Gas-Lift WorkshopJoe Dunn Clegg, Editor

Feb. 2010

ABSTRACT: 2010 ASME/ALRDC/API/ISO Gas-Lift Workshop SPE Production Operations Engineering—Volume 4 Editor & Author: Joe Dunn Clegg The 2006 version of SPE’s Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume IV--Production Operations engineering, replaces the variousVolume IV Production Operations engineering, replaces the various chapters on production engineering in the 1987 edition. This rather long effort is the result of various distinguish authors, editors and the SPE. There have been many changes in technology and operating practices in the past twenty years and these new chapters will bring you up-to-date in design, selection of equipment and operation procedures for most oil and gas wellsfor most oil and gas wells. There are 16 chapters in this Production Operations Engineering (VOL.4) that are divided into three major groups: (a) well completions; (b) formation damage and stimulation; and (c) artificial lift. The initial chapters are mainly concerned with well completions. Chapter 1 is“Inflow and Outflow Performance.” This chapter is followed byCompletion Systems, Tubing Selection, Perforating and Sand Control.The next four chapters have to do with the formation damage problems: Formation Damage, Matrix acidizing, Hydraulic Fracturing, Problems . There are seven chapters that deal with artificial lift: Systems, Sucker p y ,Rods, Gas-Lift, ESP, Hydraulic, Progressive Cavity, & Plungers – all a major concerns for production operations engineers. Chapter 12, “Gas Lift” by Jack Blann and Herald Winkler discusses in detail bothcontinuous and intermittent gas lift. Closely related subjects may be found in the other volumes of the PEH and specific data found on equipment in the API Specifications and Recommended Practices(2) orequipment in the API Specifications and Recommended Practices or the International Organization for Standards (ISO) documents. Manyof these chapters are interrelated and references are made to other chapters. In general the necessary graphs, tables, and figures areincluded to make the design, but specific manufacturer data may have to be obtained from the vendors. Computer programs for design are

t i l d d b t i t l bl i d i dnot included, but in most cases example problems in design are covered. Joe Dunn Clegg Houston, October 18, 2009—I am now 82 years old and I started on thisproject when I was only 25.

Joe Dunn Clegg:Retired Production Operations Engineer

Background with Shell (1952-1991)12 Years: Permian Basin in West Texas 4 Years: Rocky Mountains Region10 Years: Onshore & Offshore La.4 Years: Shell training instructor2 Years: Fracture research @ Shell Dev.2 Y D t d l t2 Years: Deep water development2 Years: Special assignments in H. O.1 Year: Denver unit in West Texas2 Years: Pecten international operations2 Years: Pecten international operationsTotal 39 Years. (retired July 1, 1991)

9 Years: OGCI instructor for “Production9 Years: OGCI instructor for Production……Operations” & Artificial Lift

9 Years: Consultant and Editor for SPE

Now: Assistant treasurer for POPS

Background for SPE Petroleum Engineering Handbook

2000: General consensus that the Bradley version of the PEH needed to be updated--(which was a revision of the previous Frick PEH).Review committee suggested that the BradleyReview committee suggested that the Bradley chapters needed to be revised. Suggest changes from no revisions, minor revisions minor updating major rewriting to addrevisions, minor updating, major rewriting to add or delete chapters. Original there were no drilling chapters. Larry W. Lake selected as chief editor. Section editors picked. Kick-off meeting for editors in August 2000. Selected chapters and pickedAugust 2000. Selected chapters and picked chapter authors. Not easy!First letters to PEH authors sent in Jan 2001.Suggested an outline deadline for each chapterSuggested an outline deadline for each chapter by August 2001.Lots of editing for 5 years! #Completed: Early 2008

Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Larry W. Lake, Editor-in-Chiefy ,

I. General Engineering: John R. Fanchi, Editor

II. Drilling Engineering: Robert F. Mitchell, Editor

III. Facilities and Construction Engineering:g gKenneth E. Arnold, Editor

IV. Production and Operations Engineering:Joe Dunn Clegg, Editor

V. Reservoir Engineering and Petrophysics: Edward D. Holstein, Editor

VI. Emerging and Peripheral Technologies: H. R. Warner Jr., Editorg g p g

VII.Indexes and Standards

Production Operations EngineeringProduction Operations EngineeringContentsContentsContentsContents

1.1. Inflow and OutflowInflow and Outflow 10.10. Artificial Lift SystemsArtificial Lift Systems2.2. Completions Completions

SystemsSystems

10.10. Artificial Lift SystemsArtificial Lift Systems11. Sucker11. Sucker--Rod LiftRod Lift12 Gas Lift12 Gas Lift3.3. Tubing SelectionTubing Selection

4.4. PerforatingPerforating

12. Gas Lift12. Gas Lift13. Electrical 13. Electrical

SubmersibleSubmersible5.5. Sand ControlSand Control6.6. Formation DamageFormation Damage

M i A idi iM i A idi i

Submersible Submersible 14. Hydraulic Pumping14. Hydraulic Pumping15 P i C it15 P i C it7.7. Matrix AcidizingMatrix Acidizing

8.8. Hydraulic FracturingHydraulic Fracturing99 W ll P d tiW ll P d ti

15. Progressing Cavity 15. Progressing Cavity 16. Plunger Lift16. Plunger Lift

9.9. Well Production Well Production ProblemsProblems

Chapter 1Inflow and Outflow PerformanceMichael L WigginsMichael L. Wiggins

PressureLoss in:Loss in:

Reservoir,Completion,

T biTubing,Flowline,

Total

Production systems and associated pressure losses

IPR_VOG: VOGEL OIL WELL IPR2500

API RP 11V6 E l # 1

2000

OR

(kPa

)

API RP 11V6: Example # 1

1941 psigPr=2125 psig

1500

URE

(PSI

A) O

PI = 1000/1000 =1.0

1000

WIN

G PR

ESSU 1125 psi

500

PWF;

FLO

W

Qmax = 13250

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

PRODUCTION RATE (BPD) OR (M^3/D)

NO SKIN WITH SKIN

IPR, Inflow Performance Relationship---after W. Gilbert

OIL IPR GRAPHFetkovichFetkovich

2000

2500

HP

in

a

API RP 11V6: Example # 1

1500

000

ing

BH

or k

Pa

500

1000

: Flo

wi

PSIA

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Pwf:

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400RATE IN BPD OR m3/D

a)

OIL WELL INFLOW & OUTFLOW PERFORMANCEA 6000 ft flowing well with GLR = 500 and 10% WOR

3A

) OR

(kP

a

IPR TBG-1 TBG-2 TBG-3

2

nds

URE

(PSI

A

PIID= 1.995” 2.441” 2.992”

1Thou

san

G P

RES

SU

Pwf 1TFL

OW

ING

IPR

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

PRODUCTIOPN RATE (BPD) OR (M 3̂/D)

PW

F; F

Q PRODUCTIOPN RATE (BPD) OR (M 3/D)

Favorite Graph

Q

Inflow and Outflow Performance: Gas Well*q = C (p 2-p f

2) nqg C (pr pwf ) **q

g= C

f{M(p

i)}

Pr2

Pr2-Pwf

2

*Rawlins and Schellhardt analysis of flow after flow

AOFPRate

*Rawlins and Schellhardt analysis of flow-after-flowtest data with **pseudopressure approach

Chapter 2Completion SystemsDa id R ddock SPE Baker Oil Tools

Wellhead

SSSVDavid Ruddock, SPE, Baker Oil Tools SSSV

Typical LP/LT Completion

?

PerforationsPerforations

API & ISO

EXXON SPECIALHigh Risk TakerNot in book

Completion Systems

Side pocketSCSSV

Side-pocketGas-liftmandrels

??

Perforations

??

Parallel-string dual-zone completion: Multi-zone single-string selective completion

Perforations

Horizontal Completions (TAML Level 1)

Technology Advancement of MultiLaterals:

Austin ChalkBakken Shale

TAML Level 1TAML Level 2TAML Level 3TAML Level 4

Bakken ShaleBarnett Shale: Gas

Misc Shale FormationsTAML Level 4TAML Level 5TAML Level 6

Lower Zone OpposedMultilateral

Plus Jack Frac

Subsurface Safety Valves

SubsurfaceControlled-

SurfaceControlledControlled

Velocity(SSCSV)

(SCSSV)(SSCSV)

Chapter 3Tubing Selection, Design, and InstallationJoe Dunn Clegg , Consultant (Retired Shell) & Erich F. Klementich (Deceased)

Design to meet all stresses and conditions that occur duringconditions that occur during routine operation of the well & should have adequate margin for q gunusual load conditions.

DESIGN FACTOR GUIDELINES………………………Range SuggestedInternal Pressure: 1 0 to 1 33 1 25Internal Pressure: 1.0 to 1.33 1.25Body yield strength: 1.0 to 1.8 1.25*, 1.6**Collapse : 1.0 to 1.25 1.1

Collapse• ** Based on tubing weight in air • * For pulling

TensionCollapse

Chapter 4Perforating

Underbalanced Used on Tubing ConveyedPerforating in Oil Zones in Sandstone

gGeorge King, BP plc

MD PSI

Underbalance Used on Tubing Conveyed Perforating in Gas ZonesConveyed Perforating in Gas Zones

Jet formation from aShaped Charge

Chapter 5Sand ControlW L P b th J ( ti d E P d ti R h C )W. L. Penberthy.Jr. (retired, Exxon Production Research Co.) . with contributions from Baker Oil Tools

Ideal Openhole & Cased-hole Gravel Packs

Sand Control

Kg,d

X Kg is same as formation

After Saucier

X Kg is same as formationResult: high skin damage

Effect of gravel-sand size ratio on sand control permeability

Sand Control

VOID

Gravel-pack sequence with viscous fluidsGravel pack sequence with viscous fluids(Below fracture pressure)

Chapter 6Formation DamageMukul M Sharma SPE U of Texas Austin FormationMukul M. Sharma, SPE, U. of Texas Austin Formation

Damage in:Drilling,

Perforating,Completions,Producing,g,Stimulation,Workovers

Pressure profile in the near-wellborePressure profile in the near wellboreregion for a well with formation damage

Chapter 7Matrix AcidizingHarry O. McLeod, SPE, (retired Conoco)

P90

Productivity,%

Pwh

60

Acidizing Injection Rate, Q Effect of Damage on ProductivityDepth of Damage, in.

Chapter 8Hydraulic FracturingS &Stephen A. Holdditch, Texas A&M U.

Typical data from an in-situ stress test

Chapter 9Well Production ProblemsR d J i ki SPE S hl b L d ( i d)Raymond Jasinski, SPE, Schlumberger Ltd. (retired)

ConstantTemperature% p

PSI

%

Pressure Dependency of Asphaltene PrecipitationPSI

PSI

A pressure/temperature phase diagramTemperature

Chapter 10Artificial Lift SelectionJames F Lea SPE ( Amoco; U of Texas Tech & Consultant)James F. Lea, SPE, ( Amoco; U. of Texas Tech & Consultant)

Cum.

Choice:Sucker Rod Pumping?

MM$

Sucker Rod Pumping?Gas-Lift?ESP ?Hydraulic:………….Pumps?………….Jets?

x………….Jets?PCP Systems? orPlunger Lift? Time in Years

Typical PVP Analysis

Triple Beam Sucker Rod Pumps

A rare sight !

Chapter 11Sucker-Rod LiftNorman W Hein Jr ConocoPhillips (Retired) ConsultantNorman W. Hein, Jr., ConocoPhillips (Retired), Consultant

PumpPumpEff.%

Pump Efficiency vs. Pump Intake Pressure/Bubble Point Pressure Pressure Ratio

Chapter 12Gas LiftH ld W Wi kl T T h U d J k BlHerald W. Winkler, Texas Tech U. ,and Jack Blann, .

AfterB. Juch

E.C.

Gas Lift Equilibrium Curve for Specific Well Conditions

Gas-LiftBlann &Blann &Winkler:Continuous-FlowExample

Gas LiftGas-LiftBlann &Winkler:Winkler:IntermittentFlow Design-Flow Design

Example

Chapter 13Electrical Submersible PumpsJohn Bearden Centrilift Baker Hughes IncJohn Bearden, Centrilift, Baker Hughes Inc.

70% Eff

x57%

oa

Performance Curve, BPD

Chapter 14Hydraulic Pumping in Oil WellsJ F llJames Fretwell,Weatherford AL Systems

SeveralSeveral choices for pumps orpumps or

jets

Hydraulic downhole pumping installations

Chapter 15Progressing Cavity Pumping SystemsC M M h SPE T dd A Z h SPE F i J SCam M. Matthews, SPE, Todd A. Zahacy, SPE, Francisco J. S. Alhanati, SPE, Paul Skoczlas, SPE, C-FER Technologies andLonnie J. Dunn, SPE, Weatherford Artificial Lift Systems , , y

Typical Progressing

Cavity Pumping

(PCP)(PCP)System

Chapter 16Plunger LiftScott D Listiak SPE EOG Resources Inc & Daniel PhillipsScott D. Listiak, SPE, EOG Resources Inc. & Daniel Phillips, SPE, ConocoPhillips Co.

S h tiController

Schematic of a

PlPlunger Lift

I t ll tiInstallationGas Well,

Oil Well, orInt. Gas-Oil-Water Well

If you don’t have a gas or oil well, get one!get one!

Then when youhave troubles----

Members Price:CDROM $65have troubles----

And have

CDROM $65Printed $115

Lots of sleepless nights,

Buy: Volume IV Production Operations Engineering Book

Th ’ ll f lkThat’s all folks…Any Questions???Any Questions???

AGL_SPAC: GAS LIFT SPACING

18002000 Intermittent Gas-Lift Design

1200140016001800

psi)

Temperature5 small ported IPO valves1 large ported operating valve

600800

10001200

ESSU

RE

( g p p g

0200400600

PR

0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

DEPTH (ft) or (meters)GAS INJ TBG SPACING

GAS LIFT VALVE SPACINGDual Lift Design Using PPO Valves with Spring

2400

2800

(bar

)

12001600

2000

(psi

) or

400

800

1200

SSU

RE

0

400

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

PRES

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

DEPTH (ft) or (meters)GAS INJ TBG SPACING