Presentation Third Group, 20 May 2013

7/30/2019 Presentation Third Group, 20 May 2013

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GROUP MEMBERS:

1.ELNI KOHAR, F42110048

2.JULIANTO, F42110026

3.MARTIN, F42110054

4.YUVENSIUS FIRDAUS GUNARDI, F42110029


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Introduction; the nature of

speech acts George Yule (1985) - the type of act performed by speaker in uttering

a sentence. It used to covers actions such as requesting,commanding,questioning, and informing.

Michael McCarthy (1991) - when we say that a particular bit of speechor writing is a request or an instruction or an exemplificationwe areconcentrating on what that piece of language is doing, or how thelistener/header is supposed to react; for this reason, such entities areoften also called speech acts.

Kachru & Smith (2008) - that the notion of speech acts is a simple one:uttering a string of meaningful sounds is not only performing the act ofspeaking, but also performing a variety of acts such as informing,questioning, ordering, etc.


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The Kinds of Speech Acts1. Krediler (1998) writes there are 7 kinds of speech acts, there for:

Assertive utterances - The speakers and writers use language to tellwhat they know or believe.

Performative utterances - somebody uses a per formative word orexpression.

Verdictives utterances - the speaker makes an assessment orjudgement about the acts of another, usually the addressee.

Expressive utterances - an expressive utterance springs from the

previous actionsor failure to actof the speaker, or perhaps thepresent result of those actions or failures.


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The Kinds of Speech Acts Directive utterances - the speaker tries to get the

addressee to perform some act or refrain fromperforming an act.

Commissive utterances - Speech acts that commit aspeaker to a course of action.

Phatic utterances - the expressions of deep feeling onthe part of the speaker.


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The Kinds of Speech Acts2. Adisutrisno (2008) mentions 4 kinds of them, they are:

Declarative utterances. These are utterances thatfunction to make statements, to give information.

Interrogative utterances. These are utterances to makequestions.

Imperative utterances. These are utterances to makecommands or requests.

Exclamative utterances. These are utterances to exclaimsurprise or delight.

He also adds that there are two kinds of speech acts,declaration and performatives


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John Austin in his book How to do things with words isthe first to introductions the idea ofSpeech Acts,analysing the relationship between utterances and

performances


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Declaration and Performative Declaration - the action is the same as saying, the

utterance. The action is performed by the verb of theutterance.

I baptize the babyMichael,

I promise to follow yourorder, or

Ideclare the meeting open

Performative - the saying is also doing, but the verbs ofthe action are not expressed in the saying. someutterances have three layers of interpretation; locution,illocution, and perlocution.


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Three Layers of Interpretation Locution - the literal meaning of the utterance, that is, the

meaning of the utterance which is carried by the words inthe meaning of the utterance which is carried by the words

in the utterance and their arrangement or their structure ofwords.

Illocution - the act of the utterance. It is the act which isperformed by saying the utterance. It is the underlying

force of the utterance or the interpretation of the utteranceby the hearer.

Perlocution - the consequent effect of the utterance on thehearer, or the overall aim of the utterance. (Adisutrisno,

2008. p. 69-70)


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Austin (1962) Kreidler (1998) concludes that what is said - the

utterance, can be called the locution. What thespeaker intends to communicate to the addressee isthe illocution. The message that the addressee gets,his interpretation of what the speaker says, is theperlocution. If communication is successful, theillocution and the perlocution are alike or nearly alike.


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Austin (1962) Coulthard (1985) thoroughly discuss Austins

suggestion. Austin considers the senses in which tosay something may be to do something and concludesthat in issuing an utterance a speaker can performthree acts simultaneously: a locutionary act which isthe act ofsaying something in the full sense of say; anillocutionary act which is an act performed in sayingsomething, the act identified by the explicitperformative; and a perlocutionay act, the actperformed by or a result of saying.


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Austin (1962)Act A or Locution

He said to me Shoot her meaning by shoot shoot

and referring by her to her.Act B or Illocution

He urged (or advised, ordered, etc) me to shoot her.

Act C or Perlocution

He persuaded me to shoot her. (Austin p.101 inCoulthard p.18)


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ExamplesSome examples of performatives provided by Adisutrino (2008) are:

1. Locution : I have a substantial amounts of back pay money.

Illocution : an act of offering the hearer to ask for money, borrowsome money, or have a dinner treat, depending on the context.

Per-locution : The hearer asks for some money, borrows some money,or asks for a dinner treat.

2. Locution : You have eye inflammation .Illocution : an act of ordering the hearer to go to an of

ophthalmologist to have eye examination or to treat the eye.

Per-locution : the hearer goes to an ophthalmologist or treats the eye.


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3. Locution : Nangis kono, ana culik . (this is very commonutterance said by a mother when a son or daughter keeps oncrying in Javanese which more or less means Keep crying. Thereis a kidnapper.

Illocution : an act of ordering a son or daughter to stop crying.

Per-locution : the child stops crying.

4. Locution : the hedges have grown wild .

Illocution : an act of ordering to prune the hedges.Per-locution : the hearer prunes the hedges.


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5. Locution : Tomorrow is a holiday .

Illocution : an act of reminding not to go to school, the campus, orthe office or the office or an act of inviting to go out, depending

on the context.Per-locution : the hearer will not go to school, the campus or the

office or agree to go out.

6. Locution : Mind your head.

Illocution : an act of warning to stoop.

Per-locution : the hearer stoops.


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7. Locution : Mind your Ps and Gs.

Illocution : an act of threating what one says ordoes.

Per-locution : the hearer becomes careful with whathe says or does.

8. Locution : Traffic is light ahead.

Illocution : an act of encouraging the hearer todrive the car faster.

Per-locution : the hearer drives the car faster.


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Types of Illocutionary ActsAssertives

Stating, claiming, reporting, announcing

Directives Ordering, requesting, demanding, begging

Commissives Promising, offering

Expressives Thanking, apologizing, congratulating

Declarations Naming a ship, resigning, sentencing, dismissing,

marrying


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Co-operative Principle Grice (1975) in Adisutrisno, 2008; Coulthard, 1985;

Kachru & Smith, 2008; Yule, 1985) explains that thereis a general co-operative principle between speakersand hearers which controls or guides the way theyspeak.

Maxim of Quantity,

Maxim of Quality,

Maxim of Relation, and

Maxim of Manner.


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Co-operative Principle1. The maxim of Quantity

Make your contribution as informative as required (for thecurrent purposes of exchange).

Do not make your contribution more informative than isrequired.

2. The maxim of Quality

Do not say what you believe to be false.

Do not say that for which you lack evidence.


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Co-operative Principle3. The maxim of Relation

Be relevant

4. The maxim of Manner

Avoid obscurity of expression.

Avoid ambiguity. Be brief.

Be orderly.


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References1. Adisutrisno, D. Wagiman. 2008. Semantics; An Introduction to the BasicConcept. Yogyakarta. C.V Andi Offset.

2. Coulthard. 1985. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London.Pearson Education Limitied.

3. Kachru, Yamuna & Larry E. Smith. 2008. Cultures, Contexts andWorld Englishes. New York. Routledge.

4. Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. NewYork. Routledge.

5. McCarthy, Michael. 1991. Discourse Analysis for LanguageTeachers. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

6. Yule, George. 1985. The Study of Language; An Introduction.Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.


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Thank You

Questions & Answers.

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Presentation Third Group, 20 May 2013