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Preserving and Protecting Freight Infrastructure and Routes
Findings from NCFRP 24 Mark Meitzen, Principal Investigator
August 2011
August 2011 2
Introduction and Outline
NCFRP 24 team Christensen Associates UT Austin Center for Transportation Research Grow & Bruening Assistance from Kathryn Pett
This presentation is a high-level summary Freight transportation and its value Incompatibilities between freight and other land uses Freight considerations in land use planning and
zoning Greater detail on EnvisionFreight website and
forthcoming final report
August 2011 3
Supply Chains and the Movement of Freight
Most supply chains have an important spatial or geographic dimension Activity hubs and links between hubs Scope can be local, regional, national, international
Transportation is the vital link in these networks between diverse locations and functions Raw materials Various stages of production Warehousing and distribution Retail
August 2011 4
The Importance of Freight Transportation
On average, almost 11,000 ton-miles of freight is transported annually for every person in the U.S. Equivalent to one ton transported about half-way
around the world for every person Efficient freight transportation is a key to
minimizing supply chain costs In general, over half of logistics costs are related to
transportation Speed and reliability are key factors
Efficiency of freight transportation has important implications for the economy’s performance
August 2011 6
Incompatibilities Between Freight and other Land Uses
Potential conflicts between freight operations and adjacent land uses e.g., residential, commercial, schools, hospitals, etc. Particularly an issue in urban areas
Nuisance Congestion, traffic issues Noise, vibration, light Pollution and health
Physical encroachment or interference Safety
At-grade crossings Trespass Accidents and spills
August 2011 7
Incompatibilities = Barriers to Efficient Freight Operations
From freight perspective, these conflicts often interfere with freight operations. For example: Speed restrictions Hours of operation restrictions Clearance and weight limitations Capacity constraints Corridor design constraints
Implications for supply chain/logistics efficiency and reliability Higher production and distribution costs
August 2011 8
Physical Encroachment onto Railroad Property
Source: Chuck Burnell North Carolina Railroad
August 2011 9
Residential Development in Close Proximity to Port Activity, LA/LB CA
Source: The Impact Project, June 2009http://hydra.usc.edu/scehsc/pdfs/D-1-3%20Trade%20Health%20Environment.pdf
August 2011 10
Development Adjacent to Waterways
Source: Mileski et al, “Analysis and Recommendations on Protecting Waterways from Encroachment”, Texas Transportation Institute, August, 2010.
August 2011 11
Development Adjacent/Around Freight Facilities
Key Highway (Condominiums) Baltimore MDSource: Jim Dwyer, Talking Freight,
November 19 2008.
August 2011 12
Trucks Queuing into Port, and Logistics Facilities
Source: The Impact Project , LA/LB CA, June 2009http://hydra.usc.edu/scehsc/pdfs/D-1-3%20Trade%20Health%20Environment.pdf
Source: Coalition for Clean and Safe Ports, Oakland CAhttp://www.workingeastbay.org/downloads/Port_Campaign_Overview.pdf
August 2011 13
Aircraft Noise - Residents Near Los Angeles International Airport
Source: GAO Airport Operations and Future Growth Present Environmental Challenges,August 2000http://www.gao.gov/archive/2000/rc00153.pdf
August 2011 15
Trespass is Major Issue for Rail
Children crossing UP line in Anaheim CA to get to Ball Jr. High School
Crossing the tracks to get to San Onofre State Beach, CA
Source: Jon Waide FRA Region 7 Law Enforcement Liaison Officer
August 2011 16
Freight Preservation and Protection Strategies
Long-Range Planning Zoning and Design Mitigation Education and Outreach
• State Enabling Acts
• Regional Visioning
• Comprehensive Plans
• Freight Facility Inventories
• Official Maps
• Purchase and Advance Acquisition
• Land Swaps
• Protective Condemnation
• Permit Development
• Access Rights
• Zoning Standards
• Buffer Areas
• Overlay Districts
• Lot Orientation
• Property Design
• Construction Standards
• Sound Proofing Standards
• Buffer Areas
• Noise and Vibration Treatment
• Track Treatment
• Yard Re-alignment
• Grade Crossing Management
• Port Gate Management
• Environmental Measures
• Zoning Measures
• Public Outreach and Education
• Relocation
• Informal Negotiations
• Public Involvement
• Multi-Jurisdictional Agreements
• Public Outreach and Education
• Stakeholder Roundtables and Freight/Community Committees
August 2011 17
Why Does Land Use Planning Matter to Freight?
Planning provides roadmap for (good and bad) zoning
Inadequate planning can lead to projects that: Block or otherwise impact freight corridors Put incompatible uses near, or encroaching on each other Reduce industrial land available near freight facilities
(e.g., ports) Mitigation is often attempted when planning and
zoning are inadequate Mitigation can be expensive and is not always effective
Freight has typically not been a significant element of land use planning
August 2011 18
Freight Compatible Planning and Development
Starts with long-range land use planning that: Recognizes freight as a geographically-dispersed
system– Corridors that span areas, not “blobs”
Protects and preserves the freight system Permits future expansion of, and efficiency
improvements to, the freight system Avoid or minimize incompatibilities with other land
uses. For example: Buffer areas Locations of commercial, residential, schools, hospitals,
etc. Lot orientation, building layout, construction guidelines
August 2011 20
State Enabling Acts
State statute (“enabling act”) delegates the state’s land use authority to local governments and specifies: Extent of authority Required planning matters Required procedural steps Required planning documents (comprehensive plan,
zoning ordinances, zoning map, subdivision ordinances, etc.)
Very few include freight operations as a required planning element
August 2011 23
MPOs and Regional Visions
MPOs mandated by federal law for metro areas Establish long-range transportation plans (20–30
years) and short-term (5 years) “transportation improvement programs”
These plans can be key places to protect freight Local governments generally protect MPO-designated
corridors from land use encroachment Regional visions – non-binding, long term (25-50
yrs) Typically sponsored by MPOs, councils of govt, etc Local governments are key stakeholders In most visioning processes, freight has not been a
key component to this point
August 2011 24
Some Reasons for Inadequate Freight Planning
Most state enabling acts don’t include freight as a required planning element Thus, not included in comprehensive plans or zoning
Not perceived as a local government issue Benefits of freight are too removed, poorly understood Local government only sees a piece of the system
Freight providers not always cooperative Education and communication issues
Planning degrees don’t provide freight education Freight stakeholders often aren’t involved in land use
planning and visioning processes
August 2011 25
Proposed Approach for Improving Freight Planning
Amend state enabling acts to make freight planning required in local comprehensive plans
Include freight in regional visions and MPO long-range plans
Create zoning ordinances that prescribe design criteria for freight-compatible development
Involvement and communication Freight stakeholders need to get involved in regional
and local planning processes Planners and elected officials need to invite freight
stakeholders to the table
August 2011 26
www.EnvisionFreight.com
Website developed for NCFRP 24 with info on: The value of freight transportation Planning and preservation strategies Mitigation approaches Illustrative case studies
Urban freight operation issues and strategies highlighted in case studies. For example: SIRR – corridor preservation and rehabilitation MIZOD – overlay zone to preserve port assets ARFMP – regional freight planning involving multiple
stakeholders Intermodal relocation – capacity and congestion