COMPUTERS

OF

CREDITS

This project is a collaborative effort ofThis project is a collaborative effort of

Zoya Chaudhry Muzammil Hanan Faizan Kokab Khalid Mudassir Khalid Shoaib Mohammad Usman Sidra Ghazanfar Iqra Khan

Roll # 06

Roll # 48

Roll # 33

Roll # 20

Roll # 61

Roll # 46

Roll # 68

Roll # 16

Roll # 12

EARLY HISTORY

“Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous saying formed the basis of modern

computer.The early history starts from:

ABACUS: Very first computing device “ABACUS “also

called Soroban invented in 600 BC was the first computing device.

Napier Rods: Napier Rods was a card board multiplication

calculator .It was designed in early 17th century

PASCALINE

1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented the first operating model of mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Arithmetic Machine “PASCALINE”

It was used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Charles Babbage’s :DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Charles is the “The Father of Computers” 1822 : His great invention “Difference Difference

engineengine” was to perform mathematical calculations

It was fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program

1842 “The Analytical EngineThe Analytical Engine “ was a automatic machine.It could do 60 addition per minute

The idea of analytical engine didn’t take physical form but served as a base for modern digital computers

PUNCHED CARDS

1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine

It was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census

His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM)

This paper based machine represents the origin of computer database software

Z 3

1941: Conrad Zeus from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer

It solved complex engineering equations.

It was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system

MODERN HISTORY

(1940 onwards )

First generation of computers (1942-1955)

Features :First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes vacuum tubes which were glass (tubes) that controlled and amplified the electronic signals

ABC Computer“Atanasoff Berry

Computer”

1942 : It was developed by Dr John Atanasoff to solve certain mathematical equations.

It was the first electronic digital computer

It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitor for storage

MARK 1

1944 : Mark 1 Computer

It is also known as Automatic sequence Controlled Calculator

It is also known as Automatic sequence computer.

It was first automatic calculating machine designed by Howard A Aiken with IBM Corporation

Features:It could perform five basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and table referenceIt took approximately 0.3 seconds to add two numbers and 4.5 seconds for multiplication of two numbers

Disadvantages:

It was huge in size

Complex in design.

Very slow.

ENIAC

1946: The ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania.

Reason : It was developed for military

need

Feature:

It used 18,000 vacuum tubes

Punch-card input

Weighed thirty tons and

occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot

space.

It was programmable only by changing the wiring, not through software changes, but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables

EDSAC

1949 :The EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic calculator) was made by the British

It could do addition in 1500 microseconds and multiplication in 4000 seconds

UNIVAC

1951 : The UNIVAC ( universal automatic Computer) was the first digital computer invented by Mauchly and Ekert

Features:It used vacuum tubes

Government received delivery of first UNIVAC in 1951 after U.S. Census processing started

UNIVAC I, was the first computer designed and sold commercially, specifically for business data-processing applications

It used a 100 megabyte hard drive

It could be used for business

and scientific purpose

Second Generation Of Computers (1955-1964)

Features :Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors.transistors. Transistor is a small device that transfers electronic signals through resistors

PDP1

1960: DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) introduced the Programmed Data Processor,PDP-1

The PDP-1 was a mainframe computer famous for its low costs

The PDP-1 did not contain many advanced peripherals or softwares

IBM 1400

1961:The IBM 1400 Series were a major breakthrough for IBM

The first computer in this series was IBM 1401.

IBM 1401 used transistors instead of the vacuum tubes found in previous IBM computers

The system contained many peripherals which included a new high-speed printer. This printer could print 600 lines per minute

Third Generation Of Computers (1965-1975)

Features :In this generation microelectronics technology was introduced that made it possible to integrate large number of circuit elements into very small surface of silicon known as chips.This new technology was called INTEGRATED CIRCUITINTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ICs)

PDP 8

It was the first mass market mini-computer developed for educational purposeIt was implemented using four generations of technology: Germanium transistors,SSI,MSI and LSI Additionally it possesses two attributes i.e. continuing interest in it's architecture and implementation

The PDP-8 minicomputer was designed & built from 1965 to 1980

Fourth Generation Of Computers (1976-1989)

Features :In this generation microprocessors were used. MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR is a small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer.

Apple I and Apple II

1976: Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the Apple I computer.

Then the following year 1977 introduced the Apple II microcomputer

During 1976-77 many other personal computer brands were marketed

These both have characteristics of a PC

IBM PC In 1981,IBM tossed its hat into the

personal computer, easily fit on a table or desk

They were available in taller or narrow size and have common features of personal computers

1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operating system called MS-DOS for its new IBM personal computer

1981: The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system.

APPLE MACINTOSH

1984 : Apple Computers launched (during the Super Bowl) the Macintosh, the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphic user interface

It was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor

Its applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite

Fifth Generation Of Computers (1990-onwards)

Features: ULSIULSI (Ultra Large scale Integration) and networks like LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network) are used in this generation. Mobile computers are introduced

DEEP BLUE

Deep Blue is a chess playing computer developed by IBM On 11 May 1997,

The machine won a six-game match by two wins to one with three draws against world champion Garry Kasparov

Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch, but IBM declined and dismantled Deep Blue. Kasparov beat a previous version of Deep Blue in 1996

TODAY’S COMPUTERS

PALM COMPUTER

1999: Palm Computing introduced the Palm VII handheld computer

Features:

2 MB RAM, and telephone modem port which can be connected to a separate cell phone.

Two AAA batteries power the unit for 2-3 weeks.

The cost to connect to the internet was high

PDA 1993 : Newton Message

Pad was the first company to offer PDAs.

It is one of the most popular light weight mobile device

Its primary input device is “Stylus” looks like small ballpoint but uses pressure instead of ink

Features:It stands for “Personal Digital Assistant”It’s a handheld device designed for personal organizer that combines CalendarAppointment bookaddress bookCalculator note pad, PDAs began as pen-based instead of a keyboard for input They also incorporated handwriting recognition features.

LAPTOP Designed in 1979 by William

Moggridge, and was used by NASA in the space shuttle program

It came with a five-inch screen Two 5 1/4 floppy drives A large collection of bundled

software programs It contains a battery Pack Can be placed on a lap and can

carried any where.

FUTURE OF COMPUTERS

Features:Nanotechnology,

Miniature (pocket size),

Robot technology,

Quantum computers,

CBT Planet & faster chips

QUANTUM COMPUTER It is a predicted super powerful

computer of the future It can carry out calculations with two

quantum bits (QUBITS) Quantum computers have superior

qualities in comparison to the type of computers currently in use. If they are realized, then they will be able to carry out tasks that are beyond the abilities of all normal computers.

HUMANOID ROBOTSThey are computerized robots performing human functions more efficientlyThey are of human structure

LINUX WATCH

The Linux Watch is currently in its prototype stage. It means that a model of the watch has already been built, or is being built, but the product is not yet ready to be made available to the general public.

This is a watch-like product that not only has the functions of a regular wristwatch, but also allows its user to communicate wirelessly with personal computers, cell phones, and other like machines.

With the Linux Watch, you can send and receive e-mail, receive messages, and access calendars and address books.

(Seiko’s computerized watch)----»

WALLET PC The idea is to have a small wallet-sized PC

that could be used to display messages, schedules, weather, and stocks, to send and receive e-mail and fax, and to play games.

It could also connect to the Internet and to the "Information Superhighway."

In addition, the wallet PC would eliminate the need for cash. Instead of using coins and paper bills, money would be transferred using digital cash stored in the Wallet PC.

To prevent people from stealing and using your Wallet PC, each wallet would have "keys" that identify its owner. Thus, nobody could use someone else's PC.

For more security, there are passwords and even voice or fingerprint recognizer

WEARABLE PC

The Wearable PC is also currently in its prototype stage.

This new innovation is a belt-worn PC that uses a headset display and a hand-held controller.

It is completely mobile and is ideal if you want hands-free access to data and other information via the computer!

It can connect to the Internet wirelessly and also includes a microphone and an earphone for input and output.

Computers to be 'oxygen of the future'

By the year 2010, scientists predict we will

be immersed in a sea of miniature

computers.

Accessible information

Information will be available at every place and every time.

Tangible Acoustic InterfaceIt allows users to convert virtually any tangible objects such as table tops, walls, and windows, into interactive surfaces