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Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
1
PlanningI-foundation of planning1-What is Planning? Planning: “Thinking before Doing” Planning: “What is to be done” and “How is to be done”
Chapter2:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Planning can be defined in term of :1. Formal Planning:
Setting specific objectives or goals. Covering period of time. writing down.and sharing of objectives to organizational members (subordinates).
2. Informal Planning: Nothing writing down. No sharing of objectives to the subordinate in organization. No timing
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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2-Purpose of planningAll managers should engages in
planning, because, planning can :• Give direction• Reduce the impact of changes• Minimize waste• Set standard to participate control
3-Type of planningA-In terms of scope of activities Strategic plan: Tactical plan: Operational plan:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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B-In terms of time frame
Long term plan: Short term plan: Intermediate plan:
C-In terms of time frame
Specific plan: Directional plan:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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4-Approachs to planningTop down planning: Bottom up planning:Inside out planning: Outside in planning:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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II-Major planning tools Budgets:
Schedules:
Standard:
Policies:
Procedures:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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1-What is strategic PlanningIt is the determining what organization’s long term goals should be for the next 1-10 years with resources they expect to have available.
2-Strategic Business PlanningIt is the documentation that preparing by carefully including four step as bellow:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Vision,
mission, objectives/goals
Internal analysis
(Strong and weakness
External analysis
(Opportunity and Threats
SWOT analysis and Create Strategy
Implementation
Evaluation
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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A-VisionIt is the determining what organization’s long term goals should be for the next 1-10 years with resources they expect to have available.Build Bright University will be one of the leading and internationally recognized universities in the region.
B-Purpose Who we are ? What we do ? Whom our customers are ?
or For whom do we do it ?Example: BBU: Motorola:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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3-Environment AnalysisA. External Factors
Economy: Society/Culture: Technology: Competition: Labor Supply:B. Internal Factors Human Resources: Product and Services: Finance: Equipment/Technology: Policy: Culture:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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SMART goals Specific Measurable Attainable Result Time
SWOT analysisIt is a comparison of Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats that help executives formulate strategy.
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Internal Assessment of the Organization
External Assessment of the Environment
What are our weaknesses ?
• Outdate facilities
• Inadequate R&D
• Obsolete technology
• Weak planning failures
What are our threats ?
• New competitions
• New regulations
• Changing market tastes
• Substitute products
• Shortage of resources
What are our strengths ?
• Manufacturing efficiency
• Skill workforce
• Good market share
• Strong financing
• Superior reputation
What are our opportunities ?
• Possible new markets
• Strong economy
• Weak rivals
• Emerging technologies
• Growth of existing market
SW
OT
An
aly
sis
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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4- Developing Strategy1. Marketing strategy: developing
marketing objectives are base on the situation analysis.
Conduct market segmentation. Select target market and measure market demand. Create strategic marketing mix. Determine sales forecasting.
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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2. Product strategy: Select Location Accessorily to transportation. Closeness to the market. Availability of labor, raw material. Cost factors (land, construction, materials, labor…) Quality of location services (policy, banking, insurances…) Local regulation Other utilities (water supply, power, sewer…)
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Layout building office equipment and environment workflow systems
Designing production/Operation processIt is flow line of production or services.example:
InputOutputRaw material Productsor Customer Services
Material
Labor
1 2 3 4Work Station
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Planning Inventory right goods in the right quantity at the right
time and place.
Example: JIT methodQuality Control
meet certain standards.Forecasting production
using past and current information to predict future production.
Production requirements=PS+DEI-BI2050 units = 2000+200-150
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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3-Organizational Strategy Deciding on a legal form of the organization
Sole Proprietorship Partnership Corporation
Staffing What types of employees are needed? How many employees are needed? How should employees be recruited and
trained? How should employees be compensated
and motivated?
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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4-Financial ProjectionPro forma income statement: Pro forma balance sheet: Cash Budget: Break event point:
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Fixed Cost
Variable Cost
Volume of output
Profit areaRevenue
Loss area
Break-even point
TC=TS
P x Qo=FC+VC
P x Qo=FC+V x Qo
P x Qo-V x Qo=FC
Qo(P-V)=FC
Qo=FC/(P-V)
Qo Q0
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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III-decision making1.What is decision making?It is the process of identifying problems and opportunities and resolving them.2.types of managerial decision making
A-Programmed Vs Non-programmed decision making
Programmed decision: The process of identifying a problem and matching the problem with established routines and procedures for resolving it.
Non-program decision: The process of identifying a problem when a situation is unique and there are not previously established routines or procedures that can be used as guides.
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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B-Proactive Vs Reactive decisions Proactive decision: a decision made in
participation of an external change or other conditions.
Reactive decision: the decision made in response to external changes.
C-Intuitive Vs Systematic decisions Intuitive decision: a process of
estimating or guessing to decide among alternatives.
Systematic decision: an organized, exacting, data driven process for choosing among alternatives.
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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3.Decision making process
Step1
Find and defined
the source of problem
Step2
Generate and valuatealternative solution
Step3
Select preferred solution
Step4
Implementthe solution
andmonitoring
Recycle process as necessary
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Step1: Identify the problemScan environment and emergence of potential problem.Categorize the situation as a problem or not.Try to understand the nature/cause of the problem.Step2: Develop alternative solutionsTry to develop as many alternatives as possible by using such techniques as brainstorming.Try to be non-judgmental of potential solution at this stage
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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Step3: Evaluate and select among alternativesEvaluate feasibility of implementationEvaluate qualityEvaluate acceptabilityEvaluate reversibilityEvaluate costsEvaluate ethicsStep4: Implement and monitor the solution selectedPlan and implement the chosen solutionBe sensitive to the decision that could effects on othersdevelop follow-up mechanisms
Prepared by Pheng Khna, Siv Vutthy Build Bright University
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4-Indivual and Group decision makingA-Individual decision making
B-Group decision making