Present a Tie Par is May 2012 DRAFT[1]

8/2/2019 Present a Tie Par is May 2012 DRAFT[1]

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OECD Smart Specialization Project

Feedback on the complete Project

May 10-11, 2012 --- Paris

ECOOM KU Leuven & EWI

W. Glnzel, B. Thijs (ECOOM)

J. Callaert, M. du Plessis (ECOOM)

P. Andries (ECOOM)

K. Debackere (ECOOM)

J. Larosse (EWI)

N. Geerts (EWI)

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Project Outline

A refresher overview

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Objective

This (pilot) project aims at identifying good practices inpolicy development, methodologies and selection criteria for

designing and assessing smart specialisation strategies

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Expected outputs Indicator-based specialisation profiles of the countries and regions

involved in the project, as a tool for strategic monitoring

Strategic governance profiles of the countries involved in theproject, allowing countries to benchmark their capacity formanaging the 'discovery' of smart specialisations, and their policiesto promote smart specialisation strategies

One or two case studies per country, enabling an in-depth analysisof real-life experience in policies and governance mechanisms for

developing and building smart specialisation strategies

Afinal reportwith Insights on good methodological practices for designing and monitoring

smart specialisation strategies A self-assessment tool for upgrading existing strategies

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Project design Learning loop over 16 months: a discovery process for advanced policy development

Baseline: present specializations and governance capabilities Step 1: construction of specialization profiles consisting of quantitative indicators

for the countries involved in the project Step 2: the development of a template for the presentation of qualitative

information on governance mechanisms and policies supporting smartspecialization

Step 3: the construction of strategic governance profiles for the countries involvedin the project

Beyond the baseline: strategy development as discovery process Step 4: one or two case studies per country involved in the project: Representing real-life experiences in developing and building smart

specialization strategies in clusters, in order to deepen the understanding ofgovernance mechanisms, policies and methods for strategy development forfuture smart specialization

With a focus on the interaction between national and regional policy levels tosupport smart specialization

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Step 1: Indicator-based specialisation

profiles (deadline: December 2011)

To develop a standard model for assessing specialisations along the innovation trajectory,by means of presently available databases:

Possible indicators: Inputs (education, investment in R&D and innovation)

Outputs (scientific publications, citations and patents) Economic activities (employment, value-added, exports)

Critical points include the choice of the categories (such as economic sectors, scientificdisciplines, technology domains, ) and the way the different category types can be cross-linked to one another (e.g. as nodes in an innovation trajectory)

To draw a comparative picture on the relative specialisation of 10 pilot countries andregions

Multi-level approach: Focus on the relation between national specialisation profiles for the participating countries,

and regional profiles that can identify the clusters of specialisation in the case-studies Include cross-border regional profiles Specialisation profiles can be constructed for any administrative region, going to NUTS 3 level

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Step 2: Strategic governance profiles:

template (deadline: December 2011)

Strategic intent and leadership of dominant actors, such as leading companies orresearch institutes

Priority setting that is taking place (both explicitly and implicitly)

Strategic governance of cluster policies

Existence of specific governance capabilities (e.g. foresight)

Actions for appropriate framework conditions (including quality of life and

sustainable growth & development in urban environments)

Possible legal mechanisms that are deployed in support of cluster policies

Policy learning cycles

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Step 3: Strategic governance profiles: data

and policy learning (deadline: June 2012)

Countries and regions involved in the project will fill out thetemplate, using: Data in existing policy monitoring instruments (e.g. ERAWATCH,

RIM, etc.) Own information

Benchmarking profiles and policy learning on bottlenecks Facilitated trough OECD STI Platform

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Step 4: Case-studies (deadline: June 2012)

One or two case-studies per country involved in the project

Presenting real-life experiences in developing and building smart specialisation strategies in clusters and at theregional level, each in their specific country setting

Including different types of strategies: Retooling or modernizing existing specialisations with new knowledge inputs Transforming existing specialisations into new (smart, inclusive and sustainable) growth regimes Diversification into new specialisations Foundation of new specialisations from new knowledge creation

Some specific points of interest: Cross-border clusters (functional regions) and international networks of cluster nodes

Combination of top-down and bottom-up management mechanisms required for acceleration of economicrestructuring towards a new growth regime driven by smart specialisations

Role of flagship companies and institutes to brand a region to attract focused investments Alignment between the different levels of regional, national and international governance Role of shared Foresight and the use of early warning technology watch

Framework: Cases can be developed according to an smart specialisation strategy matrix articulating the regional

competence fields (technology platforms) with the global societal and economic challenges (new markets and

value chains)

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OECD Smart Specialization ProjectStep 1: Constructing the Baseline

Quantitative Baseline Profiles

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Structure of the baseline presentation

Introduction

Specialisation in scientific research

Specialisation in technology

Economic specialisation First results

Specialisation of countries and regions

Case-study for Flanders

First conclusions Further steps and future tasks

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Introduction

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Introduction to baseline data:

the road ahead Using robust, existing data sources with benchmark potential:

WoS Patent databases (EPO, USPTO, PCT) CIS & R&D surveys

(Regional) economic data (employment, added value, export, ) Using robust indicators such as:

Activity index Relative specialisation index Salton cosine measures Robust classification systems --- that may differ though between science (journal

classification), technology (patent classification) and economic data (sector

classification) Using those indicators:

Longitudinally and across consistent time periods Focusing on relative advantages and disadvantages of countries and regions

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Data and indicators are determined for the following eleven

countries and fourteen regions:

Australia Austria

Lower Austria (AT12)

Upper Austria (AT31)

Belgium Flanders (BE2)

Finland Etela-Suomi (FI18)

Germany Berlin (DE3)

Brandenburg (DE4)

Netherlands South Netherlands (NL4)

Poland Malopolska (PL21)

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15

South Korea Jeolla (KR04)

Spain Pais Vasco (ES21)

Andalusia (ES61)

Murcia (ES62)

Turkey

East Marmara (TR42)

UK

West Midlands (UKG)

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Specialisation indicators deployed for

data on scientific research

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Measures of national and regional specialisation

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Properties of the Activity Index:

AI may take values in the range [0, ].

Its neutral value is 1.

AI = 0 indicates a completely idle research field.

AI < 1 indicates a lower-than-average activity.

AI > 1 a higher-than-average activity.

AI reflects a certain internal balance among the fields:

AI > 1 values in some fields is always balanced byAI < 1 in

others.

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The successful application of this index strongly depends on the

underlying subject classification system, notably on itsgranularity.

If a multi-level hierarchical scheme is used, thenAI allows for

zooming in on the broader fields.

The BudapestLeuven classification scheme (Glnzel et al.,

2003) is used in this project. This scheme is hierarchically

structured and comprises the 12 major fields, 60 sub-fields

and 170 disciplines in the sciences.

The disciplines are identical with the JCR Subject Categories of

Thomson Reuters.

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The science classification scheme comprises the following 12

major fields:

A: Agriculture & Environment

Z: Biology

B: Biosciences

R: Biomedical researchI: Clinical & Experimental Medicine I (General & Internal Medicine)

M: Clinical & Experimental Medicine II (Non-Internal Medicine Specialties)

N: Neuroscience & Behaviour

C: Chemistry

P: Physics

G: Geosciences & Space Sciences

E: Engineering

H: Mathematics

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The scheme allows for zooming in on each level, for instance:

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The basic idea of the method applied here

1. Those major fields are identified, where the highest relativespecialisation is observed.

2. Then the same indicator is used to zoom in on these major

fields in order to identify outstanding relative activity in

discipline at the lowest hierarchical levelwithin the selectedmajor field.

3. In addition, those subjects are selected, which are not sub-

disciplines in high-activity research fields, but reflect

considerable specialisation within the corresponding mainarea.

4. Special attention is paid to increasing specialisation.

5. Underlying the data and indicators, lead institutions can be

identified (not yet reported here).

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Data sources:

Data of Thomson Reuters Web of Science (WoS) are used.

Only original research work and review articles wereextracted from the database.

A full counting scheme was applied to country, region andinstitutional assignment.

The observation period comprises 13 years and is subdividedinto the following sub-periods:

19982002

20032006

20072010

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Specialisation indicators deployed for

data on technology

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Measures of national and regional specialisation:

Technological specialisation is studied using patent-basedindicators, broken down by:

Country / Region (based on applicant addresses)

Technology domain (Fraunhofer classification into 35 domains)

Application years (1998-2001; 2002-2005; 2006-2009) Patent system: EPO USPTO - PCT

Full counting schemes are used for allocation to countries, regionsand technology domains.

Data source: PATSTAT database (EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical

Database, version October 2011). In the current presentation, we focus on EPO application data;

USPTO grant data (only on country level) and WO application datawill be reported in the full report (the USPTO results run parallel tothe EPO results, though).

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Relative specialization indicators are typically used:

RTAij = (Pij/SiPij)/(SjPji/SijPij) with P the number of patents

with i = country or region grouping variable and j = patent IPC-

class grouping (technological domain or industrial sector)

value of 1 = benchmark group average

various mapping possibilities (RCA - RTA or RTA over differentperiods, ) exist

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Economic specialisation indicators

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National economic specialisation is usually studied usingexport data or production output, broken down by NACE

sector.

However, data not available at the regional level.

Most appropriate available data are OECDs regional labourmarket statistics:

Available for selection of countries and regions

Aggregated in 32 industries (not all industries represented)

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Results per country / region

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Presentation of results:

Results are organised by countries and within individual countries by regions.

Results consistently presented for three considered time periods (19982001 / 20022005 /

20062009).

Research and technology specialisation are presented separately.

Research specialisation:

By major fields with high specialisation

By disciplines within fields of high activity

By disciplines with high specialisation in other fields

Technological specialisation:

Evolution (1998-2009) of the number of patents per million inhabitants (EPO patents) for

the top 10 technological domains in each country

Radar plots of the RTAN values for the 35 Fraunhofer technological sectors (EPO patents)

Economic specialisation:

Radar plots of the RCAN values for 32 industries

Striking observations are summarised.

NOTE: underlying those results is a wealth of rich data that are not reported in this

presentation but that are available (e.g. lead institutions, etc.).

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Australia

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Scientific profile according to the Activity Index

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

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Australia

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Specialisation within the science fields with the highest relative activity(AI values are given in chronological order)


geosciences & space sciences (G)oceanography (AI=1.35; 1.45; 1.60)geography (AI=1.24; 1.04; 1.47)mineralogy (AI=1.88; 2.05; 1.70)

clinical and experimental medicine II (non-internal medicine specialties)nursing (AI=1.43; 1.38; 2.02)rehabilitation (AI=1.51; 1.86; 2.12)

health care sciences & services (AI=1.34; 1.35; 1.84)psychiatry (AI=1.33; 1.35; 1.56)emergency medicine (AI=0.76; 0.74; 1.34)gerontology (AI=0.93; 0.98; 1.51)health policy & services (AI=0.93; 0.81; 1.54)

neuroscience & behaviorpsychology (AI=1.37; 1.51; 1.45)substance abuse (AI=1.77; 1.97; 1.77)

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Australia

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Subject Categories of scientific specialisation outside the focus fields (according toAI)


Legend: GU: ecology; HT: evolutionary biology; JU: fisheries; OU: limnology; PI: marine & freshwater biology;

PT: medical informatics; QH: materials science, composites; RE: mineralogy; YQ: transportation

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

GU HT JU OU PI PT QH YQ

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010

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Australia

3

Striking observations, scientific profile: General trends

Increase of relative activity in neuroscience & behaviour; clinical and

experimental medicine II (non-internal medicine specialties)

High specialisation in geosciences & space sciences Decrease of relative activity in mathematics

Highlights

In the focus fields: Increase of specialisation in nursing;rehabilitation; gerontology; health care sciences & services and

related specialties Outside the focus fields: Enormous increase of specialisation in

transportation and medical informatics

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Technology profile:

Australia

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Australia

3

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Australia

Observations, technology profile: Top 3 highest and lowest specializations

Highlights

Top domains in terms of patent volume: Pharmaceuticals and Medicaltechnology.

Patent volume peaks for Computer technology and Textile & paper

machines in 2000.

Textile and paper machines: specialization in 1998-2005; decreasetowards under-specialization in recent period 2006-2009.

Other domains stay relatively stable in terms of specialization /under-specialization for the considered time period.

Highest specialisation Lowest specialisation

IT methods for management Basic communication

Biotechnology Semiconductors

Micro-structure & nano-tech Digital communication

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Australia

No sectoral OECD employment data found yet onAustralia --- TBC.

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

Austria



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Austria



geosciences & space sciences (G)

astronomy & astrophysics (AI=1.25; 1.30; 1.42)

geography, physical (AI=0.91; 0.96; 1.30)

mineralogy (AI=3.38; 2.85; 2.62)

biology (organismic & supraorganismic level) (Z)

mycology (AI=1.60; 2.22; 1.91)

biosciences (general, cellular & subcellular biology; genetics) (B)

evolutionary biology (AI=1.43; 1.69; 1.78)

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Legend: AQ: allergy; DS: critical care medicine; EW: computer science, software engineering; EX: computer

science, theory & methods; KA: forestry; PJ: materials science, paper & wood; PT: medical informatics; QF:

materials science, characterization & testing; RQ: mycology; RX: neuroimaging; RY: nuclear science & technology;

WH: rheumatology

Austria


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

AQ DS EW EX KA PJ PT QF RQ RX RY WH

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010

Subject Categories of specialisation outside the focus fields (according toAI)

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Austria


Increase of relative activity in biology (organismic & supraorganismic

level); neuroscience & behaviour, and agriculture & environment

High specialisation in biosciences (general, cellular & subcellularbiology; genetics)

Highlights

Enormous increase of specialisation in geosciences & space sciences(as field) and materials science, paper & wood (as subject category)

Very high specialisation in mineralogy (in the focus fields), in allergy;materials science, paper & wood, and medical informatics (outside

the focus fields)

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Austria

Technology profile:

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Austria

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Austria

Observations, technology profile Top 3 highest and lowest specialisations

Highlights Pharmaceuticals and Civil Engineering: top in terms of patent volumes (per

capita).

Pharmaceuticals peak around the period 2000-2003, dropping again from

2006 onwards Translates into specialisation in the same period. Specialisation patterns for other domains: relatively stable over time

except: Analysis of biological materials and Textile and paper machines(both developing towards specialisation after 2005) and Engines, pumps,

turbines (decreasing towards under-specialisation since 2005).


Civil engineering Digital communication

Furniture, games Telecommunications

Machine tools Micro-structure & nano-tech

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Austria

Data source: OECD

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Austria

Observations, economic profile

Top 3 highest and lowest specialisations

Highlights Specialisations and under-specialisations are relatively stable over time

Highest specialisations Lowest specialisations

Manufacture of wood and wood products Water transport

Manufacture of equipment for radio, tv and communication Tanning and dressing of leather

Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of textiles

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Lower Austria

Scientific profile (according to the Activity Index)


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Lower Austria




Agriculture & Environment (A)

Environmental Sciences (AI=1.49; 1.28; 1.62)

Environmental Studies (AI=2.27; 1.90; 2.14)

Biology (organismic & supraorganismic level) (Z)

Ecology (AI=1.20; 1.86; 2.27)

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Lower Austria



Subject categories of specialisation outside the focus fields with the

(AI values are given in chronological order)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

CO CU HT VY

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010

Legend: CO: Biochemical research methods; CU: Biology; HT: Evolutionary Biology; VY: Radiology, Nuclear

Medicine & Medical Imaging

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Lower Austria

Scientific profile


Striking observations:

General trends

Low scientific output activities

High specialisation Agriculture and Biology but with decreasing AI

Highlights In the focus fields: Specialism in Environmental Sciences and Studies

and in Ecology

Outside the focus fields: Specialism in three related fields:Biomedical Research Methods, Biology and Evolutionary Biology. And

an increasing specialism in Radiology and medical imaging.

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Lower Austria

Technology profile:

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Lower Austria

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Lower Austria

Observations, technology profile


Highlights

Civil engineering top domain (in terms of patent volume but also

specialisation) over whole period, with patent volume peaking

around 2005-2006.

Specialisation patterns relatively stable over time, but:

Increasing level of under-specialisation for Optics, Semiconductors as well

as Engines, pumps and turbines

A previously outspoken under-specialisation for Analysis of biological

materials


Civil engineering Micro-structure and nano-technology

Furniture, games Basic communication processesMachine tools Digital communication

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Lower Austria

Data source: OECD

-1.000

-.800

-.600

-.400

-.200

.000

.200

.400

.600

.800

mining and quarryingfood products, beverages and

manufacture of textiles

tanning and dressing of leather;

manufacture of wood and of

manufacture of paper and paper

publishing, printing and

manufacture of coke, refined

manufacture of chemicals and

manufacture of rubber and

manufacture of other non-

manufacture of basic metals

manufacture of fabricated metal

manufacture of machinery and

manufacture of office accountingmanufacture of electrical and

manufacture of electricalmanufacture of radio, televisionmanufacture of medical,

manufacture of motor vehicles,

manufacture of other transport

manufacture of furniture,

electricity, gas and water supply

construction

wholesale and retail trade; repair

hotels and restaurants

land transport; transport via

water transport

air transport

supporting and auxiliary

post and telecommunicationsreal estate, renting and business

RCAN - LOWER AUSTRIA (AT12)

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

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Lower Austria



Highlights Recent data missing for several sectors Specialisations and under-specialisations appear relatively stable over

time


Manufacture of basic metalsManufacture of office accounting and computingmachinery

Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork,except furniture Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities oftravel agencies

Manufacture of radio, television and communicationequipment and apparatus

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Upper Austria



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Upper Austria




Mathematics (H)

Mathematics, Applied (AI=1.76; 1.87; 1.67)

Physics (P)Instruments & Instrumentation (AI=0.70; 1.07; 1.44)

Physics, Applied (AI=1.49; 1.59; 1.45)

Physics, Mathematical (AI=0.68; 1.20; 1.99)

Physics, Condensed Matter (AI=2.17; 1.83; 1.73)

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Upper Austria



Subject categories of specialisation outside the focus fields with the


Legend: PZ: Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering; QG Material Sciences, Coatings & Films; ZA, Urology &

Nephrology

0

0.5

1

1.5

22.5

3

PZ QG ZA

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010

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Upper Austria

Scientific profile


Striking observations:

General trends

Rather low scientific output activities

High specialisation in Mathematics (Increasing) and Physics

(decreasing) Highlights

In the focus fields: Applied Mathematics and strong growth inInstruments and Instrumentation and mathematical physics. Applied

Physics and Condensed Matter are still specialism but declining.

Outside the focus fields: Specialism in three fields: Two in chemistry:Metallurgy; Material Sciences, Coatings and Films and one medical

discipline: Urology

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Upper Austria

Technological profile:

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Upper Austria

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Upper Austria

Observations, technology profile Top 3 highest and lowest specialisations

Highlights

High level of technological activity in Machine Tools over the wholeperiod. Since 2006, also high activity levels in Civil Engineering and inOther special machines

High activity in Machinery-related fields also visible in the regional

specialisation profile (and strong under-specialisation in Communicationand IT related fields)

RTAN for Microstructure and nano-technology shows strong increaseover time from outspoken under-specialisation at the end of thenineties to modest level of specialisation by 2006-2009.


Machine tools Basic communication processes

Materials, metallurgy Digital communication

Civil engineering Telecommunications

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Upper Austria

Data source: OECD

-1.000

-.800

-.600

-.400

-.200

.000

.200

.400

.600





manufacture of paper and







manufacture of fabricated


manufacture of officemanufacture of electrical and

manufacture of electricalmanufacture of radio,

manufacture of medical,





construction

wholesale and retail trade;



water transport

air transport


post and telecommunicationsreal estate, renting and

RCAN - UPPER AUSTRIA (AT31)

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

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Upper Austria



Highlights Specialisations and under-specialisations are relatively stable over time


Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery

Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork,

except furniture Air transport

Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Water transport

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

Belgium



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Belgium




veterinary sciences (AI=1.27; 1.25; 1.33)

mycology (AI=0.97; 0.90; 1.18)

microbiology (AI=1.24; 1.40; 1.28)

parasitology (AI=1.21; 0.95; 1.19)clinical and experimental medicine II (non-internal medicine specialties) (M)

tropical medicine (AI=1.82; 1.93; 2.05)

infectious diseases (AI=1.49; 1.27; 1.53)

radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging (AI=1.63; 1.53; 1.53)

critical care medicine (AI=1.45; 1.47; 1.45)

neuroscience & behavior (N)psychology, mathematical (AI=1.89; 2.42; 2.53)

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Belgium


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

UN WF

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010

Legend: UN: physics, nuclear; WF: reproductive biology


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Belgium


Increase of relative activity in geosciences & space sciences

High specialisation in biology (organismic & supraorganismic level)

Decrease of relative activity in agricultural science & technology andbiosciences

Outside the focus fields: high specialisation in physics, nuclear and

reproductive biology

Highlights

Enormous increase of specialisation in neuroscience (as field) andneuroscience & behaviour (as subfield)

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Belgium

Technology profile:

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Belgium

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Belgium

Observations, technology profile: Top 3 highest and lowest specialisations

Highlights

Pharmaceuticals top in terms of patent volume throughout theconsidered period (with a decrease around 2002).

Considerable decrease in Optics patent volume over the considered

time period also notable in drop in specialisation. Emerging specialisations (high increase) in the latest period (2006-

2009) for the domains: Nanotechnology; Other consumer goods;

Furniture, games and Thermal processes, apparatus.


Macromolecular chemistry, polymers Digital communication

Textile and paper machines Telecommunications

Food chemistry IT methods for management

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Belgium

Data source: OECD

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Belgium

Observations, economic profile:


Highlights Relative employment in air transport plummeted initially, but then

recovered slightly.

Other sectors remained more or less stable over time.


Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Tanning and dressing of leatherPost and telecommunications Mining and quarrying

Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

Flanders (Belgium)



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Flanders (Belgium)




veterinary sciences (AI=1.02; 1.12; 1.26)

microbiology (AI=1.28; 1.50; 1.37)

parasitology (AI=1.49; 1.13; 1.40)

clinical and experimental medicine II (non-internal medicine specialties) (M)

tropical medicine (AI=2.56; 2.31; 2.37)infectious diseases (AI=1.56; 1.31; 1.45)

radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging (AI=1.70; 1.55; 1.57)

critical care medicine (AI=1.10; 1.09; 1.22)

neuroscience & behavior (N)

psychology, mathematical (AI=2.53; 3.19; 3.27)

psychology, experimental (AI=1.94, 2.01; 1.98)

psychology, applied (AI=0.87; 1.33; 1.66)

psychology, social (AI=0.97; 1.54; 1.50)engineering (E)

transportation (AI=0.60; 0.92; 1.88)

nuclear science & technology (AI=1.46; 1.32; 1.54)

medical informatics (AI=1.22; 1.16; 1.32)

engineering, electrical & electronic (AI=1.34; 1.26; 1.23)

computer science, interdisciplinary applications (AI= 1.18; 1.38; 1.38)

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Flanders (Belgium)


Legend: EA: chemistry, analytical; KV: geography, physical; WF: reproductive biology; XE: agriculture, soil

science

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

EA KV WF XE

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010


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Flanders (Belgium)


Follows the general trends in Belgium

High specialisation in engineering

Specialisation in tropical medicine has historical roots

Highlights

Enormous increase of specialisation in neuroscience

Enormous growth of relative activity in transport (within engineering)

High specialisation in electronics and informatics related disciplines

(within engineering) High specialisation in psychology (within neuroscience & behaviour)

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Flanders (Belgium)

Technology profile:

82


82/241

Flanders (Belgium)

83


83/241

Flanders (Belgium)

Observations, technology profile:


Highlights Pharmaceuticals become top in patent volumes from 2002 onwards.

Considerable decrease in Optics patent volume over the considered timeperiod - also notable in decreased specialisation (cf. Belgian national profile).

Increase in patent volume Other consumer goods also notable in

increased specialisation. Emerging specialisations (high increase) in the latest period (2006-2009) for

the domains: Thermal processes and apparatus and to a lesser extent for

Nanotechnology.

Decreased specialisation in latest period: Environmental technology; Analysisof biotech materials.


Textile and paper machines IT methods for management

Food chemistry Digital communication

Biotechnology Transport

84


84/241

Flanders (Belgium)

Data source: OECD

85


85/241

Flanders (Belgium)

Observations, economic profile: Top 3 highest and lowest specialisations

Highlights

Relative employment in air transport plummeted initially, but thenrecovered somewhat.

Considerable fall in relative employment in the manufacture of basicmetals, followed by a small recovery.

Economic profile relatively similar to that on country-level


Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products Mining and quarrying

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Tanning and dressing of leather

Manufacture of equipment for radio, tv and communication Manufacture of other transport equipment

86


86/241

Flanders (Belgium) Lead research institutions, scientific output:

Universities & research institutes IMEC / VIB

Lead instutions, patent output:

87


87/241

Flanders (Belgium) Lead companies, R&D investments:

88


88/241

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

Finland



89


89/241

Finland



agriculture & environment (A)

forestry (AI=3.66; 3.82; 4.18)

biosciences (general, cellular & subcellular biology; genetics) (B)

evolutionary biology (AI=1.57; 1.94; 2.13)

genetics & heredity (AI=1.52; 1.51; 1.67)


astronomy & astrophysics (AI=1.64, 1.54; 1.46)

meteorology & atmospheric sciences (AI=2.22; 2.08; 1.97)

90


90/241

Legend: GU: ecology; IA: endocrinology & metabolism; LI: endocrinology & metabolism; PJ: materials science,

paper & wood; UN: physics, nuclear; XQ: spectroscopy

Finland



91


91/241

Finland



High specialisation in agriculture & environment

Decrease of relative activity in clinical and experimental medicine II

(non-internal medicine specialties); biomedical research

Highlights

In the focus fields: Very high specialisation in forestry andmeteorology & atmospheric sciences; enormous growth of

specialisation in evolutionary biology

Outside the focus fields: Very high specialisation in materialsscience, paper & wood

Finland

92


92/241

Finland

Technology profile:

93


93/241

Finland

94


94/241

Finland


Highlights

Top patent volumes in communication-related domains:Telecommunications (although slight decrease over considered

period); Digital communication and Computer technology.

These are also the domains with high specialisation levels. Other specialised domains: Textile and paper machinery, and more

recently Macromolecular chemistry, polymers.


Telecommunications Organic fine chemistry

Digital communication Pharmaceuticals

Basic communication processes Semiconductors

95


95/241

Finland

Data source: OECD

96


96/241

Finland



Highlights

Specialisations and under-specialisations are relatively stable over time

Significant decrease in employment for Manufacture of officeaccounting and computer machinery


Manufacture of equipment for radio, tv and communication Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery

Water transport Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Manufacture of paper and paper products Manufacture of textiles

97


97/241

Etela-Suomi (Lathi-region)

Technology profile:

98


98/241


99


99/241



Highlights Top patent volumes in communication-related domains:

Telecommunications; Digital communication and Computer technology.

These are also the domains with high specialisation levels.

Specialisation profiles relatively stable over time, except: recentspecialisation in Microstructure and nanotechnology

Technology profile of Lathi region mirrors the national profile.


Digital communication Engines, pumps, turbines

Telecommunications Transport

Basic communication processes Organic fine chemistry

100


100/241


Data source: OECD

-1.000

-.800

-.600

-.400

-.200

.000

.200

.400

.600

.800














manufacture of officemanufacture of electrical and

manufacture of electricalmanufacture of radio, televisionmanufacture of medical,





construction

wholesale and retail trade;



water transport

air transport



RCAN - LAHTI (FI18)

2002-2005 2006-2009

101


101/241




Highlights

Specialisations and under-specialisations are relatively stable over time

Economic profile very similar to country-level


Manufacture of radio, television and communication

equipment and apparatus

Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage,

handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear

Water transport Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery

Manufacture of paper and paper products Manufacture of textiles

102


102/241

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

Germany



103


103/241

GermanySpecialisation within the science fields with the highest relative activity(AI values are given in chronological order)




paleontology (AI=1.48; 1.47; 1.32)

biosciences (general, cellular & subcellular biology; genetics) (b)

evolutionary biology (AI=0.82; 1.02; 1.12)cell biology (AI=1.14; 1.16; 1.14)

biochemical research methods (AI=1.06; 1.09; 1.06)

physics (P)

physics, particles & fields (AI=1.29; 1.51; 1.55)

physics, nuclear (AI=1.50; 1.69; 1.54)

microscopy (AI=1.18; 1.27; 1.34)physics, atomic, molecular & chemical (AI=1.25; 1.27; 1.30)

physics, fluids & plasmas (AI=1.06; 1.16; 1.20)

neuroscience & behavior (N)

psychology, psychoanalysis (AI=2.47; 2.72; 2.73)

neuroimaging (AI=1.77; 1.76; 1.77)

104


104/241

Legend: EC: chemistry, inorganic & nuclear; RY: nuclear science & technology; XE: agriculture, soil science

Germany


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

EC RY XE

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010


105


105/241

Germany


Increase of relative activity in geosciences & space sciences;

neuroscience & behaviour

High specialisation in physics

Decrease of relative activity in chemistry, physics, mathematics

Highlights

Enormous increase of specialisation towards geosciences & spacesciences

In the focus fields: High specialisation in psychology, psychoanalysis

Outside the focus fields: High specialisation in nuclear science &technology

Germany

106


106/241

y

Technology profile:

Germany

107


107/241

Germany

Germany

108


108/241

Germany



Highlights Top patent volumes in Transport (at the same time highest level of

specialisation) and to a lesser extent Electrical machinery,

apparatus, energy.

Several other domains with high specialisation levels: Mechanical

elements; Thermal processes; Engines, pumps, turbines; Machinetools; Handling.

Specialisation profile stays relatively stable over time (except forNanotechnology - decreasing; Telecommunications - decreasing; IT

methods for management increasing, but still underspecialised).


Mechanical elements Telecommunications

Transport Digital communication

Engines, pumps, turbines IT methods for management

Germany

109


109/241

Germany

Data source: OECD

110


110/241

Germany



Highlights

Relative employment in contruction and in mining and quarrying hasfallen sharply.

Other specialisations remained more or less stable over time.


Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus nec Tanning and dressing of leather

Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of textiles

Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments Construction

B li

111


111/241

Berlin

Technology profile:

112


112/241

Berlin

113


113/241

Berlin



Highlights Top patent volume in Pharmaceuticals. Decrease in Telecommunications patent volume. These patterns are reflected also in the specialisation profile for the Berlin

region: specialisation for Pharma, Biotech and Anal of biol materials Communictaion-related fields have become under-specialised over the

considered time period Notable drop in specialisation for Medical Technology (from specialisation to

under-specialisation) Specialisation level in IT fields appears volatile


Biotechnology Handling

Pharmaceuticals Textile and paper machines

Analysis of biological materials Macromolecular chemistry, polymers

B d b

114


114/241

Brandenburg

Technology profile:

115


115/241

Brandenburg

116


116/241

Brandenburg



Highlights No outspoken top field in patent volume, but higher levels for

Engines, pumps, turbines in 2004 and from 2006 onwards. Samefield displays specialisation (as do Analysis of biological materialsand Control).

Over time, Environmental technology and Food chemistry havebecome under-specialised fields

Over time, specialisation in Materials and metallurgy has increased


Analysis of biological materials Telecommunications

Engines, pumps, turbines Macromolecular chemistry, polymers

Control Optics

Berlin-Brandenburg

117


117/241

Berlin-Brandenburg

Data source: OECD

-1.000

-.800

-.600

-.400

-.200

.000

.200

.400

.600


chemical products manufacture of rubber and plastics

productsmanufacture of other non-metallic

mineral products



products, except machinery and

manufacture of machinery andequipment n.e.c.

manufacture of office accounting and

computing machinery

manufacture of electrical and optical

equipment

manufacture of electrical machinery

and apparatus nec

manufacture of radio, television and

communication equipment and

manufacture of medical, precision

and optical instruments, watchesmanufacture of motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-trailersmanufacture of other transport

equipment


manufacturing nec; recycling


construction

wholesale and retail trade; repair of

motor vehicles, and household goods



pipelines

water transport

air transport

supporting and auxiliary transport

activities; activities of travel agencies

post and telecommunications

real estate, renting and business

activities

RCAN - BERLIN & BRANDENBURG (DE3 & DE4)

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

118


118/241

Berlin-Brandenburg



Highlights

Economic profile is relatively different from country-level


Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus nec


handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear

Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments,

watches and clocks Manufacture of textiles

Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of furniture, manufacturing nec; recycling

Th N h l d

119


119/241

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

The Netherlands



Th N h l d

120


120/241

The Netherlands



neuroscience & behavior

psychology, social (AI=1.81; 1.54; 1.69)

psychology, applied (AI=0.93; 1.25; 1.36)

clinical and experimental medicine II(non-internal medicine specialties)

rheumatology (AI=1.92; 2.04; 1.98)health care sciences & services (AI=1.23; 1.34; 1.51)

clinical and experimental medicine I (general & internal medicine)

peripheral vascular disease (AI=1.36; 1.44; 1.50)

hematology (AI=1.41; 1.40; 1.41)

cardiac & cardiovascular systems (AI=1.06; 1.13; 1.28)

geosciences & space sciences


geography (AI=1.28; 1.30; 1.46)

Th N th l d

121


121/241

Legend: IJ: engineering, industrial; JB: environmental studies; PE: operations research & management

science; PS: social sciences, mathematical methods; PT: medical informatics; RQ: mycology; SR: remote

sensing; YQ: transportation

The Netherlands


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

IJ JB PE PS PT RQ SR YQ

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010


The Netherlands

122


122/241

The Netherlands

Striking observations, scientific profile:

General trends

Increase of relative activity in clinical and experimental medicine I

(general & internal medicine); clinical and experimental medicine II

(non-internal medicine specialties)

High specialisation in neuroscience & behaviour and geosciences &

space sciences

Decrease of relative activity in biology and agriculture & environment;

Highlights

Enormous increase of specialisation in neuroscience & behaviour

In the focus fields: Enormous increase of specialisation in psychology,applied

Outside the focus fields: Very high specialisation in social sciences,mathematical methods; enormous increase of specialisation in

environmental studies and transportation

The Netherlands

123


123/241

The Netherlands

Technology profile:

The Netherlands

124


124/241

The Netherlands

The Netherlands

125


125/241



Highlights

Top patent volumes in Computer technology, Audiovisual technologyand Telecommunications (peaking around period 2002-2003,

decreasing afterwards).

Food chemistry: highly specialised (but not especially pronounced interms of patent volume per capita).

Other domains with high specialisation levels: Audiovisual tech(~patent volume; but decreasing); Basic communication (also

decreasing); Measurement.

Recent specialisation increase in: Chemical engineering; Analysis ofbiological materials.


Food chemistry Engines, pumps, turbines

Basic communication processes Transport

Audio-visual technology Mechanical elements

The Netherlands

126


126/241

The Netherlands

Data source: OECD

127


127/241

The Netherlands



Highlights

Overall stable over time. No recent data available for water transport.


Real estate, renting and business activities Tanning and dressing of leather

Post and telecommunications Manufacture of textiles

Land transport; transport via pipelines Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Zuid Nederland (Eindhoven region)

128


128/241

Zuid-Nederland (Eindhoven region)

Technology profile:


129


129/241


130


130/241



Highlights Top fields in terms of patent volume are Audio-visual technology, Computer

technology and Telecommunications, all peaking in the period 2002-2004.

Slight increase in technological activity in Medical technology

Top fields in terms of patent volume also specialised fields, although anunder-specialisation becomes visible for Telecommunications in the latest

period 2006-2009.

For many fields, specialisation level increases over time. A notable exception

is IT methods for management, which shows a considerable drop in

specialisation over the considered period.


Basic communication processes Engines, pumps, turbines

Audio-visual technology Thermal processes and apparatus

Semiconductors Pharmaceuticals

131

Zuid-Nederland(Eindhoven region)


131/241

Data source: OECD

-1.000

-.800

-.600-.400

-.200

.000

.200

.400

.600

.800









manufacture of rubber and plastics

manufacture of other non-metallic





manufacture of electricalmanufacture of radio, television






construction




water transport

air transport



RCAN - Eindhoven (NL4)

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009


132


132/241




Highlights

Recent data missing for several sectors Specialisations and under-specialisations appear relatively stable over

time



equipment and apparatus Air transport

Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery Mining and quarrying

Real estate, renting and business activities Manufacture of textiles

Poland

133


133/241

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

Poland



Poland

134


134/241

Poland

Specialisation within the science fields with the highest relative activity




forestry (AI=0.60; 0.49; 1.75)

engineering, environmental (AI=0.57; 0.81; 1.12)

mathematics (H)mathematics, applied (AI=1.10; 1.17; 1.24)

mathematics (AI=1.27; 1.31; 1.42)


mining & mineral processing(AI=0.50; 0.66; 4.15)

mineralogy (AI=0.87; 0.70; 2.83)

engineering, marine (AI=0.11; 0.43; 4.11)geology (AI=0.54;2.37;1.87)

Poland

135


135/241

Legend: AQ: allergy; DQ: cardiac & cardiovascular systems; GA: dermatology & venereal diseases; KY:

geology; QJ: materials science, textiles; TE: paleontology; UN: physics, nuclear; YP: transplantation; SD:

obstetrics & gynecology

Poland


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

AQ DQ GA QJ TE UN YP SD

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010


Poland

136


136/241

Poland


General trends

Increase of relative activity in agriculture & environment;

geosciences & space sciences

High specialisation in physics and chemistry

Decrease of relative activity in physics and chemistry

Highlights

In the focus fields: Enormous increase of specialisation in forestry;engineering, environmental; mining & mineral processing;

mineralogy; engineering, marine Outside the focus fields: Very high specialisation in transplantation;

enormous increase of specialisation in allergy and obstetrics &

gynecology

Poland

Technology profile:

137


137/241

Technology profile:

Poland

138


138/241

Poland

139


139/241



Highlights

Low volumes overall (! volatility of relative indicators !)

No outspoken top domains in terms of patent volume, but notableincrease in Civil engineering and to a somewhat lesser extent in

Medical technology.

For Civil engineering, this translates into a high specialisation.

Recent period: increase in specialisation for Measurement.

Decrease in specialisation for several chemistry-related domains(most notably for Basic materials chemistry).


Civil engineering Micro-structure and nano-technology

Environmental technology Digital communication

Thermal processes and apparatus Basic communication processes

Poland

140


140/241

Data source: OECD

141


141/241

PolandObservations, economic profile:


Highlights

Relative stable overall Slightly decreased relative specialisations for manufacture of coke,

refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel, as well as electricity, gas

and water supply.

Highest specialisations Lowest specialisationsMining and quarrying Air transport

Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork Water transport

Land transport; transport via pipelines Hotels and restaurants

142

Malopolskie


142/241

Technology profile:

143

Malopolskie


143/241

144

Malopolskie


144/241



Highlights Very low patent volumes overall (! volatility of relative indicators !)

National-level increase in Civil engineering patent volume is mirrored in

Malopolskie region. Civil engineering is at the same time the most highly specialised field.

Highest specialisationLowest specialisation (6 fields due to

values which are the same)

Civil engineering Digital communication

Thermal processes and apparatus IT methods for management

Environmental technology Control

BiotechnologyMicro-structure and nano-technology

Machine tools

Malopolskie

145


145/241

Data source: OECD

-1.000

-.800

-.600

-.400

-.200

.000

.200

.400

.600

.800









manufacture of rubber and plastics

manufacture of other non-metallic





manufacture of electricalmanufacture of radio, television






construction




water transport

air transport



RCAN - MALOPOLSKIE (PL21)

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

146


146/241

Malapolskie



Highlights

Relative stable overall Decreased relative specialisation for manufacture of basic metals, and

for manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel

Increased relative specialisation for manufacture of office accountingand computing machinery


Mining and quarrying Air transport

Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery


equipment and apparatus


handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear Hotels and restaurants

South Korea

147


147/241

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010

South Korea



South Korea

148


148/241

South Korea

Specialisation within the science fields with the highest relative activity



engineering (E)

telecommunications (AI=1.56; 1.58; 2.07)

transportation science & technology (AI=1.33; 1.46; 1.39)

engineering, electrical & electronic (AI=1.40; 1.23; 1.39)engineering, mechanical (AI=1.60; 1.25; 1.28)

physics (P)

physics, applied (AI=1.50; 1.64; 1.59)

physics, condensed matter (AI=1.01; 1.14; 1.13)

South Korea

149


149/241

Legend: AE: agricultural engineering; DB: biotechnology & applied microbiology; GA: dermatology & venereal

diseases; HQ: electrochemistry; IO: engineering, ocean; JY: food science & technology; MU: horticulture; OI:

integrative & complementary medicine; PK: materials science, ceramics; QG: materials science, coatings &

films; QU: microbiology; RX: neuroimaging; VY: radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

AE DB GA HQ IO JY MU OI PK QG QU RX VY

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010


South Korea

150


150/241


Increase of relative activity in clinical & experimental medicine II

(non-internal medicine specialties) and biomedical research

High specialisation in physics, chemistry and engineering

Decrease of relative activity in chemistry

Highlights

In the focus fields: Enormous increase of specialisation in

telecommunications Outside the focus fields: Very high level of specialisation in

engineering, ocean and integrative & complementary medicine;

enormous increase of specialisation in horticulture

South Korea

T h l fil

151


151/241

Technology profile:

South Korea

152


152/241

South Korea

153


153/241



Highlights

Increasing volume trends for most domains; especially for two topdomains: Telecommunications and Audio-visual technology.

Both domains also display high specialisation levels.

Other specialised domains: Digital communications; Computer tech;Semiconductors (recent increase); Optics; Thermal processes; Other

consumer goods.

Recent decrease in specialisation for: IT methods for management.


Audio-visual technology Machine tools

Telecommunications Transport

Thermal processes and apparatus Civil engineering

154


154/241

South Korea

No sectoral OECD employment data found on SouthKorea --- TBC.

Jeolla(Gwangju Region)

Scientific profile ( di t th A ti it I d )

155


155/241




Scientific profile ( di t th A ti it I d )

156


156/241




Agriculture & Environment

Food Science & Technology (AI=1.28; 1.31; 1.64)

Water Resources (AI=1.62; 1.72; 1.56)

ChemistryChemistry, Medicinal (AI=1.88; 2.39; 1.98)

Chemistry, Multidisciplinary (AI=1.46; 1.40; 1.51)

Electrochemistry (AI= 1.64; 2.09; 1.80)

Materials Science, Coatings & Films (AI=1.98; 1.51; 1.90)

Physics

Optics (AI=0.93; 1.90; 1.84)Physics, Applied (AI=1.89; 1.66; 1.61)

Biomedical Research

Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AI=1.58; 1.55; 1.37)



157


157/241



Subject categories of specialisation outside the focus fields with the(AI values are given in chronological order)

Legend: DA: Biophysics, DB: Biotechnology and applied Microbiology; IQ: Engineering, Electrical and Electronical;

QU: Microbiology; RT: Clinical Neurology; TC Orthopedics

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

DA IQ RT TC DB QU

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010


Scientific profile

158


158/241

Scientific profile


Striking observations: General trends

Increase of relative activity in agriculture & environment and

biomedical research.

High specialization in physics.

Highlights

In the focus fields: Increase ofspecialisation in food science &technology and optics.

Outside the focus fields: Enormous increase ofspecialisation inorthopedics, clinical Neurology; High specialisation but with a decline

of relative activity in biotechnology & applied microbiology and

microbiology


T h l fil

159


159/241

Technology profile:


160


160/241


161


161/241



Highlights Low patent volumes overall (! Volatility of relative indicators !)

Sharp increase in technological activity within the Furniture and games

field, especially since 2003 This is also the field with the highest specialisation level


Furniture, games Basic communication processes

Micro-structure and nano-technology Audio-visual technology

Food chemistry Digital communication

Spain

162


162/241

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

A

B

C

E

G

H

I

M

N

P

R

Z

1998-2002

2003-2006

2007-2010



Spain

163


163/241




agricultural economics & policy (AI=0.35; 0.50; 2.01)

food science & technology (AI=1.84; 1.70; 1.43)

geosciences & space sciences (G)astronomy & astrophysics (AI=1.92; 1.66; 1.63)

paleontology (AI=1.47; 1.36; 1.37)

geography, physical (AI=1.16; 1.26; 1.23)

geography (AI=0.28; 0.73, 1.23)

Spain

164


164/241

Legend: AF: agricultural economics & policy; AQ: allergy; EA: chemistry, analytical; NN: infectious diseases;

RB: robotics; RQ: mycology; SA: nutrition & dietetics; TA: ornithology; UP: physics, particles & fields; VJ:

psychology, multidisciplinary; YP: transplantation


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

AQ EA NN RB RQ SA TA UP VJ YP

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010


Spain

165


165/241


General trends


High specialisation in agriculture & environment; biology and

mathematics

Highlights

In the focus fields: Enormous increase of specialisation inagricultural economics & policy and geography

Outside the focus fields: High specialisation in infectious diseases;enormous increase of specialisation in robotics

Spain

Technology profile:

166


166/241

Technology profile:

Spain

167


167/241

Spain

Ob i h l fil

168


168/241



Highlights Sharp increase in patent volume Pharmaceuticals from 2003

onwards (becoming top domain) translates into growing level of

specialisation.

(Less outspoken) increase in patent volumes for: Transport and Civil

engineering (also among the top since 2004). Other domains (besides Pharmaceuticals) developing towards

specialisation: Biotechnology; Organic fine chemistry.


Civil engineering Semiconductors

Furniture, games Computer technology

Food chemistry Basic communication processes

Spain

169


169/241

Data source: OECD

170


170/241

Spain



Highlights

Specialisations in air transport and tanning and in dressing of leatherbecome less pronounced over time

Highest specialisations Lowest specialisationsConstruction Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment

Land transport; transport via pipelines Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery

Air transport Water transport

Andalusia (Spain)

Documents

Present a Tie Par is May 2012 DRAFT[1]