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DATE HERE
PRESENTATION TITLE HERE PRESENTED SUBTITLE HERE
October, 2017
Waste Reform – The Australian perspective
Presented by Mike Ritchie
MRA :
Waste and recycling consultants
30 persons
Sydney Melbourne Perth
Won best small consultancy since 2012
2
Summary
Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How are we going to get there?
3
1. Where are we now?
4
National Waste Generation compound annual growth rate of 6.2%
Source: ABS,2007-2016, National Waste Report 2017
23
53
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
Year
ABS data
NWR data
0.6 MT
C+D Recycling 0.01 MT
C+I 0.0MT
Kerbside 0.09 MT
AWT
Generation 22.7 Mt
21.2 Mt Landfill
1996/97
Recovery 1.5 Mt
22.7 Mt
Recovery 1.5 Mt
Source: ABS,2007-2014 Australia – waste is like a river
Generation 53Mt
21 Mt Landfill
2014/15
Recovery 32 Mt
7% 61%
6
Source: ABS,2016
Waste generation growth 1996/97 baseline
133
77
29
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
Dif
fere
nce
co
mp
ared
to
19
96
/97
Year
Waste generation(%)
Gross Value Add (GVA) (%)
Population(%)
4.5x population growth 1.5x economic growth
7
AUS summary - more waste, more recycling
Source: ABS,2007-2015
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.01
99
6-9
7
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
20
11
-12
20
12
-13
20
13
-14
20
14
-15
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
Year
Waste generation
Waste disposal
Waste recycling
8
Going forward, next 10 years in Australia…
Source: ABS,2007-2015 Note: obtained by linear extrapolation of best available data
million tonnes
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Mill
ion
to
nn
es g
ener
ated
Year
ABS NWR Projection
9
Australian generation and diversion trends
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
Year
Waste disposal - AUS Waste recycling - AUS
Energy recovery - AUS Waste diversion rate - AUS
10
NZ – tonnes to levied landfills
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
An
nu
al n
et
ton
nag
es
Year
Source: Ministry for the Environment, 2017
11
NZ – waste types and landfill classes
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
5,000,000
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Farm Dumps Recovery
Ton
nes
per
yea
r
Domestic kerbside Residential ICI Landscape C&D Special VENM Rural Waste
Source: Eunomia 2017
What is driving significant recovery of ICI (C&I)?
12
AUS and NZ per capita
Source: Eunomia 2017
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Australia New Zealand
Ton
nes
per
cap
ita
Disposal Recycling Energy Recovery
13
Source: NWR, 2016
AUS waste to landfill
C&I food
MSW food
Garden organics
Timber
Other organics
Masonry materials
Plastics
Paper & cardboard
Other Metals Glass
Organics
14
NZ waste to landfill
Food / garden organics
Timber
Other organics Masonry materials
Plastics
Paper & cardboard Other Metals Glass
Organics
Substantial proportion of masonry materials (rubble), even with VENM removed.
15
Source: NWR, 2016
AUS waste to putrescible landfill
C&I food
MSW food
Garden organics
Timber
Other organics
Masonry materials
Plastics
Paper & cardboard
Other
Metals Glass
Organics
16
NZ waste to Class 1 landfill
C&I food
MSW food
Garden organics
Timber
Other organics
Masonry materials
Plastics
Paper & cardboard
Other
Metals Glass
Organics
Very similar composition, except for timber.
17
2. Where do we want to be?
18
State/Territory targets and actuals (incl NZ)
85
70
55
70
65
85
70
50
80
70
85
80
60
90
75
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA NZ
Div
ersi
on
rat
e %
MSW
C&I
C&D
2020 2021 2020 2020 2020
19
State/Territory targets and actuals – C&I
85
70
50
80 80
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA NZ
Div
ersi
on
rat
e
0.6 MT
C+D Recycling 0.01 MT
C+I 0.0MT
Kerbside 0.09 MT
AWT
22.7 Mt
Recovery 1.5 Mt
Source: ABS,2007-2014 Australia
Generation 71Mt
21 Mt Landfill
2027/28
61%
Generation 53Mt
21 Mt Landfill
2014/15
70%
> 50% increase
Recovery 32 Mt
Recovery 50 Mt
0.6 MT
C+D Recycling 0.01 MT
C+I 0.0MT
Kerbside 0.09 MT
AWT
22.7 Mt
Recovery 1.5 Mt
Source: ABS,2007-2014
Total - Australia
Generation 71Mt
21 Mt Landfill
2027
Recovery 50 Mt
61%
Generation 53Mt
21 Mt Landfill
2014
Recovery 32 Mt
70%
36 new facilities/year
840
Recovery = 61%
1310
Recovery = 70%
22
3. How are we going to get there?
Policy levers
23
$138/t
Economic Instruments – landfill levies
$-
$20.00
$40.00
$60.00
$80.00
$100.00
$120.00
$140.00
$160.00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Levy
$/t
Financial Year
NSW Levy
Vic Levy
SA Levy
WA Levy
Qld Levy
24
Landfill Pricing
600,000 t/yr going to QLD
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Lan
dfi
ll P
rice
($
/t)
Government funding and Grants = $100m/yr
26
Bans to landfill
Current bans
o ACT – tyres, e-waste & mattresses
o NSW – tyres & clinical wastes
o SA – >20 waste items including tyres, hazardous & e-wastes
o Tas – contaminated soil, clinical & radioactive wastes
o Vic – liquid wastes, tyres, hazardous wastes & nightsoil
o WA – tyres
27
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Current:
o Packaging
o Mobile phones
o Agvet chemicals
o Agvet chemical containers
o Used oils and lubricants
o Tyres
o E-waste
o Mercury-containing lamps
o Paints
Proposed:
o Handheld batteries
o Air conditioners
o Refrigerators
28
Focus on the right waste streams…
CDL (2015): 790,000 t
Tyres (2006):161,000 t
Plastic bags (2002): 36,700 t
Computers (2008): 49,000 t
Printer Cartridges (1999): 2058 t
TV (2008): 27,500t
Paint (2016): 5,000t
Cigarette butts (2010): 7,200t
Oil (2002): 244,750t
Landfill
ORGANICS
Textiles Plastic
Dirt
MIXED C+I/C+D
21 MT
19.7 MT
29
The big picture is Organics
21 MT Waste
1.3 MT
Plastic bags Tyres
Computers Printer Cartridges
TV CDL
Household paint Oil
Cigarette butts
10.5 MT Organics
Methane
Climate change
30
Economics of Waste
Diversion rate from landfill
Co
st p
er
ton
ne
($
)
Plastic bags
Fluoro tubes
batteries
textiles
Organics- Food waste, Manure
Metals cardboard
Concrete
E waste
Hard Plastics
Mattresses
CD’s
Wood
Soft Plastics
Glass
Returned food
Butts
Green $ Value Large Tonnage
31
Infrastructure and services
32
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
5 wt.% 13 wt.%
17 wt.%
35 wt.%
53 wt.% Compostable
Green bin
Yellow bin
Composition of average Garbage Bin
33
FOGO – 3 bins
Bin Systems
• 67 councils GO NSW
• 11 councils FOGO NSW
• 25 councils implementing FOGO NSW
• 30 metro Melbourne FOGO
• Approx 8 rural VIC
• 12 metro Adelaide FOGO
• 4 metro Perth FOGO
34
FOGO
~23% ~ 60%
Household – 3bin Composting
Fortnightly Fortnightly Weekly
( Or 2bin AWT)
35
Optimal Bin systems
Put food into the GREEN bin
Collect it weekly
Push garbage to fortnightly
140 L 240 L 240 L 360 L 240 L
FN FN Green /Food
Weekly FN FN
36
National FOGO rollout
Compost facilities 1996
SA composters
Peats Soil, Adelaide Jeffries, Wingfield
Adelaide Vegetation Mulching Services
Adelaide City Council
Neutrog, Kanmantoo
Qld Organics, Narangba
ANL,Badgerys Creek
Soilco, Dapto Lucas Heights Resource Recovery Park
Brandown RRC, Kemps Creek
5 Waste Service NSW facilities
Bio-Recycle Australia, Muswellbrook
JFR McGeough RRF
Richgro, Jandakot Garden Organics, Forrestdale
Pinegro, Morwell
The Green Centre, Keilor Park
Candy Soil, Tivoli
McCahills, Stuart
Vantassel St Landfil site, Townsville
Searles, Caloundra
Mushroom Composters, Singleton Elf Farm, Mulgrave
Cleanaway, Wingfield
Suez, Kemps Creek Soilco, Dapto
REMONDIS, Port Macquarie
Compost facilities 2016
Sita,Epping
OSCA Composting, Sippy Downs Worms Down Under, Palmwoods
Jeffries, Wingfield
McRobies Gully WMC
ANL, Wayong and Cooranbong
ANL, Oberon and Badgerys Creek ANL, Blayney and Long Hill
Dulverton WM, Latrobe
Groundswell, Goulburn Katoomba WMF
Greenchip, Wodonga
C-Wise, Perth Peats Soil, Adelaide
Custom Composts, Perth
Perthwaste RRF, Bannister
Shepparton Tunnels
Veolia NRS,Dandenong
Biomass Solutions, Coffs Harbour SITA Bedminster Drum, Port Stephens
SITA Cairns ARRT
SMRC RRRC, Perth
Another ~49 facilities in NSW
Gippsland Water, Dutson Downs
Veolia, Bulla
Another ~21 facilities in VIC
Biogro,Wandilo
Another ~30 facilities in SA
SITA BioVision ARRT, Neerabup Atlas RRF
Another ~19 facilities in WA
CQ Compost, Emerald
Qld Organics, Narangba
Another ~36 facilities in Qld
Shoal Bay WMF
Pure Living Soils, Oatlands Glenorchy WMC
SITA, Lucas Heights RRP
Eclipse Flynn Drive and Wanneroo RD
Balleys Fertilisers JFR McGeough RRF
Richgro, Jandakot
GELITA Australia, Beaudesert
Transpacific Cleanaway, Eumundi
Candy Soil,Tivoli
McCahills, Stuart
NuGrow, Gracemere
Building C&I sorting infrastructure
Organics in C&I = 78%
40
C&I sorting facilities
41
Typical C+I waste
42
Processed Engineered Fuel
Substantial export market (600,000+ tonnes per year) Charged at around $100/tonne Able to be produced and baled at existing waste processing facilities Minimal additional infrastructure required
43
SITAResourceCo RDF, Wingfield SA
o 150,000 tpa of C&I
o >$20 million capex
o 85,000 tpa of RDF
44
PEF- new large scale Grants
Company Proposed Location Approximate RDF
Output (tpa)
Biocoal Earthcare SRF manufacturing facility 28,000
Global Renewables Eastern Creek UR-3R facility 40,000
ResourceCo Eastern Creek PEF Facility 57,000
Visy Smithfield MRF 45,000
Veolia Camelia recycling centre 70,000
Boral Berrima Cement Kiln 80,000 (input)
Total 320,000
45
Anaerobic Digestion
46
Richgro, Jandakot WA o 50,000 tpa throughput
o 21,000 m2 footprint
o $8 million capex
o 18,000 tpa fertilizer & 2 MW electricity
47
Earthpower, Camellia NSW
o 80,000 tpa throughput
o 15,000 m2 footprint
o $20 million capex
o $90/t opex
o Fertilizer & 3 MW electricity
48
Yarra Valley Water, Woollert, Vic
o Commercial organic waste
o 33,000 tpa throughput
o $27 million capex
o 1 MW electricity (30% to adjacent WWTP)
49
Incineration
50
Incineration
Incineration is emerging.
Typical rules for its application in AUS are:
1. Don’t cannibalise recycling
2. Be a net energy producer
3. Don’t pollute
51
The Next Generation Incinerator, Eastern Creek
o Proposed
o Moving grate incinerator
o 1.35 Mtpa of residual waste
o $800m capex
o 140MW electricity
52
Hitachi Zosen Inova, East Rockingham WA
o Proposed
o Hitachi Zosen Inova grate incinerator Consortium with HZI, New
Energy Corp. and Tribe Infrastructure
o Up to 300,000 tpa of residual MSW
o Preferred tenderer for Eastern Metropolitan Regional Council
o $400million capex
o 28 MW electricity
53
Phoenix Energy Incinerator, Kwinana WA
o Proposed – seeking financial close
o Moving grate incinerator
o Up to 400,000 tpa of residual MSW (only 100,000 contracted)
o $380 million capex
o 32 MW electricity
54
Gasification & Pyrolysis
55
New Energy Gasification, Port Hedland WA
o Planning approval, some supply but nothing built
o 255,000 tpa throughput
o $180 million capex
o Electricity (enough for 21,000 homes)
AD and Thermal Facilities 1996
Waverley Woollahra
Incineration MSW
2 Bagasse Facilities, NSW
13 Bagasse Facilities, Qld
1 Bagasse and 1 wood waste Facility, WA
57
AD and Thermal Facilities 2016
Earthpower - AD
Richgro AD, Perth
EMRC Pyrolysis Hazelmere
Omega Energy, Kurri Kurri
New Energy Gasification Port Hedland
New Energy Incinerator East Rockingham
Phoenix Incinerator Kwinana SITA ResourceCo PEF, Wingfield
Visy Boiler, Tumut
Visy Gasification Coolaroo
City of Sydney Gasification
Dial a Dump Next Gen Incinerator
Key Operating Proposed/ under construction Canberra Energy from Waste - Thermal
BioCoal RDF, Newcastle
Boral Cement Kiln RDF, Berrima
Re.Group UR-3R RDF, Sydney
Visy Smithfield RDF, Sydney
Veolia Camelia RDF, Sydney
ResourceCo PEF, Sydney
Anaeco AD, Perth
15 Bagasse Facilities, Qld
Rocky Point Green Power, Woongoolba AGL steam boiler, Gympie
Australian Paper, Gippsland
Pacific pyrolysis, Ballina
Nestle boiler, Gympie
Visy paper, Gibson Island
GDT, Longford
GDT, Warren
2 Bagasse Facilities, NSW
GPE, Stapylton
We need to do this again & 1.2 times as much by 2036
58
$/m
$/m $/m
$/t
$/t
Waste stream Volume mechanism Weight mechanism
MSW ✔ $/bin lift ✔ $/t at facility per truck
C&I ✔ $/skip bin size ✖ No price transparency
C&D ✖ Unneeded due to job size ✔ $/t at facility per truck
Weight based billing – coming soon
13% reduction in waste in WBB trial
59
Weight Based Billing
The problem – volume based charging – no price signal
WBC allows waste generators to: o be more aware of the true cost of landfilling waste
o adjust their behaviour
Proven results - 45% reduction in waste to landfill in parts of the UK
- 31% decrease in waste generation in Sweden HHs
- 13% reduction in waste during AUS trial
60
Container Deposit Legislation State State of Play
SA • Product stewardship
• Return rate 79%
NT • Return rate 41%
• 2013-14, 66 M containers redeemed, $6.7 M returned to NT,
NSW • To commence 1st December 2017
QLD • To commence in 1st July 2018
ACT • Will follow lead of NSW
WA • To commence 1st January 2019
VIC • Rejected proposed state based systems
TAS • Will not be proceeding with CDL – not cost effective
61
Conclusions
1. Build infrastructure for recovery at scale
-levy funding and grants
2. Price externalities via landfill levies
3. Maximise organics MSW C+I C+D
4. Limit thermal treatment to residual of residual
5. Procurement rules for recycled content
6. Roll out CDS and EPR for minor streams
Government leadership
62
