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Prefabricated structures and their economic sue in various field
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DISSERTATION REPORT
PREFABRICATED HOUSING
SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:
PROF SOMA A MISHRA
RAHIL KHAN
B. ARCH. VIII SEM.
SOA IPS ACADEMY
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Dissertation Project – prefabricated housing submitted by
me in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Architecture of Rajiv
Gandhi proudyogiki vishwa vidyalaya, Bhopal, India is a record of my work. The
matter embodied in this project has submitted for the award of any other degree or
diploma.
Rahil Khan
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above declaration of Rahil Khan is true to the best of my
knowledge and that he has worked for one semester for preparing this Dissertation
Project.
RECOMMENDED ACCEPTED
PROF. B.V YADAM AR. B. V. YADAM
Head of the Department
School of Architecture,
IPS Academy, Indore
Date:
Place:
3
INDEX
NO. CONTENTS COMMENTS SIGN
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 HISTORY
1.3 SELECTION CRITERIA
1.4 EXPENSE / BENEFITS
1.5 BUILDING STRENGTH
1.6 ASSEMBLEY TIME
1.7 MARKET ACCEPTANCE
1.8 LIMITATION
2.1 PREFABRICATED BUILDING
2.2 TYPES OF PREFAB HOUSING
1. MANUFACTURED HOUSING
2. MOBILE HOME
3. MODULAR BUILDING
4. MODULAR HOME
5. PORTABLE HOUSING
6. PANELIZED HOMES
3.1 INDIAN CONTRIBUTION IN PREFABRICATED HOUSING
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4.1 MATERIALS
5.1 ANALYSS
5.2 CONCLUSION
6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
5
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other
manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site
where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more
conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where
all assembly is carried out.
The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than structures at a fixed
site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any movable structure is
shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is supplied assembled
and ready to fit. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine,
or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as
separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the
whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to
distinguish them from the other components
THE PROCESS AND THEORY OF PREFABRICATION
The conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks, timber, cement, sand, steel and
construction aggregate, etc to the site, and to construct the house on site from these materials. In
prefabricated construction, only the foundations are constructed in this way, while sections of
walls, floors and roof are prefabricated (assembled) in a factory (possibly with window and door
frames included), transported to the site, lifted into place by a crane and bolted together.
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HISTORY
Prefabrication has been used since ancient times. For example, it is claimed that the world's oldest
known engineered roadway, the Sweet Track constructed in England around 3800 BC, employed
prefabricated timber sections brought to the site rather than assembled on-site. Ancient Sri Lanka
used prefabricated in building monastic structures, where some sections were prepared separately and
then fitted together.
The method was widely used in the construction of prefabricated housing in the 20th century, such as
in the United Kingdom to replace houses bombed during World War II. Assembling sections in
factories saved time on-site and reduced cost. However the quality was low, and when such
prefabricated housing was left in use for longer than its designed life, it acquired a certain stigma.
The Crystal Palace, erected in London in 1851, was a highly visible example of iron and glass
prefabricated construction; it was followed on a smaller scale by Oxford Rewley Road railway
station.
SELECTION CRITERIA
1. it should be quick to erect and easy to install
2. it should be light in weight , adaptable and portable
3. to an extent be possible to be built up with locally available material
4. it should posses good environmental control and should be able to cope up with the
weather and deal with the ground conditions
5. it should require minimum maintenance.
6. it should be resistant to earth quake, wind storm, rain, and extreme heat or cold.
7. the assembly should be simple so that it could be set up by local people and req. min labour
8. if possible it must be cost effective.
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EXPENSE / BENEFIT
Modular buildings are very affordable because of the factory construction of these buildings. They
are a very cost effective compared to conventional construction. These units are typically constructed
in an enclosed facility therefore weather is not a factor in the construction time line. Material delivery
fees are also out of the equation because an ample amount of material will always be available at the
facility, as opposed to being delivered in limited quantities to the job site, nearly eliminating
construction delays, and theft of building materials from the site.
STRUCTURAL STRENGTH
According to manufacturers, modular homes are generally designed to be initially stronger than
traditional homes by, for example, replacing nails with screws and adding glue to joints. This is
supposed to help the modules maintain their structural integrity as they are transported on trucks to
the construction site. Despite manufacturer claims that the modular home is initially built to be
stronger than a traditional home, it is difficult to predict the final building strength since it needs to
endure transportation stresses that traditional homes never experience.
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ASSEMBLY TIME
The modules that will combine to form the house are assembled off-site in a factory. These modules
can take one to three months to be constructed but often take as little as 10 days actually to construct
when they are first started. Then they are transported to the building site where a crane is brought in
to assemble the modules together. The placement of the modules together generally takes several
hours or days. Once assembled, modular buildings are essentially indistinguishable from typical site-
built homes. While mobile manufactured buildings often decrease in value over time, a well-built
modular should have the same longevity as its site-built counterpart, increasing in value over time.
CONSTRUCTION SURFACES
Modular buildings can be assembled on top of multiple foundation surfaces, such as a crawl space,
stilts (for areas that are prone to flooding), full basements or std. slab on grade. They can also be built
to multi-story heights. Motels and other multi-family structures have been built using modular
construction techniques. The height that a modular structure can be built to depends on jurisdiction
but a number of countries, especially in Asia, allow them to be built to 24 floors and possibly even
more.
Exterior wall surfaces can be finalized in the plant production process or in the case of brick/stone
veneers field applications may be the builder’s choice. Roof systems also can be apart of - separate
from - applied in the field after the basic installation is completed.
MARKET ACCEPTANCE
Some home buyers and some lending institutions resist consideration of modular
homes as equivalent in value to site-built homes. While the homes themselves may be
of equivalent quality, entrenched zoning regulations and psychological marketplace
factors may create hurdles for buyers or builders of modular homes and should be
considered as part of the decision-making process when exploring this type of home as
a living and/or investment option. In the other countries like UK & Australia modular
homes have become quite accepted in regional areas however are not commonly built
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in major cities. Some modular building manufacturers have begun to refer to modular
buildings as “off-site construction” to combat the negative image of modular which is
due to portables or trailer stereotypes. Recent innovations allow modular buildings to
be indistinguishable from site built structures.
LIMITATIONS
The study will be dealing with the various forms of prefab houses, It will not cover the construction
details; the report will cover its progress.
2.1 PREFABRICATED BUILDING
Prefabricated building is a type of building that consists of several factory-built components or
units that are assembled on-site to complete the unit
Prefabricated homes often referred to as prefab homes, are dwellings manufactured off-site in
advance, usually in standard sections that can be easily shipped and assembled. Some current prefab
home designs include architectural details inspired by postmodernism or futurist architecture.
Prefab homes have not been particularly marketable; possible reasons for this include:
Homes are not currently produced cost-effectively enough for current demand.
Homes are not considered a realistic housing solution by the average consumer.
The consumer is either not familiar with the concept, or does not desire it.
Social stigma that exists because of low quality mass produced designs used in the past.
Difficulties obtaining finance due to stricter guidelines being used by lenders to assess prefab
home loans.
Modern architects are experimenting more often with prefabrication as a means to deliver well-
designed and mass-produced modern homes. Modern architecture forgoes referential decoration
and instead features clean lines and open floor plans. Because of this, many feel modern
architecture is better suited to benefit from prefabrication.
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TYPES OF PREFAB HOUSING
1. Manufactured housing
2. Mobile home
3. Modular building
4. Modular home
5. Portable housing
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6. Panelized homes
MANUFACTURED HOUSING
Manufactured housing (also known as prefabricated housing) is a type of housing unit that is
largely assembled in factories and then transported to sites of use. The original focus of this form of
housing was its mobility. Units were initially marketed primarily to people whose lifestyle required
mobility. However, these homes began to be marketed primarily as an inexpensive form of housing
designed to be set up and left in a location for long periods of time, or even permanently installed
with a masonry foundation. Previously, units had been eight feet or less in width, but in 1956, the 10-
foot (3.0 m) wide home was introduced. This helped solidify the line between mobile and house
travel trailers, since the smaller units could be moved simply with an automobile, but the larger,
wider units required the services of a professional trucking company.
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MOBILE HOME
Mobile homes or static caravans are prefabricated homes built in factories; They are usually
transported by tractor-trailers over public roads to sites which are often in rural areas or high-density
developments. In some countries they are used for temporary accommodation on campsites. While
these houses are usually placed in one location and left there permanently, they do retain the ability
to be moved as this is a requirement in many areas.
Behind the cosmetic work fitted at installation to hide the base, there are strong trailer frames, axles,
wheels and tow-hitches. The two major sizes are single- wides and double- wides. Single-wides are
eighteen feet or less in width and 90 feet (27 m) or less in length and can be towed to their site as a
single unit. Double-wides are twenty feet or more wide and are 90 feet (27 m) in length or less and
are towed to their site in two separate units, which are then joined together. Triple-wides and even
homes with four, five, or more units are also built, although not as commonly. While site-built homes
are rarely moved.
Modular homes are homes that are created in sections, and then transported to the home site for
construction and installation. These are typically installed and treated like a regular house, for
financing, appraisal and construction purposes, and are usually the most expensive of the three.
Although the sections of the house are prefabricated, the sections, or modules, are put together at the
construction much like a typical home. Manufactured and mobile houses are rated as personal
property and depreciate over time.
- Manufactured homes refer to homes that are built onto steel beams, and are transported in complete
sections to the home site, where they are assembled.
- Mobile homes are, quite simply, mobile homes; that is, homes built on wheels that are able to be
moved from place to place.
Mobile homes and manufactured homes can be placed in mobile home parks, and manufactured
homes can also be placed on private land, providing the land is appropriately zoned for manufactured
homes.
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MODULAR BUILDINGS
Modular buildings are sectional prefabricated buildings that are manufactured in a plant, and
delivered to the customer in one or more complete modular sections. Modular buildings are
considerably different from mobile homes.
Modular buildings have a wide variety of uses. They will either be used for long-term temporary or
permanent facilities. Such uses include construction camps, schools and classrooms, civilian and
military housing needs, and industrial facilities. Modular buildings are a perfect solution in remote
and rural areas where conventional construction may not be reasonable or even possible.
MODULAR HOME
Modular homes are houses that are divided into multiple modules or sections which are
manufactured in a remote facility and then delivered to their intended site of use. The modules are
assembled into a single residential building using either a crane or trucks.
Steel or wood framing are common options for building a modular ho Such dwellings are often priced
lower than their site-built counterparts and are typically more cost-effective to builders and
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consumers. These new homes can be constructed in less time than it takes to build a home "on-site".
Manufacturers cite the following reasons for the typically lower cost/price of these dwellings:
Indoor construction. Assembly is independent of weather which increases work efficiency and
avoids damaged building material.
Favorable pricing from suppliers. Large-scale manufacturers can effectively bargain with
suppliers for discounts on materials.
Ability to service remote locations. Particularly in countries such as Australia there can be
much higher costs to build a site-built house in a remote area or an area experiencing a
construction boom such as mining towns. Modular homes can be built in major towns and
sold to regional areas.
Low waste. With the same plans being constantly built, the manufacturer has records of
exactly what quantities of materials are needed for a given job. While waste from a site-built
dwelling may typically fill several large dumpsters, waste from a modular dwelling generates
much less waste.
MODULAR HOMES VS. MOBILE HOMES
Differences include the building codes that govern the construction, types of material used and how
they are appraised by banks for lending purposes. Mobile home (manufactured homes) is generally
considered lesser quality. The materials are the same as site constructed homes. Wood frame floors,
walls and roof are the most typical. Some modular even included brick or stone exteriors, granite
counters and steeply pitched roofs. All modular are designed to sit on a perimeter foundation or
basement. Mobile homes are constructed with a steel chassis that is integral to the integrity of the
floor system. Lending institutions and appraisers consider a modular home the same as they consider
a site built home, with the same life expectancy and value. Mobile homes often require special
lenders. Most companies have standard plans. However, all modular buildings can be custom built to
a client’s specification. Today's designs include multi-story units, multi-family units and entire
apartment complexes. The negative stereotype commonly associated with mobile homes and has
prompted some manufacturers to start using the term Off-Site Construction.
PORTABLE BUILDING
A portable building, or demountable building, is a building designed and built to be movable rather
than permanently located. A common modern design is sometimes called a modular building, but
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portable buildings can be different in that they are more often used temporarily and taken away later.
Portable buildings (e.g. yurts) have been used since prehistoric times. The most familiar modern type
of portable buildings are designed so that one can be carried to or from site on a large lorry and slung
on and off by a crane.
The first known portable building or "knock-down" building was developed by US firm Porta-Kamp
in 1955, The first portable building under the trade name Portakabin was built in 1961 in England.
PANELIZED HOMES
Sometimes referred to as a prefab home. Panelized construction involves the building of individual
walls, or wall sections in a factory. Panelized home producers are the biggest and most diverse
segment of the factory-built housing industry. Panelized homes are different compared to modular
homes and manufactured homes. There are some similarities, but panelized homes utilize
“Components” or “wall units” that are pre-built in a controlled environment, (factory). The main
advantage of panelized homes over stick-built homes is - shorter build time with lower labor costs
Panelized Kit Homes are an open panel system where wall panels are assembled in a factory
environment, using state of the art equipment. Essentially what is included in our kit homes is the
"shell" of the house. The window and door openings are pre-framed, and the exterior sheathing is
already applied.
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For complete details and materials specifications of our kit homes , visit our What's Included page.
There are many benefits of our panelized kit homes vs. conventional construction:
Cost Savings on Materials & Labor
High Quality Materials
Simplified Building Process
100% financing
True owner builder program
Less waste and a cleaner job site
When you are comparing various alternative construction methods, there's one important thing
to keep in mind:
Panelized Kit Homes are viewed as stick built homes by building inspectors, appraisers, and lenders.
Once your home is complete, no one will ever be able to tell that it was a kit house!
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PREFABRICATED BUILDING MANUFACTURERS
Hindustan Prefab Limited (A Government of India Enterprise) an ISO 9001: 2000 certified a
company was incorporated in 1953. In the 50 years of its existence, HPL has built a wide spectrum of
civil engineering structures using both conventional in-situ as well as prefab techniques and has also
supplied components for the building industry & the national railways. It pioneered the production of
pre-stressed concrete railway sleepers, which replaced wooden sleepers in Indian Railways.
Hindustan Prefab Limited is functioning under Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
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As a construction company, HPL propagates the use of various techniques in housing as mentioned
below.
1) Large panel fully prefab system.
2) Composite roofing system using precast beams and other eliments.
3) Partial prefab system using cast-in-site walls and precast roofs.
4) Totally cast-in-situ system using small precast elements.
Prefabricated Building Manufacturers make and supply modular structures. Lots of them have
manufacturing facilities at one or more locations and supply their products worldwide, while some
cater only to their local area. Prefabricated Building Manufacturers can specialize in the type of
buildings they make. For instance, they might be providing their buildings only for residential use, or
industrial purposes. Some manufacturers fabricate just steel buildings, while other might supply wood
and fiberglass also. On the other hand, some of them would be experts in solar geothermal homes or
floor-to-ceiling glass buildings.
By and large, all Prefabricated Building Manufacturers would require your specifications before
giving a quote. Some might offer ready-made, predesigned buildings also, if they are close to your
requirements. Mostly they undertake shipping and installation of the Prefabricated Buildings. If some
assistance in design is required, they might charge separately for it. Or you might get in touch with
Prefabricated Building consultants for a professional opinion.
In this era of high competition, it is essential to get hold of the right manufacturer who would give
quality materials and good service at a reasonable cost. Check out the warranty details and installation
support that they are committing. Even the building material specifications should meet the local
area’s building code. Do refer to their existing customers to find out the level of satisfaction. A
reputable name might be a little costlier but should prove to be more reliable. On the other hand, if
you need the Prefabricated Building only for some short and temporary purpose, you can go in for a
local supplier as well.
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3.1 INDIAN CONTRIBUTION IN PREFABRICATED HOUSING
If two decades ago someone had told you that one day it would be possible to have instant houses like
instant coffee or instant noodles you would have thought that person was crazy.
The best we could think in terms of portable homes or instant homes was of tents or caravans or
trailer homes. But now in this world we also have instant homes.
The portable houses can vary in size according to your requirement ranging from 8x8 feet, 8x12 feet,
12x16 feet and 16x32 feet. And they are really catching on in Delhi as people can extend their houses
without having to go through the hassle of getting permission from the authorities concerned as they
are not permanent structures and can be installed and dismantled easily at the site. The dimensions of
walls, roof, door and window can be altered easily according to design specifications.
They have a variety of designs suitable for different climatic conditions, wind speeds and seismic
zones in India.
The roof and walls of these cabins are insulated using thermocole /-mineral wool. They are fully
insulated externally and air-conditioned internally (optional).
these pre-fabricated structures are insulated, the cost of heating and cooling them is almost 70 per
cent lower compared to conventional buildings. They require minimal maintenance and repair. Their
costs are reasonable and the best is that they are environment-friendly. They have the ability to
withstand harsh weather conditions. They can also be designed according to your specifications in
next to no time. You can have an entire home that is prefabricated.
PREFABRICATED WOOD HOUSES IN INDIA
Lockwood International, a leading New Zealand-based wood construction company, has launched its
first prefabricated wood houses in India aimed at the luxury realty segment in the country.
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The company showcased its first model house at the Classic Golf Resort in Gurgaon, on the outskirts
of the national capital, on Tuesday. MacDonald Sarin, a realty asset management company in
Gurgaon, will market the houses in India.
"Just like modular kitchens and bathrooms, prefabricated wood houses are made by fixing pre-
designed wooden building blocks," The houses cost between Rs 6,000 and Rs 7,000 per sq ft.
"The wooden building blocks are fixed by a special lock-wood technology without use of nails or
cement or steel in just two months. So people do not have to wait for a year or two to enjoy their
dream house,"
These houses are very popular in European countries.
The Indian Forest Research Institute has tested pinewood for its suitability in Indian conditions,
adding these structures are also resistant to earthquakes and termite attacks.
New Zealand's Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister Jim Anderton launched a prototype of the
house. He is in India to offer sustainable timber resources to the booming Indian housing and
construction industry.
"As India is now protecting its native forest and needs to import the timber to meet growing demand
for construction and other industry.
"The New Zealand wood industry currently generates $3.1 billion in exports to India. We are the fifth
largest export market for wood products."
INDIAN CONTRIBUTION IN MAKING COST-EFFECTIVE BUILDING
MATERIALS
The in-house research and development (R&D) unit of the Hyderabad Industries Limited (HIL) has
developed an innovative prefabricated building material, called the `Aerocon Sandwich Panel', using
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fly ash in combination with cement and vermiculite, a mica-like material that imparts fire-resistant
properties to the material.
The new prefab product from HIL is the latest in a line of products manufactured by the company,
and used in building and construction activity, such as plywood, gypsum board, cement-bonded
particle board, resin-bonded particle board, and so on.
The light-weight, fire-resistant Aerocon panel is made up of two fiber-reinforced cement sheets, on
either side of a light concrete core composed of Portland cement, binders, silica and other materials in
certain proportions. It has an interlocking sandwich design, with a tongue and groove joining system,
to make it compact and sound.
The prefab blocks are designed for utility in offices, penthouses, partition walls in commercial
establishments, and for cabins and booths. Because of their low weight and flexibility, the aerocon
panels can be transported easily and utilized in the cons truction of temporary shelters in cyclone- or
earthquake-affected areas, or even by the armed forces in remote areas.
TILES FROM FLY ASH
In another development initiative, a Mumbai-based company, H&R Johnson's research group has
fabricated prototype tiles using the waste fly ash generated from a thermal power plant.
The researchers obtained the waste material from the Tata Electric Company, Trombay, from which
they made briquettes. They found that the composition of the fly ash was a virtual replica of clay
which, in turn, is ideally suited to the manufacture of tile.
In the manufacture of fly ash-based tiles, this means two advantages. First, the use of fly ash can cut
the requirement of natural quartz in the body of the wall-tiles. And second, since the fly ash is freely
available, the overall cost of the final product is less.
MATERIALS
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BAMBOO SHUTTERING, BAMBOO FILM FACED PLYWOOD, BAMBOO
PLYWOOD - BAMBOO SHUTTERING
bamboo plywood, bamboo shuttering, bamboo film faced plywood; ; [bamboo plywood, bamboo
shuttering, bamboo film faced plywood.
STEEL SPACE FRAME - SF
CXIC is the leading company for space frame structure in China. The Grade A enterprise of steel
structure and space frame works-the qualification Certificate has been awarded by China [space
frame, steel structure, pre engineered structure]
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POLYCARBONATE (PC) SOFTLITE SHEET - PC SOFTLITE SHEET
Polycarbonate corrugate sheet features a high combination of unique qualities ? high impact strength,
light transmission, flexibility, light weight and excellent performance under wide temperature range.
[Polycarbonate Hollow profile sheet, Polycarbonate sheet,
Polycarbonate Solid sheet, Polycarbonate corrugated sheet, PC Soft
lite, PC sheet
PARTITIONS AND FALSE CEILING
partitions & false ceiling by using UPVC multi-cavity 50 x 50 2.5mm frame suitably reinforced
and welded in corners and paneled by 20mm x 116mm x 1.2mm panels with EPDM Gasket &
Glass bead with provision of door shutter partition glass, windows (turn/Sliding) and roofing of 20
x 116 x 1.2mm panels with truces, supports, etc.
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PLASTIC AIR REGISTER
Features:
1) For floor use and heating and cooling applications 2) Solid ABS construction 3) Integral
multi-shutter damper with easy-to-use damper handle 4) Brown color 5) Any color available (2 weeks
more) 6) Available in 2 x 10, 4 x 10
SANDWICH PANEL LINE
Features:
It can take the EPS cores and thickness is 50 - 250mm 2) It is automatic machine
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HANDSCRAPED OAK DARK FLOORING
Features:
1) Tree origin: northern China, Russia 2) Color: pale yellow 3) Tough texture, fine structure 4) High
strength, good resistance to abrasion and corrosion 5) Exceptional stability, good anti-shocking
performance 6) Flooring.
GRANITE KITCHEN TOPS
Features:
1) Types: countertops, kitchen tops, bar tops, half island and island in different designs, colors,
and sizes are available, such as 96 x 26 , 110 x 26 , 100 x 36.5 , 84 x 36 , 72 x 48
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CLEAR TEMPERED GLASS (FLAT)
The quantity, size, thickness, color, processing requirements, such as drilling holes, edging (such as
flat edge polished, not polished, C-edge polished, minimum edge), corner processing, silk screen
print.
ALUMINUM COMPOSITE PANELS
Features:
1) Weather resistance 2) Fireproof 3) Even coating 4) Easy maintenance 5) Excellent torsion strength
Specifications: 1) Standard size: 1,220 x 2,440mm 2) Max. Width: 1,600mm 3) Max. Length:
6,000mm 4) Surface: PVDF, polyester.
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MESH FILM FACED PLYWOOD
Specifications: 1) Size: 1250 x 2500mm, 4 x 8' 2) Thickness: 18, 21mm
FIBERGLASS WIRE NETTING
Vinyl coated fiberglass yarn insect screen (fiberglass screen) Coated yarn insect screen is made of
fiberglass under the process of plastic-coating, plain weaving and high temperature-fixing. Vinyl
coated fiberglass insect screen is well ventilate.
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MDF BOARD (MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER BOARDS)
Features:
1) Dimensions: 4 x 8' (1,220 x 2,440mm) 2) Thickness: 2.5 - 3mm, 3.5 - 4.6mm, 9mm, 12mm,
15mm, 16mm, 17mm, 18mm, 25mm
ALUMINUM LATH CEILING
Features:
1) Standard width: 50mm, 75mm, 100mm, 150mm, 175mm, 200mm and 250mm 2) Materials: a)
Surface: improved PET, which has more advantages than common PET, including bacterium
resistance. This surface make our ceilings very ideal for living...
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5.2 ANALYSIS
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for formwork, shuttering and
scaffolding is greatly reduced.
1. Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner, allowing an earlier return of
2. the capital invested.
3. On-site construction and congestion is minimized.
4. Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a construction site setting.
5. Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily available and costs of
labour, power, materials, space and overheads are lower.
6. Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction site is minimized.
7. Less waste may be generated and in a factory setting it may be easier to recycle it back into the
manufacturing process, for instance it is less costly to recycle scrap metal generated in a metal
fabrication shop than on the construction site.
8. Molds can be used several times.
DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
1. Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and glass
panels is required.
2. Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the joining of prefabricated
sections to avoid failure of the joint.
3. Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
4. Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the
materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more efficiently.
5. Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and
handling to place in position.
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6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
e-BOOKS –
Prefab: Bryan Burkhart, Allison Arieff:
The Modular Home: Andrew Gianino:
Inside outside
INTERNET –
www.citehr.com
www.google.com
www.msn.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.indiahousing.com
www.kellysearch.co.in
www.new-building-system.com
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