PREPARELimpopo intervention outcomes

Charles AbrahamHans Onya

Leif Edvard Aarø

Abstinence - descriptive norm

Q117 I think that not many people my age are having sex

Q125 I think that most people my age have never had sex

Q127 I think that most people like me will not have sex until they are 18

Abstinence – injunctive norm

Q170 My friends think that I should wait until I am older before I have sex

Q173 People in my community think that I should wait until I am older before having sex

Abstinence – negative attitudes towards

Q116 I think that if I do not have sex, blood will run into my head and I will go mad

Q119 I think that it is important for young people like me to have sex

Q123 I think that if I have a boyfriend or girlfriend and do not have sex with them, they will think that I do not love them

Q163 I think that if a boyfriend or girlfriend refused to have sex with me, I would think that they do not love me

Abstinence – positive attitudes towards

Q115 I think that people my age should wait until they are older before having sex

Q122 I think that I could have a boyfriend or girlfriend and not have sex

Beliefs about HIV/AIDS – HIV is a virus causing AIDS

Q26 HIV is a virus

Q27 AIDS is caused by the HIV virus

Table 1: Items overview

Beliefs about HIV/AIDS – Protection by being faithful or abstaining from sex

Q49 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: being faithful to one person

Q51 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: waiting until they are older before having sex

Q52 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: Not having sex at all

Q196 I think that a person who has more than one sexual partner at the same time is more likely to get HIV

Behavioural prediction - Will be faithful

Q109 Even if you don’t have a boy/girlfriend, how likely is it that you will be faithful if you have a boyfriend or girlfriend?

Q124 I think that if I have a boyfriend or girlfriend, I will be faithful to them

Beliefs - Condoms are safe

Q63 I think that new condoms do not have holes in them

Q64 I think that condoms do not contain HIV before you use them

Q65 I think that condoms cannot cause serious injury to a girl

Beliefs – Condom use is important

Q39 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from having sexual intercourse without a condom?

Q50 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: using condoms every time they have sex?

Q68 I think that condoms are effective in preventing people from getting HIV

Q70 I think that it is important not to have sex before putting a condom on

Q72 I think that it is important that people use condoms every time they have sex

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Behavioural prediction - will use condom Q199 I think that I will use a condom next time I have sex

Preparing for condom use (talking about, having, carrying)

Q131 During the past 6 weeks, how often have you talked about using condoms?

Q132 During the past 6 weeks, how often have you carried a condom?

Q142 During the past 6 weeks, how often have you got your own condom or condoms?

Opinion – Carrying condom means asking for sex

Q93 I think that if a girl carries condoms it means she is asking for sex

Q101 I think that if a boy carries condoms it means he is asking for sex

Opinion – OK to carry condoms Q90 I think that it is OK for boys my age to carry condoms

Q98 I think that it is OK for girls my age to carry condoms

Could and will carry condoms Q95 I think that I could carry condoms if I plan to have sex

Q195 I think that I will carry condoms next time I plan to have sex

Suggesting condoms communicates something good

Q84 I think that if I had sex and used condoms it would mean that I trust my boyfriend or girlfriend

Q87 I think that I would be pleased if a boyfriend or girlfriend suggested condoms

Suggesting condoms communicates something bad

Q82 I think that if a boyfriend or girlfriend suggests condoms it means they are HIV+

Q85 I think that if a boyfriend or girlfriend suggests condoms it means they are cheating

Q89 I think that if someone suggests condoms with a boyfriend or girlfriend it means they do not love them

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Saying no to sex without condom when offered gift

Q108 Even if you don’t have a boy/girlfriend, how likely is it that you will say 'no' to sex without condoms even if you have been given a gift

Subjective norms favouring condom use

Q168 Most young people carry condoms if they plan to have sex

Q169 People in my community use condoms

Q174 People in my community think that I should use condoms if I have sex

Q175 Most young people use condoms when they have sex

Q177 My friends would use condoms if they had sex

Q178 My friends think that I should use condoms when I have sex

Injunctive norm against condom use Q172 If I used condoms my friends would think I am stupid

Belief – infected if anal sex without condom

Q112 Even if you don’t have a boy/girlfriend, how likely is it that you will get HIV/AIDS if you have anal sex without using condoms

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Attitude (positive) towards partner violence

Q159 I think that it is acceptable that boys hit their girlfriends

Q165 I think that it is acceptable to hit a boyfriend or girlfriend who is unfaithful

Belief concerning law regulation of partner violence (single item)

Q157 I think that it is illegal for a man to hit a woman

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (8 items)

Q28 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from buloi?

Q29 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from bad luck?

Q30 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from punishment from God?

Q31 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from Makgoma?

Q32 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from not attending to ancestors?

Q33 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from witchcraft, spirits or supernatural forces?

Q34 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from stealing?

Q37 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from mona?

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (3 items)

Q35 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from being bitten by a mosquito?

Q36 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from being possessed by a HIV demon?

Q40 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from having hot blood?

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected – sharing stuff (2 items)

Q38 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from sharing a cup with someone who has HIV?

Q41 How likely is it that someone could get HIV from sharing a bathroom with someone who has AIDS?

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Culture-specific beliefs – protection from HIV

Q42 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: cleansing rituals?

Q43 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: respecting and attending to ancestors?

Q45 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: Not stealing from others?

Q46 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: Performing rituals to keep god happy?

Q47 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: Praying?

Q48 How well do the following protect someone from getting HIV: Rebuking demons?

Culture-specific beliefs – protection from spread in body A

Q53 How likely is it that these will stop the spreading of HIV in someone's body? Fasting

Q54 How likely is it that these will stop the spreading of HIV in someone's body? Praying

Q58 How likely is it that these will stop the spreading of HIV in someone's body? Taking church water (ditaelo)

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Culture-specific beliefs – protection from spread in body B

Q55 How likely is it that these will stop the spreading of HIV in someone's body? Going for initiation (thwasa)

Q56 How likely is it that these will stop the spreading of HIV in someone's body? Taking ditlhare

Q60 How likely is it that these will stop the spreading of HIV in someone's body? Asking for deliverance

Q61 How likely is it that these will stop the spreading of HIV in someone's body? Taking anti biotics

Beliefs reflecting strong confusion

Q91 I think that a girl cannot get pregnant the first time she has sex

Q191 I think that HIV is a disease that only black Africans can get -whites cannot get HIV

Q200 I think that clean, well-dressed and good looking people are not HIV+

Condom use self-efficacy A (4 items) – Own skills

Q74 I think that if I had sex I would be able to use condoms correctly

Q77 I think that I know where to get free condoms

Q78 I think that if I had sex I would be able to use condoms every time

Q96 I think that it would be easy to ask a boyfriend or girlfriend to use condoms

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Condom use self-efficacy B (3 items) – Negotiations

Q81 I think that if I had a boyfriend or girlfriend who did not want to use condoms I could insist on condoms

Q86 I think that if I had a casual partner (roll-on) who did not want to use condoms I would be able to refuse sex

Q88 I think that if I had a boyfriend or girlfriend who did not want to use condoms I would be able to refuse sex

Condom use self-efficacy C (8 items) – Difficult – easy?

Q180 How easy or difficult it would be for me to carry condoms if I plan to have sex?

Q181 How easy or difficult it would be for me to ask a boyfriend or girlfriend to use condoms?

Q182 How easy or difficult it would be for me to use condoms every time I have sex with a casual partner (roll-on)?

Q183 How easy or difficult it would be for me to use condoms if I am drunk?

Q184 How easy or difficult it would be for me to use condoms if I am deeply in love with my boyfriend or girlfriend?

Q185 How easy or difficult it would be for me to use condoms if I do not carry them with me?

Q186 How easy or difficult it would be for me to use condoms if I feel very sexually excited?

Q189 How easy or difficult it would be for me to use condoms every time I have sex with a boyfriend or girlfriend?

Q190 How easy or difficult it would be for me to get condoms if I plan to have sex?

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Other condom cognitions – emotional aspects

Q67 I think that condoms take the fun out of sex

Q76 I think that it would embarrassing to use condoms

Other condom cognitions – responsible, will use condoms

Q80 I think that if I think I am going to have sex I intend to get condoms

Q167 If I use condoms when I have sex this will show that I take responsibility for myself

Table 1: Items overview (continued)

Number of items

Mean at T1

Standard deviation at T1

Alpha at T1

Alpha at T2

Abstinence - descriptive norm 3 3.37 0.98 .49 .58

Abstinence - injunctive norm 2 3.72 1.17 .61 .64

Abstinence – negative attitudes towards 4 2.33 0.89 .54 .58

Abstinence – positive attitudes towards 2 3.70 1.17 .51 .55

Beliefs about HIV/AIDS – HIV is a virus causing AIDS 2 4.03 1.09 .74 .74

Beliefs about HIV/AIDS – Protection by being faithful or abstaining from sex 4 3.49 0.92 .46 .50

Behavioural predition – Will be faithful 2 3.56 1.13 .53 .60

Beliefs - Condoms are safe 3 3.33 0.94 .50 .55

Beliefs – Condom use is important 5 3.62 0.89 .56 .63

Behavioural prediction - Will use condom 1 3.69 1.37 --- ---

Preparing for condom use (talking about, having, carrying) 3 1.75 1.01 .73 .70

Opinion - Carrying condoms means asking for sex 2 3.27 1.20 .65 .71

Opinon - OK to carry condoms 2 2.80 1.25 .69 .71

Opinion - Could and will carry condoms 2 3.71 1.06 .45 .52

Table 2: Sumscores – descriptives and Cronbach’s alpha (range for all scores is 1-5)

Number of items

Mean at T1

Standard deviation at T1

Alpha at T1

Alpha at T2

Suggesting condoms communicates something good 2 3.37 1.05 .35 .41

Suggesting condoms communicates something bad 3 2.59 0.97 .57 .59

Saying no to sex without condom when offered gift 1 3.68 1.46 --- ---

Subjective norms condom use 6 3.51 0.88 .77 .79

Injunctive norm against condom use 1 2.29 1.37 --- ---

Belief – infected if anal sex without condom 1 2.88 1.41 --- ---

Attitude (positive) towards partner violence 2 2.64 1.13 .41 .44

Belief concerning law regulation of partner violence (Illegal for man to hit a woman) 1 3.11 1.59 --- ---

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (7 items) 7 1.96 0.75 .74 .79

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (8 items) 8 1.97 0.74 .77 .82

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (3 items) 3 2.32 0.95 .54 .50

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (2 items) – sharing stuff 2 2.22 1.22 .67 .73

Culture specific beliefs – protection from HIV 6 2.78 1.04 .79 .81

Table 2: Sumscores – descriptives and Cronbach’s alpha (range for all scores is 1-5) (continued)

Number of items Mean at T1

Standard deviation at T1

Alpha at T1

Alpha at T2

Number of items

Culture specific beliefs – stop spread in body A 3 2.86 1.13 .65 .71

Culture specific beliefs – stop spread in body B 4 2.65 0.87 .54 .60

Beliefs reflecting strong confusion 3 2.37 0.91 .40 .46

Condom self efficacy - own skills 4 3.66 0.92 .64 .68

Condom self efficacy – negotiations 3 3.15 1.01 .55 .56

Condom self efficacy – difficult --- easy 9 3.33 0.95 .86 .88

Other condom cognitions – emotional aspects 2 2.62 1.04 .32 .37

Other condom cognitions – responsible, will use condoms 2 3.87 1.04 .46 .55

Table 2: Sumscores – descriptives and Cronbach’s alpha (range for all scores is 1-5) (continued)

Estimated means

Control Intervention Difference Significance (p=)

Abstinence - descriptive norm 3.36 3.48 0.12 .060

Abstinence - injunctive norm 3.55 3.72 0.17 .021

Abstinence – negative attitudes towards 2.26 2.14 0.12 .007

Abstinence – positive attitudes towards 3.53 3.73 0.20 .026

Beliefs about HIV/AIDS – HIV is a virus causing AIDS 4.02 4.17 0.15 .019

Beliefs about HIV/AIDS – Protection by being faithful or abstaining from sex

3.40 3.54 0.14 .019

Behavioural predition – Will be faithful 3.45 3.63 0.18 .034

Beliefs - Condoms are safe 3.11 3.16 0.05 .259

Beliefs – Condom use is important 3.55 3.67 0.12 .051

Behavioural prediction - Will use condom 3.60 3.66 0.06 .642

Preparing for condom use (talking about, having, carrying)

1.84 1.96 0.12 .141

Opinion - Carrying condoms means asking for sex 3.14 2.98 -0.16 .035

Opinion - OK to carry condoms 2.89 2.90 0.01 .867

Opinion - Could and will carry condoms 3.55 3.78 0.23 .022

Table 3: Social cognition outcome sumscores by intervention/control

Estimated means

Estimated means

Control Intervention Difference Significance (p=)

Suggesting condoms communicates something good

3.26 3.41 0.15 .013

Suggesting condoms commnicates something bad 2.53 2.41 -0.12 .003

Saying no to sex without condom when offered gift 3.54 3.77 0.23 .062

Subjective norms condom use 3.43 3.54 0.11 .113

Injunctive norm against condom use 2.41 2.27 -0.14 .052

Belief – infected if anal sex without condom 2.89 2.90 0.01 .835

Attitude (positive) towards partner violence 2.63 2.49 -0.14 .031

Belief concerning law regulation of partner violence (Illegal for man to hit a woman)

3.05 3.07 .02 .857

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (7 items) (Almost same as below - Q29 not included – exactly same results)

1.99 1.82 -0.17 .002

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (8 items)

1.99 1.82 -0.17 .003

Table 3: Social cognition outcome sumscores by intervention/control(continued)

Estimated means

Estimated means

Control Intervention Difference Significance (p=)

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (3 items)

2.38 2.24 -0.14 .048

Culture-specific beliefs – how to get HIV infected (2 items) – sharing stuff

2.27 2.12 -0.15 .050

Culture specific beliefs – protection from HIV 2.67 2.55 -0.12 .030

Culture specific beliefs – stop spread in body A 2.85 2.63 -0.22 .008

Culture specific beliefs – stop spread in body B 2.62 2.43 -0.19 .002

Beliefs reflecting strong confusion 2.43 2.29 -0.14 .042

Condom self efficacy – own skills (?) 3.65 3.75 0.10 .238

Condom self efficacy – negotiations(?) 3.11 3.21 0.10 .072

Condom self efficacy – difficult --- easy (?) 3.24 3.37 0.13 .124

Other condom cognitions – emotional aspects 2.58 2.53 -0.05 .392

Other condom cognitions – responsible, will use condoms

3.71 3.87 0.16 .091

Table 3: Social cognition outcome sumscores by intervention/control(continued)

In a separate statistical analysis we estimated the difference between intervention and control groups in condom use (number of times during last six weeks) after adjustment for baseline score as well as sexual activity (number of vaginal and number of anal intercourses during last six weeks). The number of times they use condoms was 2.1 higher in the intervention group (p=.033).

THANKS!