Presenting and Presenting and Analyzing DataAnalyzing Data

Tables, Charts, Diagrams, Models, and Tables, Charts, Diagrams, Models, and Graphs are the most effective way of Graphs are the most effective way of presenting the results of an experiment.presenting the results of an experiment.

GRAPHSGRAPHS

Types of Graphs:Types of Graphs:

1.1. Linear (Line)- good to use when you are Linear (Line)- good to use when you are trying to show a trend. A line graph is trying to show a trend. A line graph is best used to show how one variable best used to show how one variable changes with respect to another.changes with respect to another.

GRAPHSGRAPHS

2. Bar- used to show easy to read, 2. Bar- used to show easy to read, unconnected bars which represent a unconnected bars which represent a quantity of information. The quantities quantity of information. The quantities represented by the bars can then be represented by the bars can then be compared and contrasted.compared and contrasted.

GRAPHSGRAPHS

3. Circle (Pie)- is used to show parts of a 3. Circle (Pie)- is used to show parts of a whole. Many times circle graphs show whole. Many times circle graphs show percentages of a total.percentages of a total.

Parts of a GraphParts of a Graph

Most graphs have to be constructed from Most graphs have to be constructed from a DATA TABLE. a DATA TABLE.

DATA TABLE- presents data in a neat DATA TABLE- presents data in a neat and organized form.and organized form.

X axis (horizontal)- independent variable.X axis (horizontal)- independent variable. Y axis (vertical)- dependent variable.Y axis (vertical)- dependent variable. ORIGIN- the point where X and Y axis ORIGIN- the point where X and Y axis

meet, (0,0) coordinates.meet, (0,0) coordinates.

How to Construct a How to Construct a GRAPHGRAPH

To construct a Linear Graph you must:To construct a Linear Graph you must:

1.1. Locate and mark the ORIGIN in the Locate and mark the ORIGIN in the lower left corner of graph paper.lower left corner of graph paper.

2.2. Scale your graph appropriately Scale your graph appropriately dependent upon the quantitative dependent upon the quantitative information presented in the data table information presented in the data table (sometimes you may skip lines to scale (sometimes you may skip lines to scale your graph). Number the X and Y axis. your graph). Number the X and Y axis.

Constructing a GRAPH Constructing a GRAPH (continued)(continued)

3. Plot the coordinates from the Data Table 3. Plot the coordinates from the Data Table with an X or a point. with an X or a point.

4. Connect the coordinates with a straight 4. Connect the coordinates with a straight edge (ruler) to insure the precision of edge (ruler) to insure the precision of the data being graphed.the data being graphed.

5. Check your graph to see if the graph and 5. Check your graph to see if the graph and the data matches.the data matches.

Constructing GRAPHS Constructing GRAPHS (continued)(continued)

In the case of a Bar Graph:In the case of a Bar Graph:1.1. Use the same principles used to set up Use the same principles used to set up

a Linear Graph.a Linear Graph.2.2. Make sure the width of the bars are Make sure the width of the bars are

even on the graph.even on the graph.3.3. Tops of the bars should sit at the Tops of the bars should sit at the

corresponding point relative to the data corresponding point relative to the data on the Y-axis.on the Y-axis.

Details for Constructing a Details for Constructing a PIE GRAPHPIE GRAPH

Calculating and setting up your PIE GRAPH:Calculating and setting up your PIE GRAPH:1.1. To change percents to degrees on the data To change percents to degrees on the data

table, move the decimal two (2) places to the table, move the decimal two (2) places to the left.left.

2.2. Multiply these numbers in decimal form by Multiply these numbers in decimal form by 360.360.

3.3. Record this answer, this is the number of Record this answer, this is the number of degrees that corresponds to the percentage degrees that corresponds to the percentage on the Data Table. on the Data Table.

Construction of PIE Construction of PIE GRAPHGRAPH

Drawing the Pie Graph:Drawing the Pie Graph:1.1. Place protractor on paper and mark the Place protractor on paper and mark the

center hole, 0 degree and 180 degree mark.center hole, 0 degree and 180 degree mark.2.2. Hold protractor in place and draw an arc from Hold protractor in place and draw an arc from

the 0 degree (left) to the 180 degree (right) the 0 degree (left) to the 180 degree (right) mark. You should have a semicircle.mark. You should have a semicircle.

3.3. Flip the protractor upside down, line up Flip the protractor upside down, line up center hole and the 0 degree and 180 degree center hole and the 0 degree and 180 degree marks. Draw another arc. This should be a marks. Draw another arc. This should be a perfect circle.perfect circle.

Slices of the PIESlices of the PIE

To get the Pie slices you must:To get the Pie slices you must:1.1. Use the straight edge of the protractor to draw the Use the straight edge of the protractor to draw the

radius from the center hole to the 0 degree mark.radius from the center hole to the 0 degree mark.2.2. Use the number of degrees from the 1Use the number of degrees from the 1stst percentage percentage

on the Data Table, mark it and draw a line from the on the Data Table, mark it and draw a line from the center hole to the mark with the straight edge of the center hole to the mark with the straight edge of the protractor.protractor.

3.3. Rotate the protractor to the new radius because this Rotate the protractor to the new radius because this is your new 0 degree mark.is your new 0 degree mark.

4.4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all percentages are Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all percentages are complete. ALL LINES MUST BE STRAIGHT!complete. ALL LINES MUST BE STRAIGHT!

Finishing the PIEFinishing the PIE

Once the Pie Graph is constructed you Once the Pie Graph is constructed you must:must:

1.1. Put the corresponding PERCENTAGE Put the corresponding PERCENTAGE in the slice of the Pie, not the DEGREE!in the slice of the Pie, not the DEGREE!

2.2. You may color or shade respective You may color or shade respective slices to give your Pie distinction.slices to give your Pie distinction.

3.3. Be PREPARED to ANALYZE your Be PREPARED to ANALYZE your GRAPH in words.GRAPH in words.

SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT

Temperature- measures how hot or Temperature- measures how hot or how cold something is.how cold something is.

Units to measure TEMPERATURE:Units to measure TEMPERATURE:1. CELSIUS1. CELSIUS2. FAHRENHEIT2. FAHRENHEIT3. KELVIN 3. KELVIN All measurements for temperature areAll measurements for temperature aretaken in degrees.taken in degrees.

Temperature Conversion Temperature Conversion FormulasFormulas

To convert to:To convert to:o oo o C = .55 ( F – 32 ) Remember when C = .55 ( F – 32 ) Remember when o o converting, put what youo o converting, put what you F = 1.8 X C + 32 have F = 1.8 X C + 32 have INTO THE FORMULAINTO THE FORMULA

o o to find what you need.o o to find what you need. C = K – 273.15C = K – 273.15o oo o K = C + 273.15K = C + 273.15

Examples of Conversion Examples of Conversion to CELSIUSto CELSIUS

o oo o 50 F = ___ C50 F = ___ C o oo o To get C you must subtract 32 from F To get C you must subtract 32 from F (do (do

everything in parentheses first).everything in parentheses first). Next, Next, multiply this number by .55 to get your multiply this number by .55 to get your answer in degrees Celsius. answer in degrees Celsius.

o o oo o o C=.55( F-32) = .55(50-32) = .55X18 = 9.9 CC=.55( F-32) = .55(50-32) = .55X18 = 9.9 C

Examples of Conversion Examples of Conversion to FAHRENHEITto FAHRENHEIT

o oo o2. 50 C = ___ F2. 50 C = ___ F o oo oTo find F you must first multiply 1.8 X C, To find F you must first multiply 1.8 X C,

then add 32 to get your answer in then add 32 to get your answer in degrees Fahrenheit.degrees Fahrenheit.

o o oo o o F=1.8X C+32 =1.8X50+32 =90+32 =122 FF=1.8X C+32 =1.8X50+32 =90+32 =122 F

Conversion to KELVINConversion to KELVIN

o oo o

3. 50 C = ____ K3. 50 C = ____ K

o oo o

To convert to K you ADD 273.15 to C. To convert to K you ADD 273.15 to C. The result is in degrees Kelvin. The result is in degrees Kelvin.

o o oo o o

K = C+273.15 = 50+273.15 = 323.15 KK = C+273.15 = 50+273.15 = 323.15 K

Conversion from KELVINConversion from KELVIN

o oo o4. 50 K = ____ C4. 50 K = ____ C ooTo convert from K you have to To convert from K you have to

SUBTRACT 273.15 from degree Kelvin. SUBTRACT 273.15 from degree Kelvin. Your answer will be in degree Celsius. Your answer will be in degree Celsius.

o o oo o o C= K- 273.15= 50- 273.15= -223.15 CC= K- 273.15= 50- 273.15= -223.15 C

Actual Facts Actual Facts (TEMPERATURE)(TEMPERATURE)

o oo o Boiling Point of Water =212 F or 100 CBoiling Point of Water =212 F or 100 C o oo o Freezing Point of Water = 32 F or 0 C Freezing Point of Water = 32 F or 0 C oo Body Temperature = 98.6 FBody Temperature = 98.6 F ABSOLUTE ZEROABSOLUTE ZERO is the temperature at which is the temperature at which

matter ceases to move (FREEZES). This is matter ceases to move (FREEZES). This is ZEROZERO degrees Kelvin. degrees Kelvin.