PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY

MAUNG MAUNG THANMAUNG MAUNG THAN

KYAW TIN WINKYAW TIN WIN

MOHAMED TOWHIDMOHAMED TOWHID

ANCHORING AND MOORINGANCHORING AND MOORING

USE OF ANCHOR,,,,,,USE OF ANCHOR,,,,,,

An anchor is used by a ship to make itself fast to the An anchor is used by a ship to make itself fast to the seabed, so that they stay in one place and the vessel seabed, so that they stay in one place and the vessel does not drift due to the wind and current as long as the does not drift due to the wind and current as long as the anchor is holding.anchor is holding.

TYPE OF ANCHOR :TYPE OF ANCHOR :

Admiralty Pattern AnchorAdmiralty Pattern Anchor The Stockless AnchorThe Stockless Anchor Admiralty Cast AnchorAdmiralty Cast Anchor C.Q.R anchorC.Q.R anchor Danforth anchor and moreDanforth anchor and more

ADMIRALTY PATTERN ANCHORADMIRALTY PATTERN ANCHOR

(1)(1) Fisherman Anchor the design is still popular within the fishing Fisherman Anchor the design is still popular within the fishing industry. industry.

(2)(2) It has difficult stowage characteristics, it cannot be stowed flat It has difficult stowage characteristics, it cannot be stowed flat with the stock in position.with the stock in position.

(3)(3) Once in let go, the stock lying at right angle to the direction of Once in let go, the stock lying at right angle to the direction of the arm / flukes, causes a fluke to dig into the sea bed.the arm / flukes, causes a fluke to dig into the sea bed.

(4)(4) When the anchor is not use, the forelock in the stock can be When the anchor is not use, the forelock in the stock can be unshipped , permitting the stock to be stowed parallel to the unshipped , permitting the stock to be stowed parallel to the shank.shank.

(5)(5) The holding power of this anchor is generally considered to be The holding power of this anchor is generally considered to be very good indeed.very good indeed.

(6)(6) The design is such that the stock is longer and heavier than the The design is such that the stock is longer and heavier than the arms.arms.

(7)(7) It is interesting to note that the shank on these anchors the It is interesting to note that the shank on these anchors the better it holds.better it holds.

(8)(8) The holding power of this anchor will be three to four times its The holding power of this anchor will be three to four times its weight, depending on the nature of bottom.weight, depending on the nature of bottom.

THE STOCKLESS ANCHOR THE STOCKLESS ANCHOR

(1)(1) The most popular anchor in general use today . The The most popular anchor in general use today . The head of the anchor is secured to the shank by a head of the anchor is secured to the shank by a hinged bolt which allows the arms to form an angle of hinged bolt which allows the arms to form an angle of up to 45 with the shank.up to 45 with the shank.

(2)(2) Flukes, the arms and crown are manufactured from Flukes, the arms and crown are manufactured from cast steel. the hinged bolt and the shackle are made cast steel. the hinged bolt and the shackle are made of forged iron.of forged iron.

(3)(3) The stockless anchor is greatest advantage its close The stockless anchor is greatest advantage its close stowing properties and is easily housed in the hawse stowing properties and is easily housed in the hawse pipe when not in use.pipe when not in use.

(4)(4) It is easily handled for all anchor operations, the head It is easily handled for all anchor operations, the head must be at least three” fifth of total weight of the must be at least three” fifth of total weight of the anchor .anchor .

(5)(5) The holding power of this anchor will be three times The holding power of this anchor will be three times its weight, depending on the nature of bottom. its weight, depending on the nature of bottom.

Danforth anchorDanforth anchor

The Danforth anchor is usually known as LWT anchor. This has dominated the American small boat market. The inclusion of the lower stock reduces the risk of the anchor becoming fouled by its own cable.

It has holding properties are generally good but other anchors achieve equally if not better holding capability. The long spade shaped flukes once bedding in, are kept reasonably stable with the stock kept in a horizontal position. An alternative name give to the Danforth Anchor is a “Close stowing, Stocked Anchor” and some Royal Navy ships use this as a “Killick Anchor”, used to describe a light anchor that may be carried out by a ships boat. The purpose being to prevent the stern of the vessel swinging towards an obstruction when lying to a mooring.

It is notable that the holding ability, as with other anchors, is considerably reduced when set at “short stay”. This is also due to it being a lightweight type of anchor.

C.Q.R AnchorC.Q.R Anchor

The origin of this anchor is questionable but its design is probably British and has been accrediated to the scientist Sir Geoffrey Taylor a man with little boating experience. The anchor is sometimes referred to as a “Ploughshare “ or, as in the United States, a “plough anchor” because of its similar shape to the farmers plough.

The holding power of the anchor was good with excellent resistance to “drag” effect. A stock was later added to the original design and this tended to make its use more as a “mooring anchor”. It was difficult to stow and this drawback reflected on its popularity amongst the smaller boating fraternity.

ADMIRALTY CLASS ANCHOR TYPE AC 14 ADMIRALTY CLASS ANCHOR TYPE AC 14

( HIGH HOLDING POWER ANCHOR )( HIGH HOLDING POWER ANCHOR )

(1)(1) Used extensively for warships, this anchor , because of good Used extensively for warships, this anchor , because of good holding properatise,is becoming very popular with the holding properatise,is becoming very popular with the merchant service.merchant service.

(2) (2) The increase in size of ship the large tankers of tankers of The increase in size of ship the large tankers of tankers of today, for example ship owners required an anchor with high today, for example ship owners required an anchor with high holding power.holding power.

(3) (3) Test showed that it and more than twice the holding power of a Test showed that it and more than twice the holding power of a converntional stockless anchor of the same weight.converntional stockless anchor of the same weight.

(4)(4) The crown of the anchor is secured to the shank by a hinged The crown of the anchor is secured to the shank by a hinged pin which allows the arms to from an angle of up to 35 with the pin which allows the arms to from an angle of up to 35 with the shankshank. .

-- Kenter lugless joining -- Kenter lugless joining shackle. shackle. -- D lugged joining -- D lugged joining shackleshackle..

Kenter lugless joining Kenter lugless joining shackleshackle

-The kenter lugless joining -The kenter lugless joining shackle,manufactured in nickel steel, is shackle,manufactured in nickel steel, is the most popular method of joining the most popular method of joining shackle lengths of the anchor cable shackle lengths of the anchor cable together.together.

- The shacker has four parts as shown in - The shacker has four parts as shown in figure.figure.

- All parts are held together with a tapered - All parts are held together with a tapered spile pin, this spile pin is mad of steel and spile pin, this spile pin is mad of steel and is driven into the shackle on the diagonal.is driven into the shackle on the diagonal.

- A lead pellet is then forced into the - A lead pellet is then forced into the inverted dovetail recess to prevent the pin inverted dovetail recess to prevent the pin from accidentally falling from the shackle.from accidentally falling from the shackle.

- Kenter shackle is larger than the common - Kenter shackle is larger than the common links.links.

‘‘D’ Lugged Joining ShackleD’ Lugged Joining Shackle

The ‘D’ lugged joining shackle is used extensively for joining the The ‘D’ lugged joining shackle is used extensively for joining the cable to the anchor in more modern vessels.cable to the anchor in more modern vessels.

In the past this type of shackle was used, as the kenter lugless joining In the past this type of shackle was used, as the kenter lugless joining shackle is used today, in the joining of the shackle lengths of cable together. shackle is used today, in the joining of the shackle lengths of cable together.

If it is to be used for the purpose, the rounded crown part of the If it is to be used for the purpose, the rounded crown part of the shackle should always face forward,sothat it doesn’t foul the anchor letting shackle should always face forward,sothat it doesn’t foul the anchor letting go.go.

It should be noted that the anchor crown shackle and the ‘ D’ joining It should be noted that the anchor crown shackle and the ‘ D’ joining shackle face the opposite way to all other ‘D’ joining shackles in the cable.shackle face the opposite way to all other ‘D’ joining shackles in the cable.

The construction of the ‘D’ lugged joining shackle is illustrarted in The construction of the ‘D’ lugged joining shackle is illustrarted in figure.figure.

The tapered spile pin be made of steel, a lead pellet being hammered The tapered spile pin be made of steel, a lead pellet being hammered home into a dovetail recess chamber to keep the spile pin from accidently home into a dovetail recess chamber to keep the spile pin from accidently being expelled.being expelled.

MARKINGS ON THE ANCHOR & CABLEMARKINGS ON THE ANCHOR & CABLE

A circle is to be marked in any A circle is to be marked in any conspicuous positive on the anchor . Within this circle conspicuous positive on the anchor . Within this circle , 2 items of informer appear ., 2 items of informer appear .

The symbol ‘ X ‘ and ‘ Y ‘ The symbol ‘ X ‘ and ‘ Y ‘

‘ ‘ X ‘X ‘ Is Certificate Number .Is Certificate Number .

‘ ‘ YYY ’YYY ’ Is Certifying Authority .Is Certifying Authority .

Each anchor must carry on the crown Each anchor must carry on the crown and on the shank the marker’s name or initials as and on the shank the marker’s name or initials as progressive number and its weight. The anchor will progressive number and its weight. The anchor will also the number of the certificate , also the number of the certificate ,

anchor markings

cable markings

TESTS ON ANCHORS :TESTS ON ANCHORS :

An application to test an anchor must be made to the An application to test an anchor must be made to the Certifying Authority and would only usually become necessary during Certifying Authority and would only usually become necessary during Cargo Ship Hull and Construction Survey, or a Passenger and Safety Cargo Ship Hull and Construction Survey, or a Passenger and Safety Survey. The tests are shown below;Survey. The tests are shown below;

• proof load testproof load test

• drop testdrop test

• percussion testpercussion test

ANCHOR CERTIFICATE :ANCHOR CERTIFICATE :

1.1. Type of anchorType of anchor2.2. weight (excluding stock ) in kilogrammes weight (excluding stock ) in kilogrammes 3.3. weight of stock in kilogrammesweight of stock in kilogrammes4.4. length of shank in millimeterslength of shank in millimeters5.5. length of arm in millimeterslength of arm in millimeters6.6. diameter of trend in millimetersdiameter of trend in millimeters7.7. proof load applied in tonnesproof load applied in tonnes8.8. identification of proving house, official mark and identification of proving house, official mark and

government markgovernment mark9.9. number of test certificatenumber of test certificate10.10.number of tensile test machine number of tensile test machine 11.11.year of licenceyear of licence12.12.weight of the head of the anchorweight of the head of the anchor13.13.number and date of drop testnumber and date of drop test

CHAIN CABLE TESTSCHAIN CABLE TESTS

Anchor cable over 12.5 mm in diameter is accepted for testing at Anchor cable over 12.5 mm in diameter is accepted for testing at an approved testing establishment in length of 27.5 m.( 1 shackle of an approved testing establishment in length of 27.5 m.( 1 shackle of cable ). The manufacturer will provide three additional links for the cable ). The manufacturer will provide three additional links for the purpose of the test. These three links will be subjected to a tensile purpose of the test. These three links will be subjected to a tensile breaking stress, and if this proves to be satisfactory, then the total length breaking stress, and if this proves to be satisfactory, then the total length of the cable will be subjected to a tensile proof test, the tests being of the cable will be subjected to a tensile proof test, the tests being carried out on approved testing machines. If two successive links break, carried out on approved testing machines. If two successive links break, the cable is rejected. Before the test on chain cable is carried out, the the cable is rejected. Before the test on chain cable is carried out, the supervisor will satisfy himself that the quality of the material from which supervisor will satisfy himself that the quality of the material from which the cable is manufactured meets with the requirements of the anchor and the cable is manufactured meets with the requirements of the anchor and chain cable regulations.chain cable regulations.

After a successful test on chain cable a certificate is awarded, stating:

•Type of cable•Grade of cable•Diameter in millimeters•Total length in meters•Total weight in kilogrammes•Length of link in millimeters•Breadth of link in millimeters•Tensile breaking load applied in tonnes•Tensile proof load applied in tonnes•Number and types of accessories included

The certificate issued shall also show

•A serial number•Name and mark of the certifying authority•Name and mark of the testing establishment, if any•Name of the supervisor of tests

CHAIN CABLE CERTIFICATECHAIN CABLE CERTIFICATE

--Securing The Anchor For Sea—--Securing The Anchor For Sea—

Ensure the break is tightly home, the compressor bar on the windlass is Ensure the break is tightly home, the compressor bar on the windlass is out of gear.out of gear.

Place the devil’s claws on the cables and screw the bottle screws up Place the devil’s claws on the cables and screw the bottle screws up tightly.tightly.

Put the hawse pipe covers in position and if proper plates are supplied Put the hawse pipe covers in position and if proper plates are supplied for the spurling pipes, place them in position and if proper plates are for the spurling pipes, place them in position and if proper plates are supplied for the there are no proper plates for the spurling pipes, the supplied for the there are no proper plates for the spurling pipes, the cables must be well warpped with burlap or sacking in the spurling pipe.cables must be well warpped with burlap or sacking in the spurling pipe.

The pipes are then to be filled over the bulap with a good thickness of The pipes are then to be filled over the bulap with a good thickness of cement (sufficient to withstand any movement of the cables or weather cement (sufficient to withstand any movement of the cables or weather damage). damage).

To help prevent movement, lash the two cables together beneath the To help prevent movement, lash the two cables together beneath the spurling pipes in the chain locker and return all gear. spurling pipes in the chain locker and return all gear.

‘‘‘‘WEIGHTING THE ANCHORWEIGHTING THE ANCHOR’’’’

1.1. --Take to the fo’castle head a hammer or crowbar, hose ,oil-can Take to the fo’castle head a hammer or crowbar, hose ,oil-can and at night a torch, open the cock. and at night a torch, open the cock. Request the engine room for power and Request the engine room for power and water on deck.water on deck.

2.2. --Make sure the windlass is out of gear and the brakes are on, Make sure the windlass is out of gear and the brakes are on, turn the windlass over slowly and oil the moving parts, on a turn the windlass over slowly and oil the moving parts, on a steam windless the drain cocks must all be opened and the steam windless the drain cocks must all be opened and the water allowed to drain off before the cocks are closed again. water allowed to drain off before the cocks are closed again.

3.3. --Put the anchor in gear (see that the gears are clear to engage Put the anchor in gear (see that the gears are clear to engage first) first)

4.4. --Send a man to the locker (with a light if necessary)Send a man to the locker (with a light if necessary)5.5. --Remove the compressor bar and when ordered to do so, take off Remove the compressor bar and when ordered to do so, take off

the brake and commence heaving in the cable. Another man the brake and commence heaving in the cable. Another man should stand by the bell to ring the shackles as they come in.should stand by the bell to ring the shackles as they come in.

6.6. --When the anchor is hove home, inform the man in the locker. When the anchor is hove home, inform the man in the locker. Apply the brake tightly and the compressor bar. Ease the gears Apply the brake tightly and the compressor bar. Ease the gears and take the windless out of gear. Stop the water , Take down and take the windless out of gear. Stop the water , Take down the anchor ball or anchor lights and ring the bell rapidly when the anchor ball or anchor lights and ring the bell rapidly when the anchor is aweigh, Return the gear.the anchor is aweigh, Return the gear.

PREPARING ANCHOR FOR “ LETTING GO “PREPARING ANCHOR FOR “ LETTING GO “

1.1. Check that the windlass brake is on and holding and that the windlass is Check that the windlass brake is on and holding and that the windlass is in gear.in gear.

2.2. Remove the hawse pipe covers Remove the hawse pipe covers 3.3. Remove the devil’s claw.Remove the devil’s claw.4.4. Remove any additional lashings.Remove any additional lashings.5.5. Remove the bow stopper, guillotine or compressor.Remove the bow stopper, guillotine or compressor.6.6. Take off the brake and walk the cable a short distance in order to brake Take off the brake and walk the cable a short distance in order to brake

the cement pudding inside the spurling pipe. the cement pudding inside the spurling pipe. 7.7. Clear away old cement and throw overside.Clear away old cement and throw overside.8.8. Walk back on the cable until the anchor is out clear of the hawse pipe and Walk back on the cable until the anchor is out clear of the hawse pipe and

above the water surface then heave a few links back to ensure cable above the water surface then heave a few links back to ensure cable will run.will run.

9.9. Screw the brrake on hard and check that the brake is holding.Screw the brrake on hard and check that the brake is holding.10.10. Take the windlass out of gear , leaving the anchorholding on the brake. Take the windlass out of gear , leaving the anchorholding on the brake.

Check that it is out of gear. By turning power on briefly. Report to the Check that it is out of gear. By turning power on briefly. Report to the Bridge that the anchor is on the break and ready for letting go. Bridge that the anchor is on the break and ready for letting go.

LETTING GO THE ANCHOR LETTING GO THE ANCHOR

Wear goggles, let go the brake when Wear goggles, let go the brake when ordered and brake as required after the ordered and brake as required after the anchor has hit the bottom. One strike the anchor has hit the bottom. One strike the shackles go out , 1 shackle, 1 bell, 6 bells, shackles go out , 1 shackle, 1 bell, 6 bells, etc. Put on the compressor bar and screw etc. Put on the compressor bar and screw the brake tightly home, when sufficient the brake tightly home, when sufficient cable has been paid out .Hoist the anchor cable has been paid out .Hoist the anchor ball or anchor lights. Return the gear.ball or anchor lights. Return the gear.

There are five types of moorings.....There are five types of moorings.....

(1) Open Moor (1) Open Moor

(2) Baltic Moor (2) Baltic Moor

(3) Mediterranean moor(3) Mediterranean moor

(4) Running or Flying Moor(4) Running or Flying Moor

(5) Standing , Ordinary, Dropping or Straight (5) Standing , Ordinary, Dropping or Straight Moor.Moor.

1---1--- Open MoorOpen Moor

When a vessel is anchored with When a vessel is anchored with both anchors leading ahead, she is both anchors leading ahead, she is said to be on open moor. The vessel is said to be on open moor. The vessel is heeded into the anchorage with the heeded into the anchorage with the wind or current on one bow in order to wind or current on one bow in order to assist counteraction of lee drift. The assist counteraction of lee drift. The weather anchor is let go on the run weather anchor is let go on the run and headway continued for roughly and headway continued for roughly 1/3 of the final length of the cable. 1/3 of the final length of the cable. The 2 anchor is let go and the first one The 2 anchor is let go and the first one snubbed at the gypsy.snubbed at the gypsy.

2---2--- Baltic moorBaltic moor

This method of mooring a ship is This method of mooring a ship is employed when a vessel is to tie employed when a vessel is to tie alongside a quay, the construction of alongside a quay, the construction of which is not sufficiently robust to permit which is not sufficiently robust to permit ranging of the ship during bad weather. It ranging of the ship during bad weather. It is useful method of berthing a vessel in an is useful method of berthing a vessel in an onshore gale of wind particularly whom onshore gale of wind particularly whom the vessel is expected to leave before the the vessel is expected to leave before the weathre abates.weathre abates.

3--- Mediterranean More3--- Mediterranean MoreThis moor is used when wharf This moor is used when wharf

space is limited and there is deep water space is limited and there is deep water alongside the wharves. The vessel is alongside the wharves. The vessel is moored stern on to the jetty with both her moored stern on to the jetty with both her anchor lying ahead of her fine on each anchor lying ahead of her fine on each bow. This maneuver varies greatly bow. This maneuver varies greatly according to the prevailing windaccording to the prevailing wind . .

4 --- Running or Flying Moor4 --- Running or Flying Moor

Stem the tide with engines Stem the tide with engines slow ahead and go the weather slow ahead and go the weather anchor a ship length before arriving in anchor a ship length before arriving in position at which it is desired to finally position at which it is desired to finally bring up. Continue slowly ahead and bring up. Continue slowly ahead and pass this position until a scope of pass this position until a scope of cable has been paid out or equal to cable has been paid out or equal to the sum of that required on the 2 the sum of that required on the 2 anchors together. Stop engines and anchors together. Stop engines and put the windless into the gear for put the windless into the gear for picking up the weather cable. As the picking up the weather cable. As the vessel starts to make the sternway vessel starts to make the sternway owner the ground, let go the owner the ground, let go the anchor .Pay out on the lee anchor anchor .Pay out on the lee anchor cable and pick up on the weather cable and pick up on the weather anchor cable until the ship is middle anchor cable until the ship is middle between the two. between the two.

5_-- Standing, Ordinary, 5_-- Standing, Ordinary, Dropping Dropping or Straight Mooror Straight Moor

The tide should always be The tide should always be steamed when mooring for a steamed when mooring for a standing moor, the vessel should standing moor, the vessel should steam up about ships length ahead steam up about ships length ahead of the position in which it is desired of the position in which it is desired to finally bring up. The engines to finally bring up. The engines should than be stopped and as the should than be stopped and as the vessel starts to make starts to vessel starts to make starts to make sternway own the ground. make sternway own the ground. The lee anchor should be The lee anchor should be let go, a scope of cable should be let go, a scope of cable should be paid out, equal to the sum of that paid out, equal to the sum of that required on the two anchors and required on the two anchors and turn this side of the windless should turn this side of the windless should be put into gear. Heave away on be put into gear. Heave away on the lee cable and let go the the lee cable and let go the weather anchor, as the vessel weather anchor, as the vessel starts to more ahead. starts to more ahead. Continue to heave away Continue to heave away on the lee cable and to pay out on on the lee cable and to pay out on the weather cable until the vessel is the weather cable until the vessel is middle between the two. middle between the two.

The officer of the anchor watch should have all relevant The officer of the anchor watch should have all relevant information regarding the amount of cable paid out. The approximate information regarding the amount of cable paid out. The approximate area of the anchor position. The officer’s duty including the checking at area of the anchor position. The officer’s duty including the checking at regular intervals of the ship’s position carried out by observing compass regular intervals of the ship’s position carried out by observing compass bearing of fixed object’s shore or prominent land mark and bearings laid bearing of fixed object’s shore or prominent land mark and bearings laid on the chart vessel position by use the radar, GPS, DGPS and all on the chart vessel position by use the radar, GPS, DGPS and all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstance and available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstance and conditions. The purpose of checking the anchor’s bearing is to ascertain conditions. The purpose of checking the anchor’s bearing is to ascertain the ship’s position. Ensure she is not dragging her anchor.the ship’s position. Ensure she is not dragging her anchor.

OFFICER OF THE WATCHOFFICER OF THE WATCH

The officer during watch faced with this situation should inform the Master immediately and subsequent action The officer during watch faced with this situation should inform the Master immediately and subsequent action include drawing the attention of the other vessel to the fact that she is dragging her anchor.include drawing the attention of the other vessel to the fact that she is dragging her anchor.

1> Made ready own engine 1> Made ready own engine 2> Send forward an anchor party and use VHF radio2> Send forward an anchor party and use VHF radio3>3> Check deep water anchorageCheck deep water anchorage DRAWING ATTENTION TO THE SITUATIONDRAWING ATTENTION TO THE SITUATION

When vessels are insight of one another ( According to Rule When vessels are insight of one another ( According to Rule 34.d34.d ) )are approaching each other and either vessel fail to understand the intention or action whether sufficient action is being are approaching each other and either vessel fail to understand the intention or action whether sufficient action is being taking by the other to avoid collision. Immediately giving at lease five short and rapid blasts on whistle by day and flash by taking by the other to avoid collision. Immediately giving at lease five short and rapid blasts on whistle by day and flash by night. In vessel is restricted visibility ( according to Rule night. In vessel is restricted visibility ( according to Rule 35. f35. f ) additional sound 3 blasts in succession – one short, one ) additional sound 3 blasts in succession – one short, one prolonged, and one short blast give the warning signals.prolonged, and one short blast give the warning signals.

ANOTHER VESSEL DRAGGING ANOTHER VESSEL DRAGGING TOWARDS YOUR SHIPTOWARDS YOUR SHIP

DRAGGING ANCHORDRAGGING ANCHOR

Incase the anchor is dragging one of the following three actions to be Incase the anchor is dragging one of the following three actions to be considered.considered.

1.1. Let go the second anchor underfoot at the contra of yow. if the Let go the second anchor underfoot at the contra of yow. if the first anchor is dragging the second anchor will bite and its cable first anchor is dragging the second anchor will bite and its cable will render itself. The noise of these gines warning of dragging will render itself. The noise of these gines warning of dragging and the second cable is reared without delay.and the second cable is reared without delay.

2.2. Let go the second anchor at the extremity of yaw are veer both Let go the second anchor at the extremity of yaw are veer both cables so that the ship rides comparatively quietly to her two cables so that the ship rides comparatively quietly to her two anchors.anchors.

3.3. Steam up to the first anchor, sheer away and let go the second Steam up to the first anchor, sheer away and let go the second anchor. The first cable is heave in while approaching the anchor. anchor. The first cable is heave in while approaching the anchor. Both cables are than rarer so that the vessel rides quietly with an Both cables are than rarer so that the vessel rides quietly with an anchor, fine on each bow.anchor, fine on each bow.

THANKSTHANKS . .

THETHE END

END