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PREOPERATIONAL THINKING
According to Jean Piaget the ages between two and seven are preoperational
Four, five, and six year olds think of only their activities and what they perceive in the moment
Learn from symbols – objects and words can represent something
Learn from make believe
Fantasy or Dramatic Play Imitate real life situations
They have an egocentric viewpoint View the world in terms of their own
thoughts and feelings
Limited Focus
Focus on one thing at a time
What is intelligence
At this age children learn to read and count Bases for the rest of their school years Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test Lewis M. Terman for Stanford Univ. made some major
revisions to it Stanford-Binet common intelligence test given today Terman created a mathematical formula that could be
used to give a child’s intelligence a number value. IQ- number obtained by comparing a persons test
results to that of students the same age Average IQ is 90 to 110
Negative effects of IQ tests
You cannot get an accurate measure of a child’s mental ability. It only measures one kind of mental ability, ignoring others
Factors can influence the test. Sick child Test don’t reflect specific abilities or
strengths and weaknesses.
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner has issued a new way of looking at intelligences
There are many different ways of using the mind and body to experience the world
Activity
You will be assigned one type of intelligence
Explain the learning type Give examples of activities List famous people that exhibit that type
of intelligence August Rush
Multiple Intelligence
Verbal Linguistic- language, learn best through words Logical Mathematical-arithmetic and science. Find
patterns to connect facts and observations Visual Spatial- drawing, construction. Learn through
pictures and colors Musical-rhythm and sounds Bodily-kinesthetic- moving the body through space Interpersonal- social skills, good communicator Intrapersonal-more private less social, strong will and
independent, prefers to play alone Naturalistic-plants, animals, process of
nature,outdoors
Helping Children Learn
Excited to learn Talk about everyday life Talk to them about what they are doing “Wow
that is a long race track you are building” Explanations and suggestions are helpful
“Instead of lifting the basket of toys, try pushing it.”
Ask a child for their advice “Which shoe looks better with this skirt”
Trips and activities Nature walks
Helping Children Learn
Helping around the house – strengthens the family bond, develops responsibility, maturity and independence
Curious about their bodies and where babies come from. Answer in simple terms they can understand
Appreciate Reading
Children who enjoy reading will find learning to be easier
Books, open up the world and the people in it, to children.
Phonemes- the ability to hear the individual sounds in words
Rhyming words and books will help Alphabet Book Chubby Cheeks Polar Bear
Appreciate Reading
Alliteration – words that begin with the same sound
Alphabet books are a good example Once children have learned the sound
they can connect the letter to it. Bilingual children pick up reading a new
language easier. They understand that words have a meaning behind them.
Choose Books
Young children love books, so we want to keep them reading as they grow older
Library 4-6 year olds like books that are about
experiences different from their own. Enjoy humor, funny rhymes and unusual
situations.
Guidelines for Choosing Books Are pictures colorful
and easy to understand?
Will the story appeal to the Childs interest?
Does the story include action that will hold the child’s interest?
If you are considering buying the book, is it make will to stand up under hard use?
Will the child understand most to the words?
Does the book use descriptive language that brings the story alive?
Is the story short enough to read in one sitting?
Introducing Art and Music
Express feelings Creative Use a variety of
materials Encourage children to
experiment with art materials
Don’t criticize or correct work
Experience the creativity rather then the end product
3-6 year olds enjoy rhythm games and singing simple repetitive songs
Finger plays, chants are popular
Give children the opportunity to play instruments
Pots, pans, and spoons can be used as instruments
Five Little Frogs
The school experience
Positive attitude from the start
Smooth transition from home to school
Start with preschool Enter kindergarten
at age 5 Required physical
exam and immunizations
Kindergarten can be a major adjustment for children
School is large with many children in it at various ages
School bus
Making the Transition
Name, address, and telephone number Visit the school, or explain what to
expect Plenty of rest Choose a backpack and a lunch box. Pick
out new clothes and school supplies Positive attitude
Ask the Experts
Page 95
Speech Development
By the time a child enters kindergarten all the basic language forms have been formed
Children can use nouns, verbs, and adjectives to form a sentence they just haven’t learned to label those words yet.
6 year olds understand approximately 2,500 words
Articulation has improved to saying approximately 90% of words correct
Speech Development
Improvement in speech comes with physical development
B,M, P are produced be moving only the lips – 3 years
F and V involve the lips and teeth – 5 years
J, ch, st, pl, and sl are produced by the lips, tongue and throat muscles – 6 or 7 years
Speech Difficulties
Most develop good language skills at home
Provide children with rich language in detail Go – jog, race, creep Big Pretty Fast Good
Speech Difficulties
Children who speak a language other then English at home
Children who move to different parts of the country may have problems with different pronunciations
Physical problems Emotionally immature Speech difficulties can make it hard for
children at school, get help before they enter.
Review
What is the extent of an average six year olds vocabulary?
Why are sounds represented by j, ch, st, pl, and sl the most difficult for children to make?
What are some problems that may cause speech difficulties in children?
Children with Special Needs
1. Learning Disability
2. Unusually high intelligence
Learning Disability
A problem in a person’s mental processes that prevents him or her from learning in a normal way
1. Difficulty mastering academic work2. Development is uneven, unlike that of
others3. Learning problems are not due to living
in a disadvantaged environment4. Learning problems are not due to
mental or emotional problems
Learning Disability
Physical handicaps such as blindness is not a learning disability
Learning disabilities result from problems in how the brain works
6 to 10% off all children have a learning disability
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A child who cannot control his or her activity or concentrate for a normal length of time
Often fail to finish what they started Don’t seem to listen Easily distracted Difficulty staying in their seat May lack emotional control
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Caused by an imbalance of chemicals in the brain
Linked to heredity Linked to environment – taking drugs during
pregnancy The only true way to determine if a child is
ADHD is to have a brain scan – very expensive Medications available – controversial Teach learning techniques that help them
change their behavior and relax
Dyslexia
A problem that prevents a person from understanding printed symbols in a normal way
The brain does not process some visual information normally
These kids are often intelligent but may have problems in reading, writing, and math
May have problems with left and right
Dyslexia
Children with dyslexia will need special help
Use a phonics approach when teaching reading
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Dyslexia+What+They+See&FORM=HDRSC2
Children with learning disabilities can learn, but they need a special approach specific to their needs.
Parent involvement
Gifted and Talented Children 3 to 10% of students are gifted Students who have unusual intelligence
or a special talent in a gifted area These students need recognition and
acceptance, they need challenging activities
Benefit from playing with a variety of children but also need time with other gifted learners
Gifted and Talented Children
Gifted and Talented Children Avoid overwhelming children with unreasonable
expectations They need opportunities to explore their gifts These children can become bored and
frustrated May be labeled as behavior problems because
they don’t follow classroom procedures They like to argue and give unexpected answers
to questions Some become poor students because they are
not challenged
Gifted and Talented Children Some schools have special programs for
these kids- TAG Special Schools Most gifted or talented children show
signs b age two. They may talk early using complete sentences, unusually large vocabulary, read before starting school
Curious and ask challenging questions