Ketil Hylland, profes-sor at the Department of Biology, University of Oslo.

Hylland has experience from monitoring the environmental consequences of input from off -shore installations .

“Organisms such as cod and mussels can be placed in the proximity of platforms or instal-lations in a cage, and monitored to detect impacts in the water column,” he says, adding: “It is important live organisms are used to assess the ecological im-pacts of operational discharges or acute spills or leakages”.

Direct communicationNIVA has developed a method which can be adapted to monitor the environment near oil instal-lations using the fl uorescence of components in oil. The sensors will detect the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with high sensitivity. Such infor-mation can then be communicat-ed directly for immediate action, such as in the case of leakages.

“Another method is logging the data and retrieving it at reg-ular intervals. Leakage detection is currently not performed in re-al-time. Retrieving logs and read-ing data typically takes place on a monthly basis,” says Hylland. This means companies may dis-cover there was a leakage at their facility after the fact, meaning they were unable to prevent it.

“Real-time measures should be developed, but this is costly”, he says. “However, the technolo-gy already exists, so it is simply a matter of developing the rest.”

SUBSEA INSTALLATIONS

Detect leakages quickly Hydrocarbon leakages from subsea installations can have major implicati-ons for the environment.With fluorescence sensors with communication links to shore, platforms or ves-sels, leakages can be detected in real-time.

ELISABET KOLSTAD

[email protected]

Ketil HyllandProfessor at the Department of Biology, University of Oslo

GE imagination at work

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It is designed for differential pressures of 150 bar and above, even at very high gas-volume fractions. Its internal parts leverage unique hard-face coating technology from GE’s Energy and Aviation businesses. The result is extreme durability and resistance to sand damage, well beyond any other pump known today.

With the simple, robust and reliable Twin Screw Multiphase pump, this subsea boosting station can deliver return on investment across the widest range of operating conditions. It is yet another solid step forward in helping our customers conquer the harsh challenges they face subsea.

ge.com/oilandgas

The ocean is full of questions.

We create the answers.


”Integrated operations must be used ex-tensively in order for such ven-tures to be successful.”Morten WienkeProgramme Director, Demo 2000, Research Council of Norway

Question: What environmental measures are taken when extraction starts in vulnerable areas of nature?Answer: A number of research projects are focusing on development within subsea to beach.

The political waves were running high during the debate on exploratory drilling and extraction in the north-ern regions. The rich fi sheries off the coast of Lofoten have in particular been a source of confl ict between co-astal industries and those leading the development within the oil and gas sector. The requirements concerning environmental protection and abso-lutely zero discharges are naturally both strict and warranted. The requi-rements concerning minimal encro-achments on nature and the coastal landscape are just as strict.

Directly from the seabedThe numerous projects being develo-ped with a view to adress these chal-lenges include seabed to beach. The idea is to eliminate the need for sur-face-based production installations and transport the gas and oil direct-ly from subsea to shore. From a pure-ly environmental perspective, rem-oving the fl oating installations will reduce the risk of discharges. This means less activity in vulnerable fi s-heries and less need for supply traffi c and large rig installations.

The Research Council of Norway is con-tributing to the following projects: Pe-tromaks for research and development and Demo 2000 for testing and demon-stration. These form part of a common strategy, OG 21 – Oil and Gas in the 21st century.

In this situation both oil and gas extraction could coexist peacefully with the fi shing industry, and stead-ily increasing tourism in these areas. In reality researchers and the develo-pers of the required technology will have to exercise enormous restraint in order to achieve this.

Fully automatic“A lot of interesting things are oc-curring in this area at the moment,” says Morten Wienke of the Research Council of Norway.

“For example, we have come a long way with respect to the development of a seabed rig – a completely auto-mated rig that will operate on the se-abed, operated only by a surface ves-sel. We have projects testing a fully automatic separator, which would re-present a big step forwards in achie-ving an integrated chain from sea-bed to beach. We are also following up on the ‘invisibility requirement’ with tunnels that will conceal the

pipe trenches and minimise perma-nent scars on the landscape. We have to bear in mind that production will cease at some point in the future, and this presents a challenge in relation to the encroachments we make in the landscape today.”

“We have an initial pilot for FMC and seabed processing,” says Wien-ke. “This includes both TROLL Pi-lot and VIGDIS subsea. FMC Kongs-berg has been heavily involved on the Norwegian continental shelf. This pi-lot work has resulted in enormous progress, and provided Norway with a major competitive advantage. Spe-cifi cally, I can also mention subsea well intervention, which is a step to-wards effi cient subsea installations. It is all about making it easier and more economical to maintain subsea wells.”

All in one place“I would like to mention that we are supporting an environmental data processing project. This deals with base data and provides all industry players with an opportunity to uti-lise the enormous quantities of data that are currently held by many peo-ple. Among other things, Arctic Web will make the base data used for risk

analyses in northern regions availa-ble,” says Wienke.“We know from other pilot projects that integrated operations must be used extensively in order for such ventures to be successful.”

One example of integrated opera-tions in a subsea to beach project is Or-men Lange. The Ormen Lange fi eld lies in an old underwater landslide region. The seabed is characterised by large rocky cliff s, steep slopes with ski jump shaped inclines, and water depths of down to 800 metres.

Integrated operations with 3D mo-delling were a key tool, both for map-ping routes and identifying hindran-ces, during the preparatory phase. As early as the preliminary phase when the task was to locate the onshore fa-cility, data collection and mapping of the seabed played decisive roles in pointing out the most favourable ro-ute to shore from the fi eld through a large landslide region.

Simulating marine installations is essential to the operation of Ormen Lange. There are no platforms in the fi elds; everything takes place via sub-sea installations.

Protect sensitive areas by going subsea to beach

TOM AMRIATI-LØVÅS

[email protected]

TRENDS

SUBSEA TO BEACH

INSPIRATION

OVERTRAWLABLESUBSEA WELLS

SEPARATION OF OIL, GAS AND WATER

CLOSED SYSTEM FOR WATER INJECTION


DEEP SEASAt the Ormen Lange-field, in-tegrated operations with 3D modelling were a key tool, both for mapping routes and identifying hindrances during the preparatory phase.PHOTO: FMC KONGSBERG

INNOVATION

Important progress The oil adventure has stepped into the high technology future. Enor-mous, floating rig com-plexes out in the fields with hundreds of helmet clad oil workers are now being replaced by robots.

Subsea installations operated from land with integrated ope-rations, 3D animation and auto-matic processing will be the ad-venture of the future.

The Research Council og Nor-way, with its projects in Petro-maks, is currently researching the next generation of installa-tions. The goal is to enable opera-tions in previously inaccessible fi elds – very deep and ice-expo-sed regions where conventional rigs cannot go. The technology is also being adopted to meet the steadily stricter environmental requirements that apply to new exploratory areas.

Drilling rigs, production plat-forms, accommodation plat-forms and supply vessels. Eve-rything is going to be automated and located on the seabed. The technology required to succeed in domestic fi elds will also pro-vide a major advantage in the competition for other promising fi elds around the world.

Drilling, processing and brin-ging ashore from installations on the seabed is safer, cheaper and more environmentally fri-endly in all areas. There are ma-ny challenges, but by resolving them we will acquire knowledge and technology which will pro-vide numerous exciting oppor-tunities in many sectors in the future.SOURCE: RESEARCH COUNCIL/PETROMAKS

TOM AMRIATI-LØVÅS

[email protected]

TIE-BACK TO SHORE


INSPIRATION

Installing Christmas trees safely on the seabed

DEPLOYMENT METHODSThree methods can be used for deploy-ing Christmas trees in subsea instal-lations, drilling rig, vessels with heave compensation winches and wet storage. FOTO: GEIR OTTO JOHANSEN/STATOILHYDRO

Deploying subsea equipment like Christmas trees at deep depths can be costly and time-consuming. The ten metre long pipes are con-nected in threes into stands.

“You have to manually connect 50 stands to reach 1,500 metres”, says Thor Blunck, deputy manager of operation and projects of Total E&P Norway AS.

“It is time consuming compared to using a vessel with a heave com-pensation winch. Not only is this quicker, it is also cheaper for deep-er waters. Vessels are being used more frequently to deploy Christ-mas trees in the depths of the Gulf of Mexico,” Blunck adds.

Keep the load stableThe vessels are equipped with a

heave compensation winch which keeps the load stable whilst lo-wering the equipment.

“The winch wire is designed to lower or lift the equipment be-low the water without moving it when the vessel moves with the waves. The vessel has to be of a certain size,” says Blunck. “Whether you buy a Mercedes or

a smaller car is not that impor-tant, it is the technique that mat-ters in the end.”

Wet storage is the third meth-od for deploying trees. They are placed on a mat on the seabed next to the wellhead. Once the drilling has fi nished, the rig is moved to the side of the well and the trees deployed.

“This is not the optimal solu-tion,” says Blunck.

The drilling rig is also equipped with compensation, but the cranes may not be able to lift the heavy trees, whose weight start at 38 tons, from the supply vessels.

Be cost-effective“Hiring a drilling rig can cost as much as NOK 5 million a day”, says Blunck. “Therefore it can be cost-eff ective to use a vessel to lower the equipment instead. This allows the rig to perform other jobs.”

Blunck says that in some cases, depending on factors such as the well and Christmas tree, a consid-erable amount of time can be saved by using a vessel instead of a rig at deep depths.

“When you hold something in your arm at a distance from your body, you cannot lift the same weight as you can when the item is closer to your body. Compare that to a rig and a vessel. The vessel is closer to the well, and can reach further.”

Question: ■ How can you deploy Christmas trees safely on the seabed?

Answer: ■ You can use a drilling rig, a vessel with a heave compensation winch or wet storage.

ELISABET KOLSTAD

[email protected]

EXAMPLE

SUBSEADEPLOYMENT

CED BY MEDIAPLAN

SUSUBSBSBSEEAEA

4STEP

“Subsea protection measures make it easier for fi shermen to fi sh”, says Thor Blunck, dep-uty manager of operation and projects of Total E&P Norway AS, adding: “That is why they are there.”

Not only does subsea protec-tion protect the fishermen’s equipment from getting en-tangled in subsea installations, it also protects subsea instal-lations such as Christmas tre-es and vital parts such as the wellhead which controls the well.

Protect the environmentSince there is a risk of heavy materials falling from both ves-sels and platforms onto instal-lations and causing damage du-ring and after deployment, re-gulations have been introduced to protect the equipment and the environment.

“For instance, the guidelines and standards regulate design with regard to trawling protec-tion and dropped object protec-tion, and require vessels to be built in such a way that they are unable to do any harm,” says Professor Sigbjørn Sangesland of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU.

Sangesland says protective measures for subsea installa-tions in Norway have been in use since the beginning of the 1970s. Some changes in design have been made. In the begin-ning non-overtrawable struc-tures were used in some cases and caused harm to the fi sher-men. Today, protective structu-res are normally overtrawable and new materials have been introduced.

According to Blunck, some of the changes have facilitated subsea deployment. Light fi bre-glass can replace steel as a ma-terial in subsea protection me-asures. It is substantially less heavy than conventional steel.

“We are talking about sever-al tons”, Blunck says. “They are also easier to install because of the reduced weight.”

LIGHTER MATERIAL

Protect the environment By using lighter materials,changes in subsea pro-tection measures can en-hance subsea deploy-ment.

FACTS

Three methods ■ can be used for deploying Christmas trees in subsea installations, drilling rig, vessels with heave compensati-on winches and wet storage.

Vessels fitted ■ with heave compensation winches are usu-ally more cost-effective than using a rig in deeper waters and benign environments.

Heave compensation ■ win-ches come in various sizes and can lift as much as 600 tons. The winches can also be utilis-ed for deployment down to 3000 metres depth.

The winch ■ compensates

and is designed to ensure pre-cise load handling in all types of weather. The compensator keeps the equipment stable.

The heavy compensation ■winch can be fi tted on new as well as existing vessels as it do-es not require a particular ves-sel design.

Some heave compensation ■systems come with a fi bre rope system mounted on deck. Fibre weighs less than the conventio-nal steel wires and neutralises the weight in the water and al-lows heavier loads. It has the sa-me strength as steel.

Subsea Deployment

ELISABET KOLSTAD

[email protected]

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PANEL OF EXPTERTS

The global financial crises means that projects are delayed. In the subsea in-dustry, one way of measuring the activity is by number of subsea trees awarded dur-ing the quarter. Over the past few years we have seen approximately 100 trees awarded every quarter, but during the fi rst quarter of 2009 only in excess of 30 trees were award-ed. We believe that the industry will recov-er, but it is diffi cult to predict how long it will take. We also believe that the future of the oil- and gas industry is subsea. There is still oil and gas to be found off shore, in deep waters where subsea is the only possible development option.

We see that subsea technology can re-place more and more of the topside or platform technologies. The Tordis fi eld in the North Sea is a good example. Here we delivered the fi rst full fi eld subsea sepa-ration system to StatoillHydro. The Tordis solution enables removal of produced water and sand subsea, producing only oil and gas back to the platform. This is energy saving as well as environmentally friendly. We have also developed technol-ogy for cost eff ective intervention of sub-sea wells, enabling much higher recovery rate from subsea fi elds.

We are seeing the industry go through a global reset as it adjusts to the new oil and gas price levels, causing a re-eval-uation of project economics. However we believe that the industry fundamen-tals remain strong and that there is a fu-ture for oil and gas notwithstanding the current crisis. In the future, there will be challenges to solve around accessing oil and gas resources in more and more diffi cult environments, requiring new technology advances and greater in-

dustry cooperation.

Subsea technology offers operators the opportunity to develop fi elds in re-mote locations and in increasingly diffi -cult environmental conditions. Within this, subsea processing and related power systems represent an increasingly inter-esting market segment and growth area for off shore technology. Developing such novel and boundary breaking technology signifi cantly reduces the environmental impact of oil and gas production while providing bottom-line business benefi ts for its users.

The global financial crisis has im-pacted exploration and development ac-tivity in the short term. Looking ahead into 2010, it is expected that oil prices will return to levels which will see a recovery in overall activity, that will then be sus-tained as the global economy slowly re-covers. This industry is highly innovative and has proven to be capable of meeting signifi cant challenges and adapting to change. The future of the industry will depend upon a continuation of this ap-proach.

Investing in subsea technology sup-ports the goals outlined above, since it is in deep water exploration and develop-ment that the reserves of oil and gas will be found that will be needed to make the transition to renewable energy possi-ble without negatively impacting global economic development. The subsea in-dustry will be one of the most challeng-ing and rewarding industries for the next decades.

We believe that the industry is deter-mined to fi nd the best solutions in devel-oping oil- and gas fi elds environmentally friendly. In particular subsea fi eld devel-opments represent more environmen-tally friendly solutions than traditional platform solutions. For example on the Ormen Lange fi eld we have delivered the subsea systems that bring the gas from the fi eld back to shore without the use of a platform on the surface. The absence of the platform itself means a more environ-mentally friendly solution as no transpor-tation of people and equipment to such platform is needed.

The oil and gas indus-try has long been responsive

to its obligations to protect the environment, and we see our cus-

tomers now starting to prepare them-selves for the inevitable arrival of a car-bon constrained economy. GE Oil & Gas is well placed to make a major contribution through our ecomagination program fo-cused on developing and delivering prod-ucts and services with greater effi cien-cy and lower emissions than traditional products.

The industry can play a signifi -cant part in meeting the environ-mental challenges by participating in an integrated and carefully planned approach to the transition from fossil fu-els to renewable energy sources. This will take time and will require that the indus-try continue to meet a signifi cant part of the global energy requirements for some time to come whilst continuing to ex-plore for and to produce oil and gas in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.

Question 1:To what extent has the glo-bal fi nancial crisis aff ected the oil and gas industry?

Question 2:What actions can be taken to move the industry towards becoming more environmental friendly?

Question 3:In your view, what are the greatest advantages of investing in subsea techno-logy?

Rune ThoresenDirector Technology,FMC Kongsberg Subsea AS

Michael BellamyGeneral Manager Marketing, GE Oil and Gas

Øyvind EspelandManaging Director, Leco Subsea AS

technology adustry

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The future of subsea technology

JUNE 2009· 15THIS SUPPLEMENT IS AN ADVERTISEMENT PRODUCED BY MEDIAPLANET

WITHOUT ANCHOR1. The system is deployed through a moonpool from a dynamically positioned vessel, and is installed on the subsea Christmas tree without using anchors or risers. 2. Riserless LWI technology would repre-sent a staggering US$30 billion increase for Norway’s oil recovery over a ten year period.3. The Riserless Light Well Intervention (RLWI) technology includes a patented lubricator sys-tem with the recirculation of hydrocarbons into the well. ILLUSTRATION 1: ISLAND OFFSHORE MANAGE-

MENT AS, PHOTOS 2 AND 3 : FMC TECHNOLOGIES

Maintenance of sub-sea wells im-proves recovery rates, and the lo-

wering of maintenance costs is the ulti-mate objective of riserless light well in-tervention. By performing wireline in-tervention, the lifetime of the well and fi eld are extended. Well maintenance can be performed using Dynamically Positioned (DP) vessels instead of large anchored drilling rigs resulting in shor-ter times and lower costs. With increas-ed access for only one-third of the cost of a typical intervention, oil companies can better monitor and gather more in-formation from reservoirs worldwide.. .

MAINTENANCE

Reduced costs with new technology

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INSPIRATION

SUBSEAMAINTENANCE

SUSUBSBSBSEAEAEA

5STEP


The cost of new materials such as titanium and composites has fallen and has turned them into real alter-natives to steel and aluminium.

Buoyancy is a very topical sub-ject on today’s rigs because of the steadily growing quantity of equipment. This especially applies to completions equipment used to develop subsea fi elds (subsea com-pletions), and operations at great sea depths, which require more equipment onboard.

Needs less resources“Subsea installations, for exam-ple, dramatically increase the need for buoyancy control,” explains Dr. Mehdi Mousavi at Buskerud Uni-versity College. “Several hundred tons of equipment come on top of the ordinary drilling equipment required for drilling at great ocean depths. This is where new materi-als enter the picture, as a response to transport costs.”

“First of all, metals such as steel are heavy and require more trans-port and installation resources.

Another disadvantage of steel is that it corrodes quickly in seawater. Even stainless steel will corrode in such an environment. Meanwhile, the advantages of steel are its price and strength,” he says.

Choose titanium“Titanium is traditionally very ex-pensive. This has changed in recent years, and we are now seeing titani-um being able to compete with steel in many designs. Titanium alloys are stronger, i.e. they are harder materi-als, than steel and are practically cor-rosion free in saltwater. Using titani-um alloys could help to keep trans-port costs down in many types of op-eration because they are dramatical-ly lighter than steel,” says Mousavi.

“Meanwhile, one disadvantage of titanium is that it reacts strong-ly with other metals, e.g. alumin-ium. Titanium components can only be used safely in larger con-structions if they are isolated from other metals with the help of phys-ical linings,” he explains.

“If we take titanium and titani-um alloys as examples of new ma-terials, it was only a few years ago that it would have been out of the question to use these in larger con-structions because of the price,” he says. “However, there is one mate-rial that is both light and strong, and would be an answer to many of the challenges one faces when ex-tracting in ocean areas.”

Composite materials gain-ing a foothold “We face major challenges conduct-ing operations in which we have to protect important and large installa-tions,” says Martin Ahlbäck, the en-gineering manager of Technip AS.

“Installations such as covers for pipes are today made from GRP (glass fi bre reinforced polyester). This material has many advantages. The main one is that it is signifi cant-ly lighter than steel, about one third of the weight. This means that we can transport multiple covers out to the installations at the same time. Which in turn means less time in transit and in port for the ships.”

LOWER COSTS WITH LIGHTER MATERIALS

TOM AMRIATI-LØVÅS

[email protected]

■ Question: What has the fact that oil and gas rigs are subject to steadily increasing require-ments resulted in?

Answer: ■ The quantity of equipment, both onboard and on the seabed, is increasing considerably. The weight of all this equipment results in major extra transport, handling and maintenance costs.

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Dr. Mehdi MousaviBuskerud University College

Another disadvantage of steel is

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”Metals such as steel are heavy and require more trans-port and installation resources.”


BUILD LIGHT AND STRONGSubsea structures at the Vega gas and condensate field. Buoyancy is a very topical subject on today’s rigs because of the steadily growing quantity of equip-ment. PHOTO: GRENLANDGROUP.COM

Typical subsea applications where there is a need for insulation in-clude wellheads and Christmas trees, manifolds, jumpers, pipe-lines on the seabed and riser pipes.

Like the installations the insula-tion systems are subjected to high levels of hydrostatic pressure (wa-ter depths down to 2,000-3,000 m), high temperatures (up to 160-200 oC) and have to have long lifetimes. In addition the insulation materi-al must be able to withstand me-chanical loads during installation (e.g. when laying pipe).

Important properties“If we are talking about the impor-tant properties of the insulation materials, I would like to highlight water resistance and especially the combination of water exposure and high temperatures or so-called hot/wet properties, temperature resist-ance, thermal conductibility, re-sistance to creep, and the ability to resist bending and impact loads,” says Reidar Stokke of SINTEF.

“This means that when you are choosing insulation materials it is important to consider the insu-lation properties and their dura-bility over time when the materi-als are subjected to a combination of high hydrostatic pressure and high temperatures. This can re-sult in creep eff ects in the material which increases density, reduces insulation thickness and thus re-duces the insulation properties,”

he says. “Thermal aging due to high temperatures can also reduce mechanical properties and cause a loss of insulation ability.”

“Traditionally, four key parame-ters are highlighted when assess-ing insulation materials for subsea applications,” says Stokke.

“These are low thermal con-ductivity, good hydrostatic com-pression strength at high tem-peratures, resistance to creep in the compression at high tempera-tures, and, not least, resistance to thermal aging,” he says. “Choos-ing materials that meet these re-quirements is a challenge. Howev-er, pure or fi lled polymers are pri-marily used today.”

A number of main typesPolymer-based insulation materi-als for subsea applications can be roughly divided into a number of main types: Pure or fi lled polymer materials (not foamed), foamed polymer materials and syntactic polymer-based foamed materials (polymers fi lled with hollow micro glass beads), and structural insula-tion materials (composites).

“Composite materials are used in situations where the material’s low heat conductivity is combined with load bearing properties. Ex-ploiting this combination of prop-erties is more often of interest un-derwater,” says Stokke. “Exam-ples include so-called ‘heat banks’. This is a structure that is built up around components such as con-nectors and helps to sustain the temperature in a closed off water volume for a given time after an unintentional shutdown.”

Find the right insulation material

TOM AMRIATI-LØVÅS

[email protected]

T o find suitable insulation materials for installations at great depths, the materi-al’s properties have to meet strict requirements that de-pend on the environment and the job it has to do.

NEWS IN BRIEF

Ole Magnus Holden Senior pipe engineer of StatoilHydro

TOOLS

3D modelling – a prerequisite for Ormen Lange

Ormen Lange is in many ways ■unique in a global context. The fi eld lies in an old underwater landslide region, and the seabed is characterised by large rocky cliff s that are up to 70-80 metres high, steep slopes with inclines that run out in a ski jump shape, and water depths of down to 800 metres. The seabed had to be mo-delled in 3D because of its size, the very demanding conditions on the seabed, and the depth one was going to operate at.

Ormen Lange could not have been built without this, and the reservoir could not have been exploited. “3D modelling was a key tool both when it came to surveying routes and during the preparatory phase,” says Ole Magnus Holden, senior pipe en-gineer of StatoilHydro.

“3D mapping of the seabed played a decisive role as early as the introductory phase when we were looking to site the land facility, pointing out possible routes to land from the fi eld through a large landslide area,” he explains.


INSPIRATION

LARGE DISCOVERY1. The oil- and gas field was discovered in 1998. It is located 200 kilometers west of the Sandnessjøen and will be operated through a production ship and FPSOs. 2. The Skarv ship will be operated with a supply base and maintenance func-tions in the Sandnessjøen and helicopter transportation from Brønnøysund. 3. The ship is approximately 50 meters wide, almost 300 meters long and can store 875 000 barrels.ILLUSTRATION/PHOTOS: BP NORWAY

Skarv is the largest fi eld development on the Norwegian Continental shelf in 2009.

Licenses are BP Norge AS (operator), Statoil-Hydro ASA, E. ON Ruhrgas Norge AS and PGNiG Norway AS. The plan for development and oper-ation was approved by Stortinget (the Norwe-gian Parliament) in December 2007. All major development contracts have been placed. As of late April 2009 over 50 per cent of the fabrica-tion work has been completed. Production start is in 2011.

TECHNOLOGY

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Documents

Precision SUBSEA TECHNOLOGY 7doc.mediaplanet.com/all_projects/3342.pdf · subsea technology in 2006. As the marked expands, globalization spreads and tech-nology develop, the subsea