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Preparing for Pregnancy
List at least 10 things people need to consider and plan for before having a baby.
Preconception Checklist
Get a complete physicalDiscuss any medical conditionsBe blood-tested for immunityReview job-related hazardsGet a prescription for prenatal vitaminsAssess your eating habitsCut back on caffeine
Have an exercise program Make sure you have medical coverage Be sure your insurance will cover the costs Determine financial needs Find out about company maternal/paternal leave
plans Stop using alcohol, drugs, and nicotine Sleep! Minimize stress Address relationship issues Discuss expectations (care-giving roles, day care,
household duties, etc.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0ZuCilCu3E
Beginning of Menstrual Cycle
• One hormone triggers another starts cycle
• multiple hormones at work – not just estrogen and progesterone.
• Day one: menstruation starts
• Ova starts to mature: hormone activated
Fertile Time • Ova releases: hormone
induced – ovulation around day 14
• Vaginal mucus: changes in thickness - called leucorrhea.
• Sperm cells: live up to five days in the female reproductive tract
• Unfertilized egg lives only 24 hours after release
End of Menstrual Cycle
• After ovulation: uterine lining becomes thicker for fertilized ova implantation
• If ova unfertilized: estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the lining sheds (menstruation)
Sperm Facts• Men produce sperm throughout life• Discovered in 1677 by a Dutchman• About 200 million every ejaculation• Affected by diet• About 1/3 not deformed• Fertilization process discovered 1879• Y sperm swim faster but die more quickly• X sperm are slower but live longer
Ova Facts• Female fetus has all fully-formed ova
she’ll ever have• Born with over a million; down to 300,000
by puberty; down to 30,000 by 30• Largest single cell in female’s body• 15,000 sperm make up size of ovum• Smoking can decrease ova by half
Ovum and Sperm Meet
Quick Quiz
List at least five things you learned about ovulation and/or conception.
Gestation – The period from conception to birth
• Equal thirds of the gestation period– First trimester - months 1 to 3– Second trimester - months 4 to 6– Third trimester - months 7 to 9
Group Activity
Signs You Might Be Pregnant• Swollen and tender breasts• Frequent urination• Fatigue• Nausea or vomiting• Food aversions• Sensitivity to smells• Physical changes• Shortness of breath: need more oxygen• Missed menstrual cycle
Terms to Know• Zygote: Fertilized egg• Morula: Cell division after 4
days • Blastocyst: Ready for
implantation in the uterus• Embryo: Implantation to 8
weeks• Fetus: From 8 weeks to birth
Terms• Placenta - organ formed on the uterine
wall– fetus receives oxygen and nutrients– waste products are removed
• HCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin - hormone secreted by the placenta– detected in pregnancy tests
Terms• Umbilical cord
– the tube connecting the fetus to the placenta• Amniotic fluid
– the watery fluid surrounding a developing fetus in the uterus
• Prenatal– Before birth
• Critical periods – Times during pregnancy when important
growth occurs
Graphic Organizer Trimester Mom Fetus
1st
Month 1
Month 2
(etc.)
You will have one for every trimester.http://www.parents.com/videos/fetal-development.htm
1st Trimester: 1st Month• 1/10 of an inch
long. • The heart, which is
no larger than a poppy seed, is beating
• Arm and leg bumps form
• http://www.parents.com/videos/fetal-development.htm
First Month
1st Trimester: 2nd Month
• ¼ to 1 inch long• Bones begin to form• Heart divided into
right and left chambers.
• Rapid brain development
Two Months
1st Trimester: 3rd Month
• 1 inch long• Nostrils, mouth, lips,
teeth buds and eyelids form
• Fingers and toes are almost complete
• All organs are present
1st Trimester:What’s Happening to Mom?
• Large increase in levels of hormones• Breasts swell and tingle: development
of mammary glands• Frequent urination• Morning sickness• Vaginal discharges may increase• Feelings of fatigue and sleepiness
2nd Trimester: 4th Month
• 3 inches long• Can suck thumb,
swallow and hiccup• Facial features
become clear• May begin to kick
4 months
2nd Trimester: 5th Month • About 6 ½ to 7
inches• Weighs about 4-5
ounces• Hair, eyelashes and
eyebrows appear• Fetus becomes more
active.
2nd Trimester: 6th Month
• Now about 8 – 10 inches and 8-12 ounces
• Fat is deposited under skin, but fetus still looks wrinkled
• Breathing movements begin
• If you talk or sing, he or she can hear you.
• Baby is covered with downy hair called lanugo and a waxy substance called vernix
6 Months
2nd Trimester: What’s Happening to Mom?
• Morning sickness disappears• Constipation and nosebleeds
sometimes occur• Edema - water retention and swelling• Colostrum may come out of the
nipple• Heartburn
3rd Trimester: 7th Month
• 10-12 inches long, weighs 1 ½ to 2 pounds
• Begins pattern of rest and activity
3rd Trimester: 8th Month• Rapid weight gain –
about half a pound per week
• About 2 ½ to 3 pounds• May react to loud
noises with jerking reflex motions
• probably turned head-down in preparation for birth
3rd Trimester: 9th Month• hefty 6 to 9 pounds and
between 19 and 22 inches• crowding makes baby
move around less• Skin becomes smooth as
fat deposits increase• baby acquires disease-
fighting antibodies from mom’s blood
• descends into pelvis ready for birth
3rd Trimester: What’s happening with Mom?• Breasts get ready to produce milk• Braxton-Hicks: False labor where the
uterus tightens and releases. (Rehearsal for labor – starts after 20th week)
• Frequent urination
Anatomy of the Breast
Things to watch for• Pre-eclampsia:
–Pregnancy related form of high blood pressure causing swelling, weight gain and possibly organ damage
• Eclampsia: –Late stages of pregnancy related form
of high blood pressure causing convulsions or coma
Trimester/Months # of phrases # for mom
1st trimesterMonth 1
3 6
Month 2 4Month 3 4
2nd trimesterMonth 4
4 5
Month 5 4Month 6 5
3rd TrimesterMonth 7
2 3
Month 8 4Month 9 5
Labor Signs• Lightening:
– Baby drops into pelvis– Lower belly
• Bloody show:– Release of mucus plug from cervix
• Diarrhea• Ruptured membranes
– Amniotic sac breaks– Leaking fluids
• Contractions
Labor and Delivery• Bradley Method: Natural childbirth using
no drugs• Lamaze Method: Childbirth method using
a particular breathing pattern• LaBoyer Method: Childbirth method
featuring water birth.
Normal Labor Process – Stage 1
• Regular contraction of uterus muscles• Effacement (thinning of cervix)• Dilation (opening of cervix)• Divided into 3 stages:
– Early first-stage labor (0-5 cm dilation)– Late first-stage labor (5-8 cm dilation)– Transition phase (8-10cm dilation)
Normal Labor Process – Stage 2
• cervix is fully dilated • urge to push or bear down• crowning
– top of the head is visible• episiotomy may be performed• baby born
Normal Labor Process – Stage 3
• Placenta detaches uterine wall and is delivered (afterbirth)
• Several contractions may accompany placental expulsion
• Episiotomy and tears are sewn up
Cesarean Section• A method of delivering a baby surgically
by an incision in the abdomen• Reasons to have a C Section:
– Baby is too large, mother’s pelvis is too small
– Cervix is not dilating
– Umbilical cord prolapses
– Excessive bleeding
– Placenta previa
Write
• Explain what you know about the placenta.
• Explain the difference between vaginal birth and cesarean birth.
Normal Weight Gain – 24-30 poundsAverage baby weight at birth 7-8 pounds
Placenta 1-2 pounds
Amniotic fluid 1 ½ - 2 pounds
Increased size of uterus & supporting muscles
2 pounds
Increase in breast tissue 1 pounds
Increase in blood volume 1 ½ - 3 pounds
Increase in fat stores 5 pounds
Increase in body fluids 5-7 pounds
A Healthy Pregnancy• Regular doctor’s visits for:
– Blood pressure, weight, pulse and respiration
– Pelvic measurements– Urine checks for kidney function– Blood tests (anemia, blood type)– Medical history
• Once a month check-ups until 6th or 7th month, then twice a month, then once a week
Critical Factor: Nutrition• Protein for growth• Vitamin A for baby’s eyes• B Vitamins to release food energy, build nervous
system, healthy skin• Vitamin C – healthy teeth and gums, material to hold
cells together• Vitamin D – development of strong bones and teeth• Iron – prevents anemia in the mother and helps baby
build blood supply, stores iron for baby’s first months• Calcium & Phosphorus – health bones and teeth• Best sources to get all needs: lean meats, dairy,
whole grains, fruits and vegetables plus prenatal vitamins
Normal:• Nausea• Sleepiness• Heartburn• Shortness of breath• Varicose veins• Muscle cramps• Lower back pain• Hemorrhoids• Stretch marks
Cause for concern:• Vaginal bleeding• Unusual weight gain• Excessive thirst• Painful urination• Severe abdominal pain• Persistent headaches• Severe vomiting• Fever• Swelling• Blurred vision or dizziness
Complications
• Molar Pregnancy• Miscarriage• Edema (swelling)• Placenta abruptio• Placenta previa
Problems with Pregnancy• Miscarriage – natural ending of a pregnancy
before the fetus could possibly survive• Happens in about 20% of pregnancies• Reasons:
– Abnormal implantation– Fetal abnormalities– Chromosome problems– Infections or nutritional deficiencies
• Stillbirth – the natural ending of a pregnancy after 20 weeks
• http://video.pbs.org/video/1841157252/
“Life’s Greatest Miracle”• After watching the movie, what things
do you understand better about fetal development? Explain with details:
A. 9 or more
B. 7 or 8
C. 5 or 6
D. 4
F. Less than 4 or any amount with no details